click the link below to access the key terms master list.

embeds.sites.google.com/internal/linkcard?targetUrl=https%3A%2F%2Flearn71-my.sharepoint.com%2F%3Aw%3A%2Fg%2Fpersonal%2Fholly_mcdonald_sd71_bc_ca%2FEez_PrK7niNNqk1-KdizC0kBlswEposmkd92LL5z_YOcyg%3Fe%3DhyhGCy 

Here are some guiding questions: Where are they located? Do they have treaty in place? What does it involve? Or are they still working towards a treaty? To what extent are they self-governing? What is their government structure? Are they still part of the Indian act? What do they have control over? (Education? Government? Resources? Law?), Do they have their own system of justice? What does it involve? Bonus points of you contact the Nation and ask them some questions!

Choose from the following (no more than 2 people with the same topic in each group):

1. Nunavut Land Claims Agreement 1993

2. Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act 1984

3. Sechelt Indian Band Self-Government Act of 1986

4. Nisga’a Final Agreement 1998

5. Wet’suwet’en Delgamuukw-Gisday’wa 1997 (ongoing negotiations)

6. Maa-nulth Final Agreement 2008 (Huu-ay-aht First Nation, Ka:'yu:'k't'h'/Che:k'tles7et'h First Nation, Toquaht Nation, Uchucklesaht Tribe, Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ (Ucluelet First Nation))

7. James Bay Cree/Inuit 2008 (started with original James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA) of 1975)

8. Yukon First Nations Self-Government Act 1994

9. Nunatsiavut Government 2005

10. Tsawwassen First Nation 2009

11. Sioux Valley Dakota Nation 2014

12. Sahtu Dene and Metis Land claim Agreement 1993 (Land claim agreement, leading to governance structures; preceded by the broader Dene/Métis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement (1990), which applies to other regions).” 

13. Anishinabek Nation 2022 (Applies to 39 Anishinabek First Nations; others remain under the Indian Act) 

14. K’ómoks First Nation (ongoing negotiations- Agreement-in-Principle was signed in 2012)

15. Archipelago Management Board Haida Nation 1987 (ongoing sovereignty assertions) 

16. Tłı̨chǫ Agreement 2003 

17. Carcross/Tagish First Nation 2006 

18. Champagne and Aishihik First Nations 1995 

19. Ta’an Kwäch’än Council 2002 

20. Tse’khene First Nation 2000 (McLeod Lake Indian Band Treaty 8 Adhesion)

21. Gwich’in Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement 1992 

22. Délı̨nę Got’ı̨nę Government 2015 

23. Tseshaht (ongoing negotiations)

24. Hupacasath (ongoing negotiations)

25. Inuvialuit Final Agreement 1984 (One of the first major land claim agreements, setting the stage for self-determination in the area)

C1

Emily- Tsawwassen

Jacqueline- Cree-Naskapi

Silas- Nisga'a

Marcus- Maa-nulth

Emma- Nunatsiavut

Piper- Komoks

C2

Riley- Yukon

David- Komoks

Maggie- James Bay Cree / Inuit

Max- Tseshaht

Sonja- Chamagne and Aishihik

Sophia- Tsawwassen

C3

Caio- Cree-Naskapi

Aiden- Haisla

Petite- Yukon

Kami- Nunavut

Helena- Sioux Valley Dakota Nation

Ella- Carcross/Tagish

D1

Chase- Nisga'a

Shyann- James Bay Cree/Inuit

Ezrie- Nunavut

Cayden Sahtu Dene and Metis 

Jose- Sechelt 

Mathieu- 

D2

Everett- Yukon

Alex- Tsawwasswen

Ava- Komoks 

Sonja- Tsawwassen

Brooke- Hupacasath 

Dawson- Maa-nulth 

Aurora- Wet'suwet'en 

D3

Lindsay

Ellie- Haida 

Merrissa

Owen

Colbey

Carson F- Nisga'a

Braiden

Resources for research (use the resources on the daily notes page as well) :

-         Archived - Annual Report for 2004-2006 - The Implementation of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement  

- Nunavut Agreement 

- Cree-Naskapi pp15-42.pdf 

- Sechelt Bill-C-93.pdf 

• Home - Nisg̱a’a Lisims Government 

• James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement | The Canadian Encyclopedia 

• Yukon First Nations Self-Government Act 

• Path to Self-Government - Nunatsiavut Government 

• Treaty and Constitution - Tsawwassen First Nation 

• Sioux Valley Dakota Nation Governance Act 

• SAHTU DENE AND METIS COMPREHENSIVE LAND CLAIM AGREEMENT VOLUME I 

• Anishinabek Nation Governance Agreement Act 

• Indigenous-Governance-Comanagement-Model.pdf 

• Tłįchǫ Agreement - in English | Tlicho 

• About Us – Carcross/Tagish First Nation 

• Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Final Agreement 

• The Ta'an Kwach'an Council Final Agreement 

• McLeod Lake Indian Band | British Columbia Assembly of First Nations 

• Gwich'in Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement 

• Déline Final Self-Government Agreement Act 

• Tseshaht First Nation | [c̓išaaʔatḥ] 

• Hupacasath First Nation 

• About — JOLLEEN DICK (former Hupacasath councilor, now CEO for the Alberni Valley Chamber of Commerce)

• Inuvialuit Final Agreement | Inuvialuit Regional Corporation 

- Maa’Nulth Treaty: Maa-nulth Treaty - Toquaht Nation

-          Four BC First Nations BC Gov News

-          Library guide: Self-governance Agreements - Traditional Governance - Research Guides at University of British Columbia

-          History https://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi3qqaMzMGLAxXyHjQIHd4YCSo4ChAWegQIKRAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffngovernance.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2FSelf-Governance_Right_CFNG.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0Ba0YIxODUTDl9neWd2xLu&opi=89978449

-          Why Do Indigenous Peoples Want Self-Government?

-          Indigenous Self-Government in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia

-          Self-Government Arrangements - 4 Examples

-          45570 NLCA eng

-          Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada | Canadian Geographic Education

-          Trick or Treaty (Treaty 9) 2014

-          The Road Forward (activism) 2017

- Yintah Wet’suwet’en (2024): YINTAH CBC: Yintah | Films | CBC Gem 

-          Treaty Road (Numbered Treaties) 2024 Treaty Road Season 1 - TV Series about Treaties 1-6 in Canada

- Indigenous-Governance-Examples.pdf

- K’ómoks First Nation Treaty Information

- BC Treaty Commission K’ómoks First Nation

- British Columbia Government K’ómoks Treaty Negotiations

- Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project 

- What is Indigenous Governance? What is Indigenous Governance? - YouTube

- How UNDRIP Changes Canada’s Relationship with Indigenous Peoples How UNDRIP Changes Canada’s Relationship with Indigenous Peoples - YouTube

Write letters to Gord Johns, our MP (Member of Parliament), explaining what they should change so that Canada’s justice system better reflects Indigenous models for your local community.

-         1. make suggestions for how Indigenous methods of justice can be integrated into the Canadian justice system, based on what exists elsewhere in Canada, 

2. comment on whether Indigenous people would benefit from having a separate justice system that utilizes their traditional knowledge, and 

3. suggest how Indigenous methods could benefit all members of the community. Research specific types of restorative justice and organizations that are doing it already. (Refer to Gladue, UNDRIP, healing and sentencing circles, sweat lodges, Indigenous courts, Indigenous police forces, etc)

Textbook p106-107 “Issue” about alternative Indigenous justice 

Textbook p297 Gladue case and discussion questions

Textbook p310 Restorative Justice

Resources:

Understanding the Overrepresentation of Indigenous People - State of the Criminal Justice System Dashboard

Healing the Canadian justice system
Why does the Canadian justice system treat aboriginal people as if they’re all the same?
UBC Indigenous Foundations Aboriginal Rights
Overrepresentation of Indigenous Peoples in B.C. corrections system rising, says Statistics Canada report
Indigenous Justice Strategy Programs Province of BC

Bringing Balance to the Scales of Justice (look at page 42-47 in the pdf)

Aboriginal Concepts of Justice

Aboriginal Justice Systems

Aboriginal Restorative Justice Remedies

The criminal legal system does not deliver justice for First Nations people

Indigenous Peoples must establish our own legal system in Canada

The (in)justice system and Indigenous people

Government of Canada Indigenous justice and policing

Exploring INDIGENOUS JUSTICE Systems In Canada and Around the World

Call #42 of the the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s 94 Calls to Action (Commit to the recognition and implementation of Aboriginal justice systems)

Indigenous justice program: https://youtu.be/zq3krdiMvaE

BC First Nations Justice Council: https://youtu.be/zb8z4B8a0x4

Reconciliation: https://youtu.be/RTb85GNcAVc

Over-representation of Indigenous persons in adult provincial custody, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021

Causes of Overrepresentation - Research and Statistics Division - Overrepresentation of Indigenous People in the Canadian Criminal Justice System: Causes and Responses

In  R. v. Gladue (1999), the Supreme Court of Canada's decision considered a sentencing principle outlined in paragraph 718.2(e) of the Criminal Code. In section 718.2(e) of the Criminal Code, Parliament requires judges to consider all available sentences other than imprisonment that are reasonable in the circumstances and consistent with the harm done, for all offenders, and says judges must pay particular attention to the circumstances of Aboriginal offenders. If you identify as Indigenous and are charged with a crime, a judge must apply Gladue principles when you're in a criminal court. Gladue principles are a way for the judge to consider the unique circumstances (experiences) of Indigenous peoples. These unique circumstances include the challenges of colonization an Indigenous person, their family, and community faced and resisted as Indigenous people, and continue to affect them today. These challenges include racism, loss of language, removal from land, Indian residential schools, and foster care. These challenges are called Gladue factors.

A second chance: https://youtu.be/PQWen9fpSGw

From Aboriginal Legal Aid in BC 

If you identify as Aboriginal and you plead guilty to a crime, you might be able to have your bail or sentencing hearing in one of BC's First Nations/Indigenous Courts. You might be brought into a First Nations/Indigenous Court by referral from a judge, defense lawyer, or Crown lawyer. Or you can request to go to First Nations/Indigenous Court. It’s your choice to have your matter heard in First Nations/Indigenous Court.  First Nations/Indigenous Courts are criminal sentencing courts that use restorative justice and traditional ways to reach balance and healing. BC's First Nations/Indigenous Courts are often called Gladue courts. First Nations/Indigenous Courts focus on balancing rehabilitation, accountability, and healing. The judge, your lawyer, Crown counsel, Elders and your community, and your family work with you to create a healing plan to help restore your mental, physical, spiritual, and emotional health. You might still be sentenced to jail. If you're sentenced to jail, the judge must still consider your unique circumstances in their decision. So, Glaude services have been transferred to BC First Nations Justice Council which also provides  Indigenous Justice Centres in British Columbia

FYI: If You are Interested...Young Women in Public Safety – Student Employment Opportunity

On June 21st, 2021, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act received Royal Assent and came into force. This Act provides a roadmap for the Government of Canada and Indigenous peoples to work together to implement the Declaration based on lasting reconciliation, healing, and cooperative relations. The Act upholds Aboriginal and treaty rights protected by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, and doesn't lessen them in any way

Article 3 states:

Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

Article 4 states:

Indigenous peoples, in exercising their right to self-determination, have the right to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to their internal and local affairs, as well as ways and means for financing their autonomous functions.

Article 5 states: 

Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining their right to participate fully, if they so choose, in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State.

Article 8 states:

1. Indigenous peoples and individuals have the right not to be subjected to forced assimilation or destruction of their culture.

2. States shall provide effective mechanisms for prevention of, and redress for:

• Any action which has the aim or effect of depriving them of their integrity as distinct peoples, or of their cultural values or ethnic identities;

• Any action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing them of their lands, territories or resources;

• Any form of forced population transfer which has the aim or effect of violating or undermining any of their rights;

• Any form of forced assimilation or integration;

• Any form of propaganda designed to promote or incite racial or ethnic discrimination directed against them.

Article 26 states: 

Indigenous peoples have the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired.

Article 37 states:

Indigenous peoples have the right to the recognition, observance and enforcement of treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements concluded with States or their successors and to have States honour and respect such treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements.

UNDRIP

Unravelling B.C.’s landmark legislation on Indigenous rights

Two years after B.C. passed its landmark Indigenous Rights act, has anything changed?

Block C

C1

Emily

Jacqueline

Piper

Silas

Marcus

Emma

C2

Riley

David

Max

Sonja

Sophia

Maggie

C3

Caio

Aiden

Petite

Kami

Helena

Ella

Block D

D1

Chase

Cayden

Jose

Mathieu

Shyann

Ezrie

Ava

D2

Everett

Alex

Dawson

Sonja

Brooke

Ellie

D3

Lindsay

Merrissa

Aurora

Owen

Colbey

Carson

Braiden

introductory unit major assignment that comes from the Toronto District School Board:

Human rights violations are a daily occurrence throughout the world. These violations take place in both the North and the South and affect the civil, economic, political, cultural, social, and equality rights of human beings. These violations are in direct opposition to the universal and inalienable rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Fortunately, organizations around the world work on protecting these rights, partly through education and awareness campaigns

Artists, both visual artists and musicians, often comment on human rights issues through their artwork. Assume the role of the Media Outreach Coordinator for a particular human rights organization (Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, etc.) and research a contemporary case of human rights violations somewhere in the world. Based on your research, create a Human Rights Campaign Poster that educates the greater public about the human rights violations and urges them to take action to end the abuse.

Remember...

• Human rights are the basic standards human beings need to live life with freedom and dignity. Human rights include fundamental civil and political rights, such as the right to free speech, to freedom of religion, and the right to participate in government. Human rights also include essential economic, social and cultural rights, such as the right to education, to work, and to healthcare.

• Human rights are the rights that all people have simply because they are human beings. Each of these rights are inalienable; they cannot be denied or taken away from any individual. They are also indivisible; all human rights are equally important and one right cannot be taken away because it is said to be less important than another.

• Finally, human rights are interdependent, all human rights are connected and you cannot guarantee one right without ensuring that other rights are protected.

So your task is to...

1. Choose a contemporary case of human rights violations, as well as an organization that is working on ending the abuse.

2. Research your case study using the following websites: Amnesty International (click on campaigns); Human Rights Watch (click on Global Issues); Oneworld (click on In Depth then Human Rights); United for Human Rights; Youth For Human Rights or the BBC "I Have a Right to..." site and complete the following questions to help with your poster Case Study:

What is happening? Where is it taking place? What rights are being violated? Who is having their rights violated? Why are their rights being violated?

3. Create a visually appealing Human Rights Campaign Poster that addresses the human rights violation by incorporating the key information from the questions in point 2 above (in point form) as well as pictures, symbols, and colours. Remember, your poster should seek to draw the attention of the public through the balanced combination of text and visuals in a creative, yet educational manner! 

4. Write a paragraph that you will use to introduce your topic to your classmates. 

Remember you need to create a visually appealing Human Rights Campaign Poster that addresses the human rights violation by incorporating key information (What is happening? Where is it taking place? What rights are being violated? Who is having their rights violated? Why are their rights being violated?) as well as pictures, symbols, and colours. Your poster should seek to draw the attention of the public through the balanced combination of text and visuals in a creative, yet educational manner!

Some key questions are:

• What story do you want to tell?

• To whom?

• How do you want to reach them?

What will move your target audience to action?

Consider the story you are telling as well as the tone, style, and format of your message. How it will be read by your target audience? Does your audience have a prior interest in your subject or are you trying to reach a new audience? Different audiences may respond better to different graphic treatments — for example a campaign targeting youth, a rural population or government officials.

Lastly...People will look at your pictures before they read your text, if they read text at all. Graphics have to be self-contained. Put your conclusion right there in the caption. Your graphic poster has to tell a story (if it doesn’t, don’t use it) and your job is to keep redesigning it until the story is as clear as possible.

If you are looking at children's rights then check out the UN Declaration on the rights of the Child. Check out these posters at United for Human Rights or the gifs at #Standup4humanrights or these posters on the 60th anniversary for the UN Declaration on Human Rights from Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Illustrated Universal Declaration of Human Rights 

Online Examples of Human Rights Posters:
"Women's Rights Are Human Rights" poster exhibition in Boston
The City College of New York’s Human Rights Forum
Stand Up 4 Human Rights
Poster For Tomorrow

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR) 

video examples of Human Rights Advocacy campaigns

ADRA human rights: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkDX8D2YUeE&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fyoungatvanier.blogspot.com%2F&source_ve_path=MjM4NTE

UN Convention: https://youtu.be/PgQnLXazdSg?embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fyoungatvanier.blogspot.com%2F&source_ve_path=MTY0OTksMjg2NjQsMTY0NTAz

Gender & Sexuality

1. Women’s Rights – Address gender pay gaps, reproductive rights, or violence against women.

Canadian Women’s History – PSAC NCR 

the OSSTF 

Most B.C. women have experienced gender discrimination: Poll

Workers’ experiences of inappropriate sexualized behaviours, sexual assault and gender-based discrimination in the Canadian provinces, 2020

Over half of Canadian girls notice gender discrimination in their pre-teen years: survey

The Facts: Gender Equality and Gender Justice

Gender-Based Violence & Harassment: Creating Safer Workplaces and Communities

pay equity 

employment equity 

Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment fact sheet - Human Rights in BC

Gender Discrimination in the Workplace

Voices for Dignity (Long Version)

2. Queer & Trans People – Fight for stronger protections against discrimination, conversion therapy bans, and access to gender-affirming healthcare.

TIMELINE | Same-sex rights in Canada | CBC News 

The human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, 2-spirit and intersex persons 

LGBTQ2+ people - Canada at a Glance, 2022 

(1) LGBTQ: 'Who has been left behind in that conversation?' | Canada Is ... - YouTube 

Support for LGBTQ2 rights on the decline in Canada, new poll shows

current barriers to equality facing women  

3. Two-Spirit Indigenous People – Raise awareness of the unique struggles Two-Spirit people face, including discrimination within and outside Indigenous communities.

4. Female Firefighters & First Responders – Advocate for gender equity in emergency services, including protections against workplace harassment and better maternity policies.

Supreme Court orders female firefighter rehired 

Indigenous Rights

5. Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and Two-Spirit People (MMIWG2S) – Push for stronger action on the national inquiry’s recommendations.

6. Indigenous Land Defenders – Advocate for the protection of Indigenous land defenders facing criminalization for protesting resource extraction.

7. Access to Clean Water in Indigenous Communities – Raise awareness and pressure governments to fulfill promises to end boil-water advisories.

8. Indigenous Language Revitalization – Campaign for stronger language education programs and funding for Indigenous languages.

9. Indigenous Restorative Justice – Advocate for increased use of traditional Indigenous justice systems instead of over-policing.

Race & Ethnicity

10. Anti-Black Racism – Campaign against systemic racism in policing, healthcare, and employment.

11. Islamophobia & Hate Crimes – Promote policies against religious discrimination and support for affected communities.

12. Anti-Asian Racism – Address issues such as racialized violence, workplace discrimination, and historical injustices.

13. Anti-Semitism – Educate about rising hate crimes and advocate for stronger protections.

Newcomers & Immigration

14. New Immigrants & Refugees – Support fairer immigration policies, improved language learning programs, and stronger workplace protections.

15. Undocumented Workers & Migrants – Fight for pathways to citizenship and protections from exploitation.

16. International Students – Advocate for fair tuition fees, access to healthcare, and protections against exploitation by landlords and employers.

Disability & Healthcare Rights

17. People with Disabilities – Campaign for better accessibility in schools, workplaces, and public spaces.

18. Mental Health Advocacy – Push for better mental health resources, suicide prevention programs, and destigmatization.

19. People Who Use Drugs – Support harm reduction policies, decriminalization, and access to safe consumption sites.

20. Elderly People in Care Homes – Advocate for stronger regulations and better living conditions in long-term care facilities.

Workers’ Rights

21. Migrant Farm Workers – Campaign for fair wages, improved housing conditions, and permanent residency pathways.

22. Gig Workers (e.g., Uber, DoorDash Drivers) – Push for employment rights like benefits, sick leave, and fair wages.

23. Fast Food & Retail Workers – Advocate for living wages, protections against harassment, and better working conditions.

Legal & Prison Reform

24. Indigenous Overrepresentation in Prisons – Push for justice reform, sentencing alternatives, and rehabilitation programs.

25. Wrongfully Convicted People – Advocate for better legal aid, police accountability, and support for exonerated individuals.

26. Youth in the Justice System – Campaign for rehabilitation-focused programs instead of incarceration.

27. Prisoners’ Rights – Raise awareness about conditions in prisons and advocate for mental health support.

Environment & Housing

28. Climate Justice for Vulnerable Communities – Advocate for policies protecting Indigenous and low-income communities from environmental harm.

29. Affordable Housing & Homelessness – Campaign for rent control, more public housing, and tenant rights.

Survivors of Violence & Exploitation

30. Survivors of Domestic Violence – Push for stronger laws, more shelters, and better legal protections.

31. Human Trafficking Survivors – Advocate for support programs and stronger enforcement against traffickers.

32. Sex Workers' Rights – Campaign for decriminalization and legal protections to improve safety.

Religious Freedoms

33. Wearing religious clothing- (Kirpan, Niqab, Turban, etc)

Bill 21 - CCLA 

Children's Rights

34. Children's Rights

UN Declaration on the rights of the Child