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(Abstract: This study examines the effects of the 2019 criminalization of instant triple talaq on marital stability and women’s empowerment in India. I use a difference-in-differences approach and data from NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. I compare married Muslim women with non-Muslim women before and after the reform. The results show that the probability of divorce declines among Muslim women after the ban. This suggests that the reform reduces the use of unilateral divorce. However, I also find a decline in women’s autonomy. Specifically, I document a significant decline in the Muslim women's decision-making ability and their mobility. However, I do not find any impact on their financial autonomy. The effects are stronger for women of households from the lowest wealth level, women residing in rural regions, and those whose husbands drink alcohol. Placebo tests with women from other religions show no similar changes. These findings suggest that legal reforms may reduce harmful practices but also trigger backlash within households. The study highlights the need to consider social norms when designing gender-related policies.)


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