Abstract: Extreme heat affects labor supply through increased absenteeism and changes in work-time allocation, yet evidence on gender as a moderating factor remains scarce. This paper estimates the gender-differentiated effects of high temperatures on labor supply and time use among urban workers in Colombia, combining microdata from the 23 largest cities for 2008–2019 with high-resolution daily temperature records. I find that one additional day above 33°C reduces weekly paid hours for employed women by approximately 30 minutes and increases their unpaid domestic work by 30 minutes, with no significant effect for men. These asymmetric responses are not driven by occupational exposure or rising caregiving demands: formality status explains who adjusts paid hours, while gender norms determine who reallocates time toward domestic work, with women doing so regardless of their labor market status or household composition. These findings imply that standard measures of the labor costs of extreme heat, which focus exclusively on market hours, systematically understate the full burden borne by women, and that as heatwaves become more frequent, existing gender gaps in time use are likely to widen in urban areas. 

Abstract: Extreme weather events are increasing due to climate change, leading subsistence farmers to  adopt coping strategies such as off-farm labor to diversify income sources. However, little is still known about how cultural norms, determining gender differences in access to land rights, shape these adaptation decisions. We explore the context of Malawi, where women also inherit land,using plot and household-level data from 2013 to 2019 to analyze the impact of drought on changes in farm and off-farm labor supply among couples. Our findings suggest that matrilocal households (where couples reside in the wife’s village) and patrilocal households (where couples reside in the husband’s village) employ different adaptation strategies in response to drought. When experiencing drought, matrilocal women work more on-farm activities and are more likely to be the sole decision-makers in agriculture, while their husbands tend to seek off-farm work for income diversification. In contrast, although patrilocal women also increase their farm work, we find no evidence of increased involvement in management decisions, nor are these households more likely to provide additional off-farm labor. These differences reflect gender disparities in land ownership: matrilocal women have majority land rights, while patrilocal men are the owners in their communities. These findings underscore how cultural norms intersect with gender to influence agricultural decision-making in response to weather shocks.

Abstract: Domestic violence remains one of the most prevalent and persistent social problems worldwide, yet the causal role of unpaid care work as a determinant of household violence remains underexplored. We provide novel causal evidence on this question by studying Bogotá's Care Blocks program, a large-scale place-based care infrastructure policy providing integrated care services designed to substitute for unpaid work performed by women caregivers. Using administrative records on domestic violence incidents and exploiting the staggered roll-out of Care Blocks together with variation in household proximity to the centers in a difference-in-differences framework, we show that exposure to these Care Block services significantly reduces domestic violence by 22\%, with the largest effects on intimate partner violence (IPV) and violence against children (VAC). We further show that effects operate through reduced exposure to perpetrators at home, driven by enrollment in Care Blocks activities, namely sports and recreational activities for children and educational activities for women, which restructure daily routines and increase supervision of children. These findings suggest that place-based care infrastructure investments targeting caregiving burdens can serve as an effective and scalable violence-prevention policy, with implications for the design of care systems in developing countries.