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Citation: Experiences of Intergenerational Communication Styles Among Older Adults in Tamil Nadu, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, Volume 11(2), Pp. 69 - 74
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Citation: Boobalakrishnan N, Azhagudurai A. Communication and Ageing in India: A CEMSA Perspective. Journal of Media and Communication, 8(2): pp. 64-77
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Abstract: This study employs the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) to examine wedding picture-sharing practices among women on social media, incorporating Information-seeking (gathering information on diverse photography styles and trends to stay informed), Attention-seeking (seeking validation by sharing life events like weddings and eliciting reactions like likes and comments from others), Disclosure (sharing pictures of significant life events like weddings to fulfil their socio-psychological needs), Convenience (ease of access to social media platforms to share wedding photographs) and Entertainment (seeking relaxation and enjoyment through diverse content, including browsing wedding photographs and sharing personal anecdotes to entertain others) as variables within the theoretical framework. It delves into the uses and gratifications driving married women to share these personal and memorable moments online. Data was gathered from 572 married women in South India selected through a purposive sampling approach. The UGT model variables serve as the data collection instrument. Measurement and structural model analysis were performed and the analysis identified Attention-seeking as the most crucial factor and Entertainment as the least important factor in understanding the extent of female disclosure on social media. This article investigates gender-related aspects by exploring how married women engage with and employ social media, elucidating patterns specific to gender in online communication and self-expression.
Citation: Amrita S., N. Boobalakrishnan, Vishnu Achutha Menon, Ashique Ali K. A. (2023). Wedding Photo-sharing Practices among Women: Uses and Gratifications. Journal of Media and Communication, 7(2), 124-141.
http://jmc.cutn.ac.in/docs/2023JM&CDec9.pdf
Abstract: This research adopts a comprehensive approach to comprehending the intricate dimensions of wedding photography and its consequential influence on societal norms. The utilization of a simple random sampling method ensures the attainment of a representative and unbiased participant cohort, thereby enhancing the generalizability of the findings. Focusing on the culturally rich state of Kerala as the research setting, the study endeavours to explore how wedding photography reflects and, in turn, shapes cultural practices. The temporal aspect is duly considered, with the survey scheduled over a three-month period aligning strategically with Kerala's peak wedding season. This temporal alignment aims to capture dynamic and representative data, providing insights into current trends, seasonal influences, and the evolving role of wedding photography during the prominence of celebratory events. The data collection methodology employs a dual approach, combining online surveys distributed through various platforms with targeted in-person surveys conducted at wedding-related events and establishments in Kerala. This methodological choice seeks to maximize both reach and inclusivity, thereby facilitating the collection of diverse and rich data. The study sheds illuminating insights on the cultural and economic dimensions of wedding photography, underscoring the imperative of aligning choices with individual preferences and navigating the evolving landscape of digital platforms.
Citation: Sukumar, A., Thomas, J., Menon, V. A., & Boobalakrishnan, N. (2023). Analyzing Wedding Photography in Kerala: A Survey. Kristu Jayanti Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (KJHSS), 3, 58-72. Retrieved from https://www.kristujayantijournal.com/index.php/ijss/article/view/2324
Abstract: Tamil television serials have the potential to elicit a wide variety of emotions in viewers. Emotional control and expression change as individuals age, and this change is interrelated in various ways. Positive or negative emotions, when put into practice by regulating the emotions associated with health, can result in an increase or decrease in lifespan during successful ageing. This study explores the relationship between emotional well-being and prosperous ageing in Tamil television serials among older adults. An exploratory method was adopted to understand the connection between Tamil television serials and emotional well-being for successful ageing in Tamil Nadu (a southern state of India). Fourteen older adults over 50 who watch Tamil television mega-serials from Tamil Nadu were recruited for in-depth interviews. Three themes emerged from the thematic analysis: emotional connection, life satisfaction, fortitude and ageism among older adults. The findings suggest that Tamil television serials provide emotional engagement, companionship and life satisfaction for older adults, contributing to successful ageing.
Citation: Natrayan, B. (2024). The Power of Emotional Engagement: Tamil Television Serials as a Trail to Enhance Well-being and Successful Ageing among Older Adults. Media Watch, 15(1), 93-112.
https://doi.org/10.1177/09760911231214151
Abstract: Interpersonal communication not only builds relationships at the workplace but also important characteristics to understand one’s potential to perform the assigned job. Further, the present study attempts to study the Information Technology (IT) employee’s relationship between interpersonal communication and performance at workplace of the personnels in the managerial positions and the employees work under them. An online survey was conducted to collect data and 101 IT employees responded to the survey. Interpersonal communication is measured by adopting the instrument (Interpersonal Communication Inventory). Job performance of the employees was measured by adopting the scale ‘Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ)’ including task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive work behaviour. The Counterproductive work behavior of an employee significantly accounted for a negative relationship with the employee’s Interpersonal communication by not indulging in the presentism attitude. Employees' behaviour committed towards the organization's principles by contributing to its social and psychological environment predicted by the employee’s task performance and Counterproductive behaviour.
Citation: Boobalakrishnan, N., & Niddana Dipika Saliny. (2023). Interpersonal Communication and Individual Work Performance of IT Employees. ICTACT Journal on Management Studies, 9(1), 1695 - 1702.
Abstract: The stereotypical representation of gender roles portrayed by media highly influences the viewers. Children are more fascinated by the unreal world portrayed on television, especially commercials. This study examines representation of gender in commercials targeting children in India. Over 100 respondents targeting Indian advertisements are chosen for the study using purposive sampling technique and coded on the basis of nine variables, some of the variables are intact from the traditional content-coding scheme introduced by McArthur and Resko (1975). The findings show that gender stereotypes still exist in Indian television commercials targeted at children. Both men and women are represented in stereotypical roles in advertisements. But comparatively more women are depicted in the stereotypical roles in children targeted advertisements.
Citation: Babu, K. B., & Boobalakrishnan, N. (2022). Gender representation in children targeted commercials. Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies, 16(4), 4-16.
Abstract: Virtual reality (VR) is a computer technology or computer-mediated technology that duplicates the real environment by simulating the user's physical presence and environment in a way that allows the user to interact with it. The current study details a virtual reality experiment conducted to study the immersive virtual experience of Kathakali. The experiment was carried out among 33 participants (general audience) of the Red Beard Festival, a renowned Kathakali performance festival in Kerala. The performances were recorded in Insta 360 camera and projected the visuals in a Head-Mounted Display (HMD). The Virtual Experience Questionnaire (VEQ, v2) developed by Tcha-Tokey et al. (2016) was administered to evaluate the user experiences of Kathakali in virtual reality. The key variables included presence, engagement, immersion, flow, emotion, skill, judgement, experience consequence, and technology adaptation. Statistical analysis suggested nearly half of the participants had prior awareness regarding virtual reality, however, only a few participants had prior virtual experience of Kathakali. The range of scores obtained for engagement and immersion was found to be relatively consistent with the other components. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive and negative associations between various components of immersive virtual experience. Females were found to have immersed more in skill-based experiences, whereas males were found to have higher judgement and technology adoption. Significant differences were found in judgement, experience consequence, and technology adaptation of the participants hailing from different localities. No significant differences were found in the immersive virtual experience of participants belonging to different age and education groups.
Citation: MENON, Vishnu Achutha; PRASAD, Aswathi; NATRAYAN, Boobalakrishnan. "Kathakali” & Virtual Reality: An Experiment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 118-130, dec. 2022.
Abstract: This study applies the Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT) to examine the social media usage among Kathakali artists in Kerala. To explore uses and gratification patterns using a set of variables (information seeking, convenience, affection seeking, social interaction, entertainment, information sharing, social influences and disclosure), a survey is conducted among 354 Kathakali artists recruited through a multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. Statistical analysis (both descriptive and inferential) have offered anticipated insights. Results indicate that about three-fourths of the respondents are active on social media and around 89 percent of them use such platforms for displaying their performances. Social media predominantly gratifies their need to seek information, aided by the convenience of usage. Male artists gain more
gratifications from information-seeking, convenience and entertainment. While using social media for entertainment, gratification obtained from them differs significantly among age groups, while information seeking and disclosure gratifications differ among income groups. Gratification sought through disclosure differs based on location.
Positive correlations are observed among all the user-gratification variables, barring disclosure, which is associated only with social interaction and social influence. The study summarises that the use of social media has expanded new vistas of archiving, research, discussion, and academic interaction among Kathakali artists in Kerala.
Citation: Vishnu Achutha Menon, Boobalakrishnan . N & Amrita S. (2021). Performance on Social Media: Kathakali Artists in the Digital Age. Journal of Media and Communication, 5(2), 194-209.
Abstract: A survey of 2,500 social media users across the Indian state of Tamil Nadu is conducted to identify the kinds of networks that users build on online social media and relate them with political content exposed to and preferred, apart from the triggers for sharing content. Study results indicate that people who engage in political criticism and discussion on social media tend to mostly have socio-centric networks of friends and educational-professional acquaintances. It is further observed that about 50 percent of social media users network only with friends and people already known. Users in open networks that characterise connections among people unknown or whom they haven't met are about 10 percent across the social media platforms. Users in closed networks mostly prefer political memes and criticism. Humour is found to be the top trigger (inducing factor) for political content sharing and proximity, the least influential. Political content such as news, views and videos are mostly preferred by users across social networks: Egocentric, Socio-centric, Open and Mixed.
Citation: Boobalakrishnan N, Francis Philip Barclay, & K. Anushiya. (2021). Social Media and Polity: Network, Exposure, Preferences and Triggers. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7457919
Abstract: The ‘Jallikattu’ Movement (2017) in TamilNadu, India has been a social movement as it could be broadly classified as a movement that primarily took the form of non-institutionalised collective political action striving for political or social change. To study the 'jallikattu' movement, one requires the pre-exposure to the operation dynamic of contemporary social movements with reference to their grievance structures, organisational status, resource mobilisation position, and mobilising structures. ‘Jallikattu’ and the movement associated with it have been widely and regularly covered by the mass media, but the critical and creative analyses have been quite lacking. This has been articulated and addressed in the following lines of media involved and its move parallelly, key aspects of the media effect on the protestors with the protest dynamic and media paradigm and is there cause of delegitimization of the m movement. The present study deals with the social political movement and the protest event analysis PEA is adopted for methodological approach. PEA is an unobtrusive technique that could handle even the unstructured matter as data. It is context sensitive and can cope with large volumes of data. The protest Event analysis has been adopted as the best empirical and theoretical approach for testing and expanding the theory of focusing on mechanisms and processes. The protest event analysis PEA is an innovation from the political process theory allowing mapping of the occurrences and characteristics of protests across geographical areas, across issues/ movements, and over time.
Citation: C, Pichandy, V, Palaniappan, Boobalakrishnan, N (2021) 'Jallikattu' Movement and Cultural Identity: The Mobilising Structure of Media Paradigm and its Dimensions. Elixir Social Studies 151 (2021) 55224-55228: (ISSN 2229-712X)
https://www.elixirpublishers.com/articles/1672310663_202102002.pdf
Abstract: Sanitation and allied health issues are causes for serious concern in India,
especially the ruralscape. Through its flagship programme, Swachh Bharat Mission
(Gramin), the Centre aims at addressing a major part of the sanitation issue. Several aspects of this scheme demand scholarly evaluation for successful implementation. Hence, the present study aims to measure the following: perception and awareness about sanitation, the need for toilets and the SBM (G) scheme; access to the scheme; level of adoption; usage; and the barriers that stand between awareness and adoption, using a survey of 412 families. Study results indicated a reach of 70 percent. Open-defecation had been the primary practice for a majority of the families and it was difficult for them to change that social habit. Study results also indicated that activists, mass media and government sources were the main motivators creating awareness about the scheme for toilet construction. Further, there was a positive correlation between Severity-Susceptibility-Benefits and the awareness about the SBA scheme for toilet construction, lending credence to the Health Belief Model.
Citation: Francis Philip Barclay, Shamala R, BoobalakrishnanN, & Nikhil Kumar Gouda. (2020). Clean India Campaign: Awareness, Adoption, Usage and Barriers. Journal of Media and Communication, 4(2): 72- 97 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7457879
Abstract: Chenda is a versatile instrument and is used on various occasions, strictly Ritualistic to totally entertainment; both as a Leading instrument, a Rhythm keeper. Its usage in theatre is as the ‘talking drum’ that compliments with maddalam and with the body movements of the actors. This study analyses, Melam and its rhythmic structures, Melam is a type of concert presented at the temples in Chenda. This paper has formed from field notes and interviewing Chenda masters like Sadanam Vasudevan, Padmashree Mattanur Sankaran Kutty Marar and Padmashree Peruvnam Kuttan Marar.
Citation: Menon, V. A. & Boobalakrishnan, N (2020). The Rhythmic Structure of Melam. Chitrolekha Journal on Art & Design, 4(2).
Abstract: Information and Communication technology has played a vital role in various aspects of our life. In our present study, we focus on the impact of ICT in communication, education and learning. ICT ushers with both negative and positive impacts on the life of humans. It influences students’
knowledge, attitude and skill. ICT promotes a learning environment, among teachers and students, by providing virtual space and experience, mediated through technology. Smart classroom induces interest, elicits students’ attention, elevates their understanding capacity, grasping skills and memory, with the help of multimedia teaching aids. It brings focus to the topic. In this fast-moving
technology mediated world, usage of mobile phones and social media has become inexorable. The global phenomenon—anytime, anywhere learning—is made possible because of the ubiquity of smartphones. With traditional classroom learning on one side, social media platforms, on the other side, are providing virtual spaces for unconventional and collaborative learning. Students choose such technologies as supportive alternatives for their academic-intended communication with teachers and peers. Through this study, the researchers aim to measure the attitude of college
students towards social media and the related influence on their academic performance, with reference to Coimbatore region. A survey was conducted among 507 college students from Coimbatore, chosen through a multistage stratified random sampling technique. The demographic variables—including age, gender and educational qualification and the dependent variables— included Academic performance, Time spent on social media per day, Time spent on social media
during weekdays, Time spent on social media during weekends. Further result states that there is sizeable relationship between the employed social media attitude variables and the academic performance of the students, and no relationship with the time spent on social media. However, it was found that among social media attitudes, addictiveness and communication are the best predictors of academic performance.
Citation: Jayaseelan R, Pichandy C, & Boobalakrishnan N. (2020). Evaluating Students Attitude and their Academic Performance on Social Media: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences (IJMTS), 5(1), 101–109.
https://doi.org/10.47992/IJMTS.2581.6012.0084
Abstract: Information and Communication Technology has broadened the scope of communication, education and learning. ICT provides a virtual learning space and experience as it would enable technology mediated learning among teachers and students. Mobile phone and social media usage has become inevitable in today's life. The ubiquity of smartphones made easy access of multimedia teaching aids as it is user friendly and convenient (anytime, anywhere learning). Apart from classroom learning, social media provides a platform for innovative and collaborative learning experience. The aim of the present study is to measure and analyze Students’ attitude towards social media. The demographic variables are age, gender and educational qualification. The dependent variables—exposure, communication, addictiveness and accessibility. A survey was conducted among 507 college students from Coimbatore were chosen through multistage stratified random sampling technique. Results states that there is no difference with respect to their age, gender, educational qualification towards exposure, communication, addictiveness and accessibility with respect to social media usage.
Citation: Boobalakrishnan, N., Jayaseelan, R., & Srinivasan, M. (2019). Social media and students attitude: A study of accessibility, addictiveness, exposure and communication among college students in coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies, 13(1), 32-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-967X.2019.00005.X
Abstract: This paper formed as a result of a series of interactions with, The Ladies Wing of Thripunithara Kaliyogam, formed in 1975 consists of artists who have expertise in handling all aspects of Kathakali like enacting, vocal rendering, percussions etc. They have performed all over India and abroad and it is a unique theatre group that has functioned for more than three and a half decades. The troupe consists of a total of 35 members. The paper circumnavigates the performativity of the troupe and active interactions with senior artists like Parvathi Menon, Geetha Varma, Radhika Varma, Kumari Varma, Sathi Våarma, N. Geetha, Vrinda Varma, Pramila P. etc.
Citation: Vishnu Achutha Menon, Boobalakrishnan, N, Gender Performativity in Kathakali. OmniScience: A Multi-disciplinary Journal. 2019; 9(1): 29–33p.
https://sciencejournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/osmj/article/view/1585
Abstract: Information and Communication Technology has a clearimpact on the students’ knowledge, attitude and skill sets. Apart from traditional classroom teaching, ICT provides a virtual learning experience as it would enable technology mediated learning among teachers and students. When multimedia teaching aids are used in classrooms, it elicits student’s attention, understanding capacity and memory. It helps them to understand the concept in depth and brings focus to the topic. Mobile phone and social media usage has become inevitable in today’s life. The ubiquity of smartphones made easy access of multimedia teaching aids as it user friendly and convenient (anytime, anywhere learning). The extensive popularity of social media like whatsapp, facebook, twitter, youtube, google+, linkedin, instagram and others among college students has brought a major shift in their academic performance. Apart from classroom learning, these social media provide a platform for innovative and collaborative learning experience. Students opt these technologies to assist their academicoriented communication with their fellow learners and teachers. The aim of the present study is to develop and standardize a questionnaire to measure the college students’ attitude towards social media and their academic performance. List of 52 items were generated (with reference) from various studies and a survey was conducted among 119 respondents. Exploratory factorial analysis was performed and the result shows that there are four underlying factors—exposure, communication, addictiveness and accessibility in students’ attitude towards social media which influences their academic performance in college.
Citation: N. Boobalakrishnan, R. Jayaseelan, & Malini Srinivasan. (2019). Developing a Scale to Measure Students\' Social Media Attitude and their Academic Performance. ICTACT Journal on Management Studies, 5(1), 904–911. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijms.2019.0124
Abstract: Kathakali is the indigenous art form of Kerala, the southern state of India. Katha means Story and Kali means Performance. The stories are taken from mythology in which, legendry characters are brought to live through performances. The characters are categorized as Protagonist (Key characters) and Antagonist (Anti-hero characters). This study aims to understand how different forms of non-verbal communication are used as a tool for communicating through all performing characters. The focus of study will be on Protagonist and Antagonist.
Citation: Menon, V. A., & Boobalikrishnan, N. (2018). Gestures in Kathakali: a Study on Protagonist and Antagonist Performances in Stories. https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/cjad.23.v2n307
Abstract: Given the smartphone onslaught and the instant access to internet that it offers, television still holds its unique position and attracts masses. When it comes to television audience, children are the main targets. A section of television channels is exclusively for children that are edutainment and infotainment-based. Even before entering schools, children are exposed to varieties of topics through television that plays a major role in their life and development. Omnipresence of television provides information and entertainment that affect child behaviour, attitude, academic performance and knowledge. The present study aims to analyse television usage of parents and children, family type and the potential benefits of television. A survey was conducted with 200 parents in Coimbatore in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Results show that there is a relationship between television usage of children during weekends and their extra-curricular activities.
Whereas, the weekday usage of television among parents and children and their family type do not moderate positive effects of television.
Citation: Boobalakrishnan, N & Malini Srinivasan. Television and Child Development: Positive Effects, Journal of Media and Communication, 2 (1): 1-16.
Citation: Pramod, S., & Natrayan, B. (2018). Content Analysis and Sentiment Analysis of Blue Whale Challenge Issue Reported in News Websites.
Abstract: Most of the research on the uses and effects of media focused on individuals rather than family systems. This shift in the approach to the study of children television viewing and parental mediation is considered as a meaningful approach and such a study on an empirical ground becomes a need of the hour in a country like India. The objective of the present study is to identify the typical parental mediation style practiced among parents towards children’s television viewing. The result shows that parents most frequently use restrictive mediation style to control their children’s television viewing and active mediation least often and co-viewing fell in between.
Citation: Boobalakrishnan, N & C.Pichandy. Parental Intervention and Frequency of Mediation Styles towards Children Watching Television in India. Journal of Communication: Media Watch, 8(2): 247- 257
Abstract: Many teachers use ICT to support traditional learning methods, for example, information retrieval in which students are ‘passive learners of knowledge instead of ‘active producers able to take part in the learning process. Teaching and learning with ICT can promote educative skills. In the pace of new technological development adoption of innovations and improvements lead to the betterment of students learning. The present study aims to measure the awareness, usage and skill level of Information and Communication Technology for Teaching and Learning among teachers in Higher education. A case study at PSGCAS, Coimbatore suggests that teachers’ abilities are satisfied in promoting e learning because of the students’ involvement in ICT; it gives way to easy access, storage, usage etc. There is a need for professional development activities. Regular monitoring and evaluation and feedback loops should be established. The adoption and usage of ICT tools pave way for an effective ICT learning environment and also make them to work in groups with students and researchers.
Citation: Boobalakrishnan N, & C.Pichandy. (2016). ICT and Higher Education: Teachers Technological driven Ecosystem and a Paradigm shift in learning environment. ICTACT Journal on Management Studies, 2(4), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijms.2016.0049
Abstract: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) proves to be a touchstone and becomes a part of a developing and also a developed country. This research explores the accessibility and the extent of Information Communication Technology usage by health professionals. Data was collected using a sample size of 427 medical doctors in different public and private hospitals, placing a particular focus on the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, by means of a structured questionnaire. The finding of the study reveals that ICTs were commonly available and are used by the health professionals. A comparative analysis designates that there was superior availability and use of computers, internet and mobile phones by medical doctors in private hospitals than those in government hospitals and individual clinic. Interestingly, the level of awareness is higher among users on the numerous benefits of ICTs on their job and productivity. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a significant usage of ICT tools among the medical professionals.
Citation: Jayaseelan R, Dr.C.Pichandy, Boobalakrishnan N. Adoption of Information Communication Technology Tools Among Medical Doctors. Pragyaan, Journal of Mass Communication, 13(2): 55-68.
Abstract: Parents are observed to be engaged in children viewing television with mediation styles used at home. The objective of this study is to examine the various mediation styles (active mediation, restrictive mediation, co-viewing) adopted by parents in their children television watching and to understand parental mediation styles among children. For the purpose of this study, data were gathered from the parents of school children from Coimbatore (n=206) in a total sample size of 206 respondents. Respondents were asked to answer questions in a survey. The responses were analyzed to study the mediation adopted between three styles active mediation, restrictive mediation, and co-viewing with the parental demographic characteristics and children details. The findings of the study revealed that there is significant influence between parent’s gender and the family type. In the preference among various mediation styles across the age group of children and gender the mostly preferred mediation style is Restrictive Mediation i.e. Active Mediation and Co-viewing.
Citation: Boobalakrishnan N, Dr.C.Pichandy. A study of children’s television viewing and parental mediation styles in Tamilnadu, India, Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies, 9(2): ISSN – 0973-9688, 23-31.
Abstract: Parents are observed to be engaged in children viewing television with mediation styles used at home. The objective of this study is to examine the various mediation styles (active mediation, restrictive mediation, co-viewing) adopted by parents in their children television watching and to understand parental mediation styles among children. For the purpose of this study, data were gathered from the parents of school children from Coimbatore (n=206) in a total sample size of 206 respondents. Respondents were asked to answer questions in a survey. The responses were analyzed to study the mediation adopted between three styles active mediation, restrictive mediation, and co-viewing with the parental demographic characteristics and children details. The findings of the study revealed that there is significant influence between parent’s gender and the family type. In the preference among various mediation styles across the age group of children and gender the mostly preferred mediation style is Restrictive Mediation i.e. Active Mediation and Co-viewing.
Jayaseelan R, Pichandy C, Boobalakrishnan N. Adoption of New Media Technology for Health Profession by Medical Doctors with special reference to Social Media. The Journal of Community Health Management, 2(3): ISSN 2394- 272X(Print), e-ISSN 2394-2738(Online), 127-139.
Citation: Boobalakrishnan N, Dr.C.Pichandy. A study of children’s television viewing and parental mediation styles in Tamilnadu, India, Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies, 9(2): ISSN – 0973-9688, 23-31.