Geocoding and Crime Rates. Maternal addresses were collected up to four times during pregnancy, spaced across all three trimesters. The addresses were geocoded using application programming interfaces (APIs) from MapQuest, Open Street Map Contributors, and the censusxy package (38) in R studio. The addresses were then categorized into their respective block groups based on the Block API from the Federal Communications Commission and the censusxy package using the 2010 Decennial Census. Block groups from the birth time point were used because all mothers had addresses collected at birth, with supplemental analyses conducted for mothers who moved during pregnancy (see the Supplement). Of the 319 mothers included in the fMRI analysis, 87% (n = 278) had addresses obtained at multiple time Prenatal Crime Exposure and Neonatal Brain Function 2 Biological Psychiatry - -, 2022; -:-–- www.sobp.org/journal Biological Psychiatry points. Of those mothers, 74% did not move during pregnancy (n = 207), 25% moved once during pregnancy (n = 69), and ,1% of mothers moved more than once (n = 2). Crime data at the block group level were obtained from Applied Geographic Solution’s CrimeRisk Database, which is a commercial dataset that combines data from more than 16,000 law enforcement agencies (39). Applied Geographic Solution crime data is indexed in comparison to the national average, which is set at a value of 100. The two variables of interest in these analyses are crimes against persons (hereafter referred to as violent crime), which combines data on murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and property crimes, which combines data on burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Maps of violent crimes and property crimes in the St. Louis area are displayed in Figure 1. The analyzed crime rates do not assess personal exposure to crime. Additional analyses controlled for direct exposure to crime or legal difficulties, as well as physical danger, over the life span using the Stress and Adversity Inventory (see the Supplement for details). Functional MRI. Imaging was performed without sedating medications using a 3T Prisma scanner (Siemens Corp.) and 64-channel head coil. After feeding, the infant was swaddled, placed in a head-stabilizing vacuum fix wrap, and positioned in the scanner. Heart rate and blood oxygenation were measured continuously, and infants were monitored visually via video. Based on visual monitoring, infants slept through scans as indicated by eye closure and minimal movements. A registered nurse was present at all MRI scans in case of emergency. During the scan, T2-weighted images (sagittal, 208 slices, 0.8-mm isotropic resolution, echo time = 563 ms, tissue T2 = 160 ms, repetition time = 3200 or 4500 ms) were collected. Resting-state functional imaging data were collected using a blood oxygen level–dependent gradient-recalled echo-planar multiband sequence (72 slices, 2.0-mm isotropic resolution, echo time = 37 ms, repetition time = 800 ms, multiband factor = 8). FIRMM (40) was used during scanning to monitor realtime participant movement. MRI data underwent standard blood oxygen level– dependent preprocessing followed by functional connectivity processing (see the Supplement) done in surface space for cortical areas and volume space for subcortical areas because there is no corresponding surface for deep structures. A minimum of 10 minutes (750 frames) of low-motion (framewise displacement ,0.25 mm) neonatal data were required for inclusion. Resting-state functional connectivity measures were computed as the Fisher z-transformed Pearson correlation between time courses from pairs of surface vertices or surface parcels. Values were arranged into a connectivity matrix based upon age-specific resting-state network assignments that were determined and validated using previously published methods (41,42). A total of 11 networks were identified and are displayed in Figure S1. In the neonatal networks, the default mode network (DMN) and frontal parietal network were split into anterior and posterior portions because that was the best fit for the data based on community segregation algorithms (C.M. Sylvester, M.D., Ph.D., et al., unpublished data, 2021). The anterior portions were subsequently examined based on hypotheses derived from prior literature. Adversity and Psychosocial Stress. Structural equation modeling was used to create composite measures of socioeconomic advantage and psychosocial stress (43). The model resulted in two factors: one representing socioeconomic advantage and one representing psychosocial stress. The components in the advantage factor included income-toneeds ratio (self-reported family income and household size compared with the federal poverty level), insurance status Figure 1. (A) The 2020 property crime rates relative to the national average (set as 100) in St. Louis city and surrounding counties. (B) The 2020 violent crime rates relative to the national average (set as 100) in St. Louis city and surrounding counties. The borders on the maps represent block group boundaries established in the 2010 census. Prenatal Crime Exposure and Neonatal Brain Function Biological Psychiatry - -, 2022; -:-–- www.sobp.org/journal 3 Biological Psychiatry verified at delivery, mother’s