consider rates of male morbidity between the ages of 15-49. This is an analogous age to the reproductive health outcomes considered previously, however for men rather than women. We consider an alternative placebo based on morbidity during the puerperium period for women aged 15-49. While this will not reflect the mechanism discussed earlier in which the EC pill can act as a substitute for clandestine abortion, it is not necessarily a perfect placebo if the EC pill impacts the composition of cohorts of mothers.20 In Figure 5 we present these results. Figure 5(a) documents the impact of the roll-out of the EC pill on all-cause male morbidity. We observe no significant impacts, with results clustered around 0 cases per 100,000 men (the mean for this outcome displayed in Table 1 is around 4,000 20We note however that Bentancor and Clarke (2017) find relatively little evidence for changing composition of mothers following the EC pill, at least in terms of education and age. 20 inpatient visits per 100,000 men per year), suggesting the findings discussed earlier in the paper are not simply proxying generalised improvements in health occurring earlier in municipalities which adopted the EC pill earlier. We document results for complications in the puerperium in Figure 5(b). Once again, we observe no statistically significant lag or lead terms, although point estimates are slightly noisier. These results again suggest that the reproductive health outcomes documented earlier are not simply proxying general improvements in health, or even general improvements in maternal health, but are specific to causes early in gestation, consistent with the EC pill acting to crowd-out unsafe health behaviours early in pregnancy. We additionally note that these placebo tests hold even when considering intensity of use of the EC pill and single-coefficient DD models. Identical event studies estimated by different terciles of EC pill use (as presented for the main outcomes in Figure 4) are displayed in Appendix Figure A9, and DD models are presented in Appendix Table A6, in both cases with no significant effects. Recent work by Nuevo-Chiquero and Pino (2019), which provides a comprehensive analysis of the EC pill rollout and its impacts on other contraceptive use, suggests that the EC pill in Chile may have—beyond any direct effect—also had a technological change effect given that it caused shifts towards more modern contraceptive methods. We examine whether these shifts may be responsible for the health effects documented in previous sections. To do so, we collected and systematised administrative records on the full coverage of contraceptive methods used in Chile for the entire population covered by the public health system. These data record all freely provided contraceptive methods disbursed by the state. In Figure 6 we plot trends in alternative contraceptive methods used in Chile between 2003 and 2017 based on these administrative data. It is interesting to note in Figure 6 that there has been a clear and gradual shift in contraceptive methods used within the public health system in the country, in particular, a steady shift away from the copper IUD and 21 towards injectable birth control methods. To examine whether the health results observed in this paper may owe to shifting behaviours in birth control methods apart from the expansion of the EC pill, we additionally include full timevarying measures of rates of birth control coverage, for each method, in each of our estimated specifications. However, we note that the administrative data that we could harmonize on full contraceptive measures is only available at the level of each health service in Chile, while our principal regressions are each based on data at the level of each municipality. Each health service includes multiple municipalities, and so the rates of birth control coverage refer to average coverage at the level of each health service, rather than each individual municipality.21 In Appendix Figure A10 we document the correspondence between health services and municipalities within the country. In Appendix Figures A11, A12, A13 and A14 we replicate our analysis of the health impacts of the EC pill, and observe that in each case, the documented findings hold, even after conditioning on available measures of birth control coverage within the country. Throughout this paper our main interest has been considering maternal morbidity outcomes. In Appendix results we document alternative measures of interest. Table A7 and Figures A15- A16 present estimates using birth rates, which broadly agree with findings from Bentancor and Clarke (2017) (trends are provided in Figure A17). Of particular interest are results from Table A8 and Figures A18–A19 which document the same estimates for maternal mortality. In the case of mortality, we do not observe any significant impacts, in line with the idea that these events represent 21That is to say, we augment specification 1 to control for birth control methods (BC) at the level of the health service. In particular this is: Healthcst = α0 + ∑ 8 j=−8 δ−j∆EC Pillcs,t+j + X ′ cstΓ + BC′ st ξ + ϕc + µt + εcst, (4) where we explicitly add subscript s here to denote that birth control methods only vary at the level of health services s, while our measure of EC pill availability varies by municipality (c) within each health service. 22 just a very small ‘tip of the iceberg’