associated with living in high-crime areas during pregnancy; however, the longterm impacts are unclear. In adolescents, studies have found that changes in brain function associated with exposure to community violence may be protective in certain domains, such as cardiac health (77), but maladaptive in other domains, such as externalizing behavior (30). Future studies are needed to determine how the neonatal functional brain alterations associated with prenatal neighborhood crime exposure are related to later behavior. Additional research is also needed to determine whether reductions in neonatal frontolimbic connectivity persist and alter the trajectory of brain development. Finally, future investigations comparing multiple time points of crime exposure throughout development are needed to establish whether pregnancy is a sensitive period for these effects and determine whether there are sensitive periods for resiliency. Overall, this study provides evidence of intergenerational transmission of an environmental stressor, specifically exposure to neighborhood crime, that may alter brain function at birth. These early alterations in brain development demonstrate perpetuation of systemic injustice and inequity across generations, which could pose particular problems if future studies demonstrate that they persist and negatively affect behavior. Although evidence-based crime prevention and reduction is already a well-established goal of public policy, this study provides further evidence of its potential as a tool to avoid associated intergenerational changes in brain function. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLOSURES Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grant No. R01 MH113883 [to JLL, CDS, BBW, DMB, CER] and Grant No. F30 HD104313-01A1 [to RGB]), March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center at Washington University, Intellectual and Developmental Figure 4. (A) The mediation model containing violent crime (independent variable), psychosocial stress (mediator), and thalamus–anterior default mode network (aDMN) connectivity (dependent variable). (B) The mediation model containing property crime (independent variable), psychosocial stress (mediator), and thalamus-aDMN connectivity (dependent variable). The numbers displayed on each path are the F statistics with the c0 path in parentheses. ***p , .001, **p , .01. In a bootstrapping analysis with 1000 simulations, all paths remained significant. Data from 319 subjects are presented. Prenatal Crime Exposure and Neonatal Brain Function Biological Psychiatry - -, 2022; -:-–- www.sobp.org/journal 7 Biological Psychiatry Disabilities Research Center at Washington University (Grant No. P50 HD103525), Washington University in St. Louis Center for the Study of Race, Ethnicity, and Equity Small Grant [to RGB, DMB], Children’s Discovery Institute, McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience, the Washington University Medical Scientist Training Program [to RGB], and the California Initiative to Advance Precision Medicine (Grant No. OPR21101 [to GMS]). The views are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funding organizations. We thank the Washington University Neonatal Developmental Research Group, eLABE staff, and the families involved with the study. The authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest. ARTICLE INFORMATION From the Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (RGB), Department of Neurology (RGB, SK, CDS), Department of Pediatrics (CER, BBW, JLL, CDS), Department of Psychiatry (CER, TP, REL, TAS, DMB, JLL), and the Mallinckrot Institute of Radiology (JSS, DMB, CDS), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (DMB), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (GMS), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Address correspondence to Rebecca G. Brady, B.S., at rebecca. brenner@wustl.edu. Received Oct 7, 2021; revised Dec 20, 2021; accepted Jan 29, 2022. Supplementary material cited in this article is available online at https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.020. REFERENCES 1. Keunen K, Counsell SJ, Benders MJNL (2017): The emergence of functional architecture during early brain development. Neuroimage 160:2–14. 2. 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