2. Tritiated Perovskites: Experimental Insights for Tritium Betavoltaic Batteries

§  IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2025, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 1637–1643.
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=10904919

In this work, we incorporate tritium into the perovskite by isotopic substitution at hydrogen sites, embedding the β-emitter directly in the semiconductor. This inside-out architecture creates an intrinsic betavoltaic, i.e., beta particles are generated within the active layer, reducing self-absorption and transport losses and potentially increasing power-conversion efficiency by ~10× compared with external-source designs.

3.  Scintillator-based nuclear photovoltaic batteries for power generation at microwatts level

• Optical Materials: X, 2025, 25, 100401.
  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147825000038

In this work, we took a different approach by making a nuclear photovoltaic (“radiovoltaic”) battery that converts gamma rays into electricity by using a GAGG scintillator to down-convert gamma photons and a cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic (PV) cell to harvest the light. We fabricated and tested a GAGG–CdTe prototype, which produced up to 1.5 μW at a dose rate of 10 krad/h.

Fig. 1. a.) Nuclear voltaic battery where radioactive sources come from ambient radiation; b.) Nuclear photovoltaic battery that capture external radiation by a scintillator.

Fig. 10. J-V characteristic curves of the GAGG-based nuclear photovoltaic battery irradiated both in the Cs-137 and Co-60 irradiators.