ANalysis 

• Define thermodynamic system and surroundings. (2019, 2022)

• Define isothermal process. (2020, 2023)

• Define adiabatic process. (2018, 2021)

• State first law of thermodynamics. (Repeated)

• Define heat engine efficiency. (2022) 

• Explain isobaric and isochoric processes. (2019, 2023)

• Write limitations of first law of thermodynamics. (2020)

• Distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes. (2021, 2024)

• Explain cyclic process with example. (2018, 2022)  

• Explain working of Carnot engine. (2019, 2022)

• Derive relation between Cp and Cv. (2020, 2023)

• Explain second law of thermodynamics. (2018, 2021)  

• Derive efficiency of Carnot engine. (2019, 2021, 2024)

• Derive relation between Cp and Cv for ideal gas. (2020, 2023)

• Work done in isothermal process derivation. (2018, 2022)

• Work done in adiabatic process (concept/derivation). (2021)  

✅ Carnot engine & efficiency derivation
✅ First law numerical problems
✅ Cp – Cv relation
✅ Isothermal & adiabatic processes
✅ Second law of thermodynamics
✅ Work done in gas processes 

• 1 derivation + 1 numerical is almost guaranteed

• PV diagrams = easy 2–3 marks

• Thermodynamics alone gives 10–14 marks 

• Write formula → substitution → answer with unit 

• Always draw neat PV diagrams 

• Remember sign convention (very important!)