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The Robert Schuman Centre is an inter-disciplinary research centre at the heart of the European University Institute (EUI). It was established in 1993 with the goal of developing cutting-edge, academic research and using that research to engage with a wide variety of stakeholders in the public and private sector.

Expertise: command and control in joint and multinational air operations. The centre uses computer-assisted exercises (CAX) and command-post exercises (CPX) to achieve this objective. The COE also analyses lessons learned from both real operations and exercises to aid in training personnel and developing simulation tools.

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Expertise: improving civil-military interaction and cooperation between NATO, Sponsoring Nations and other military and civil groups by utilising the skills and expertise of CIMIC's own staff. The centre is also open to other international organisations (European Union, non-governmental organisations and scientific institutions).

Expertise: providing expertise both as a centre for academic research and as a (multinational) hub for practical training in the field of maritime security, along with relevant domains (maritime trade, energy security, maritime environment, maritime resources, public health, maritime transport-logistic). The Centre strives to achieve the necessary collaboration among stakeholders from government, industry, academia and the private sector.

Centre-left politics is the range of left-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre and broadly conform with progressivism. Ideologies of the centre-left include social democracy, social liberalism and green politics. Ideas commonly supported by the centre-left include welfare capitalism, social justice, liberal internationalism, and multiculturalism. Economically, the centre-left supports a mixed economy in a democratic capitalist system, often including economic interventionism, progressive taxation, and the right to unionize. Centre-left politics are contrasted with far-left politics that reject capitalism or advocate revolution.

The ideologies of the centre-left include social democracy,[1][2] social liberalism,[1][2] progressivism,[1][3] and green politics.[1][2][4] Centre-left politics often incorporate elements of libertarianism and occasionally favour limited state intervention.[1] As with all political alignments, the exact boundaries of centre-left versus far-left or centrist politics are not clearly defined and can vary depending on context.[2] Centre-left ideologies are common in stable political systems, which typically allow for political debate with an ideological centre.[5]

Social liberalism was developed in the United Kingdom in the mid-20th century,[20] where it took the form of new liberalism.[18] The identification of centre-left ideologies as "liberal" is most common to the United States.[21] Liberalism is less common in regions such as Africa and Asia, where there is no individualist or liberal democratic tradition.[22][23][24]

Progressivism is the support of continuous social reform to improve society gradually, opposing revolutionary or conservative politics.[25] It is typically associated with the centre-left ideologies of social liberalism and social democracy, though communist and centrist ideologies have sometimes been involved in progressive politics.[1][3] There is great divergence within the progressive movement, with disagreement in what reforms should be attempted and how they can be implemented,[3] though redistributive policies are a common theme within progressivism.[25] Progressivism first developed in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 19th century.[25]

In addition to the most common centre-left ideologies, other ideologies are sometimes described as centre-left or have centre-left variants.[2] Democratic socialism supports the abolition of capitalism in favour of socialism, though it opposes the creation of a communist state.[36] It was historically seen as a centre-left position[37] and may sometimes be described as such,[1] but modern democratic socialism is typically considered radical in nature and distinct from centre-left ideologies.[36][37] The Third Way is a variation of social democratic politics that gained prominence in the 1990s after the decline of traditional social democracy. It advocates reform of the social democratic model to emphasize equal opportunity over equality of outcome.[38] To accomplish this, it supports heavy deregulation and privatization for the purpose of increasing economic growth to fund public goods such as education, healthcare, and pensions.[39] The Third Way may be defined as centre-left or as centrist.[40]

Christian democracy is an ideology that incorporates Catholic social teaching into a secular political philosophy.[41] Though most enduring Christian democratic parties are centrist,[42] those in Latin America have historically ranged across the political spectrum, with centre-left and centre-right variants both being common.[43] Christian democrats often support the welfare state,[41] and social justice has been a frequent theme among Christian democracy parties in Latin America.[44] Christian democracy in Europe is not usually associated with the centre-left, instead favouring the centre-right.[42]

Though it is often associated with conservatism,[45][46] some elements of Confucianism invoke ideas that are associated with the centre-left in Western countries. Promotion of general welfare, supporting members of the family, and the ideal of the Harmonious Society all have implications for centre-left politics.[47] The welfare state of East Asian countries such as Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan are sometimes described as Confucian.[48] These welfare systems have been influenced by Confucian familialism, which shifts some of the burden of welfare from the state to the family.[49]

Centre-left politics seeks equal opportunity in society.[50] Centre-left groups are more likely to prioritize issues of long-term or abstract importance than other ideological groups. These include environmentalism, the arts, science, social equality, and foreign aid.[51] Advocates of centre-left politics typically support laws and government programs to support marginalized groups such as the elderly, the handicapped, and the unemployed. Measures to this effect include financial assistance and anti-discrimination laws.[50]

Liberal internationalism is associated with the centre-left through its idealism, constructivism, and progressivism.[52] Liberal internationalists seek cooperation between nations,[52] often including support for common security and arms control between nations to facilitate peace.[53] The centre-left, along with the centre-right, implemented this foreign policy in Europe during the Cold War, but it has become less prominent due to the rise of anti-globalist far-right parties.[54]

The immigration policies of centre-left groups vary depending on the political circumstances of a given country, and they may seek to greatly expand or greatly restrict immigration.[55] In principle, centre-left parties generally believe in multiculturalism and support high immigration.[56] The key issue of centre-left immigration policy is the balance between egalitarianism and pragmatism.[57] The centre-left often faces pressures from working class voters to restrict immigration to prevent competition over jobs and public services.[58] Other centre-left policies can also be negatively impacted by immigration, as a large increase in low-skilled workers can raise concerns about the increased price of public services, prompting spending cuts and roll-backs of centre-left welfare policies.[59]

Though positions on environmentalism are not consistent across centre-left parties, they are more likely to support environmentalist policies than centre-right parties.[4] Centre-left parties are popularly associated with environmental policies in the minds of voters, which earns them support in good economic conditions but loses them support in poor economic conditions.[51] Environmentalism is a major component of green politics.[26]

Centre-left groups generally support a mixed economy with moderate economic interventionism. Keynesian economics has historically seen support among the centre-left.[1] This is an invertenvionist economic philosophy that emphasizes income rather than pricing.[60] These ideas have since declined in popularity in favour of balanced budgets and low government spending.[1] Closely related to centre-left politics are concepts of the welfare state and regulated labour markets.[61] In the 20th century, trade unions and their working class constituency were closely associated with social democratic and labour parties, especially in Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, and former British colonies in the Pacific.[62] These associations generally lessened by the end of the century as union membership declined and centre-left parties shifted toward Third Way politics,[63] which introduced elements of neoliberalism into centre-left politics, increasing the focus on free markets.[39] Labour-government relations and the right to unionize have been less prominent ideas in East Asia.[64]

Centre-left politics often involve transfer payment systems, such as welfare and early childhood education, with the goal of creating higher employment while avoiding a welfare trap.[65] Closely associated with this is the implementation of a progressive tax, in which higher earnings are taxed at higher rates.[50] Some early centre-left groups supported gradual reform toward socialism, but this position is not supported by the centre-left in the 21st century.[1] The modern centre-left distinguishes between just and unjust capitalism, advocating for welfare state policies to create what it considers to be just capitalism.[66] Through the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the centre-left has been more likely to benefit electorally during periods of economic growth and suffer electorally in economic downturn.[51] ff782bc1db