Articles

Lunkov, A. V., Kharinskii, A. V., Kradin, N. N., & Kovychev, E. V. (2011). The Frontier Fortification of the Liao Empire in Eastern Transbaikalia. The Silk Road, 9, 104-21. Courtesy of silkroadfoundation.org The original article in Russian.

Харинский, А. В., Крадин, Н. Н., & Ковычев, Е. В. (2014). Большой квадратный Уртуйский городок в контексте фортификационных сооружений северной пограничной системы империи Ляо. In Труды IV (XX) Всероссийского археологического съезда в Казани (pp. 480-483).

(Published in Russian: Kharinskii et al (2014). Remains of a large square in the context of the fortifications of the northern border system of the Liao Empire.

Харинский, А. В. (2011). Древние культуры Монголии и Байкальской Сибири.

(Published in Russian: Kharinskii (2011) Ancient cultures of Mongolia and Baikal in Siberia)

Wittfogel, 1949. History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125 (over 700 pages 100MB PDF annotated)

Solongo, S., & Tengis, S. (2015). The feldspar pIRIR and quartz OSL on silty-clay sediments from walled Ramparts in Orkhon valley, Mongolia. Quaternary Geochronology, 30, 18-23.

Solongo, S. (2007). The luminescence dating of fired bricks from ancient Mongolian cities. Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, 4, 593-596.

Tengis, S., Saran, S., Munkhbayar, L., & Bemmann, J. (2017). Lumunscence dating of an ancient walled settlement in Orkhon valley Mongolia. Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 57(4), 4-14.

Харинский, А. В. (2015). Северное пограничье империи Ляо. Вестник Иркутского государственного технического университета, (10 (105)).

Published in Russian with English abstract: Kharinskii, A.V. (2015). Northern Frontier of the Liao Empire, Bulletin of the Irkutsk State Technical University, (10 (105)).

Abstract

In the beginning of X century in the valley of the Liaohe river the Qidan tribal confederation whose leader in 916 took the title of the Emperor strengthened. After the conquest of the large part of Central Asia, the Bohai Kingdom and the Northern Chinese empire of the Later Jin, the Qidan emperor renamed his country in the Great Liao (947–1125). In the end of X century, Qidans began to fortify their northern frontier strengthening the empire protection from nomad raids. In the northwestern part of the state in the valley of the rivers Tola and Kerulen they built settlements inhabited by military and civilian population who was to supply the army with everything necessary. The wall was built on the northern border of the empire. Its length now is 731 km. Small holdfasts were located to the south of the wall. Holdfasts-settlements blocked the sites suitable for enemy advance and hindered the onsurge up the territory of the Liao Empire.

Book: Баасан, Т. (2006). Чингисийн Далан гэж юу вэ?. " Адмон" ХХК.

Published in Mongolian: Baasan (2006). What is the Chinggis Wall?, Ulaanbaatar, Admon.

Shop for this book online. Or at Azkhur (Азхур) book store (location on map) Улаанбаатар хот, Сүхбаатар дүүрэг Тээвэрчдийн гудамж-27, Нарны зам +976 7000-4343

This is the most complete description of the wall. The author laid out the various ideas of scholars concerning the date when the wall was built.