LSMS 2000

Housing module (C):
Q6 states: ‘Do you have legal title to the land or any document that shows ownership? Answers: yes/no. It follows with 

Q7 Do you have legal title to the dwelling or any document that shows ownership? Answers: Yes/no. 

Q8 asks for the kind of document giving options of full legal title registered’; legal title unregistered; purchase receipt; or other. Agricultural module (A): 

Q9 states: What legal title or ownership rights do you have for this plot of land? Answers: deed; sales; receipt; customary right; other (specify); none.

LSMS-SDG

Version 1: 

Q6 Is there a document for this [parcel] issued by or registered at the Land Registry/ Cadastral Agency, such as a title deed, certificate of ownership, certificate of hereditary acquisition, lease or rental contract? Answers: yes/no. 

Q7 What type of documents are there for this [parcel]? Answers: title deed; certificate of customary ownership; certificate of occupancy; certificate of hereditary acquisition listed in registry; survey plan; rental contract, registered; lease, registered; other (specify).

LSMS+

Q5: Does your household have a document for this [parcel], such as an application receipt, land investigation paper, certificate (title) from the government, paper from local authority, lease or rental contract ? Answers: Yes; No. 

Q6 What type of documents is there for this [parcel]? Answers listed: application receipt; land investigation paper; certificate (title) from the government; paper from local authority; rental contract; other (specify); don't know / not sure.

LSMS-ISA4

Q9: Does your household have a document for this [parcel] issued by or registered at the Land Registry/ Cadastral Agency, such as a title deed, certificate of ownership, certificate of hereditary acquisition, ease or rental contract? Answers: yes/no. 

Q10i What type of documents does your household have for this [parcel], Q10ii which household members are listed as owners or use rights holders on each? Answers: Title deed; certificate of customary ownership; certificate of occupancy; certificate of hereditary acquisition listed in registry; survey plan; rental contract, registered; lease, registered; other (specify); if no household member on document, enter “98”; if don’t know, enter “99”. 

DHS-8

Women survey: 

926. Do you have a title deed or other government recognised document for any house you own?

Lan-Ban

Table 7. 

|| Does your household have documents for land that the household owns or cultivates? Options: No; Yes; Don't know. 

|| [If yes] what documents? Options: Original deed; Bia deed; Power of attorney documents; Settlement record (parcha); Don’t know. 

MCC-Moz

Community leader’s questionnaire: 

D.1. Approximately how many households in this bairro have titulos de terras (DUAT) certificates?

MCC-Les

Endline survey: 

F3 Do you or any household member have the lease certificate for this [parcel]? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No

MCC-CV

Semi-structured Interview: 

12. Is your land registered at the predial? Options: Yes, No.

ELTAP-Et

HH questionnaire: 

3.1 Has this parcel been surveyed OR certified as part of a land certification or registration program? Options: 1.Yes, 0.No If ‘No’ skip to the next parcel. 

3.2 Do you have a 1st level certificate for this parcel? Options: 1.Yes, 0.No 

3.6 Has this parcel been surveyed for 2nd level certification? Options: 1.Yes, 0.No 

3.8 Do you have a 2nd level certificate for this parcel? (use photo or digital image to show an example of 2nd level certificate/book of holding). If ‘No’ skip to parc1. Options: 1.Yes, 0.No.  

WJP

General population poll: 

A6b Does your household have any of the following documents for your current dwelling: a title, deed, certificate of ownership, rental contract, or lease? Options: 1.Yes, 2.No, 99. Don’t know/No answer. 

Prindex-3

Telephone survey: 

P7 - Which of the following documents, if any, do you or a family member have that demonstrate your right to live? Options: title deed; land or registration certificate; survey plan; registered lease agreement; rental contract; property tax receipt; utility bill; purchase sale agreement. Answers can be: yes/no/dk/refused. 

Prindex-1&2

Q54. [Documentation unaided] What kind of documents do you have, if any, that demonstrate your right to live in this property? Please tell me all such documents that show either your name or the name of a family member); 

Q55. [Documentation aided] Do you have any of the following documents that demonstrate your right to live in this property? Again, I am asking about documents that have either your name or a family member’s name on it.) 

LSMS-21

Section 11 ‘Housing conditions’: 

Q7 asks for kinds of documentation (title or deed, offer of lease,certificate of lease or rent agreement, letter from chief, receipt of payment, none, other (specify));

GLII

Monitoring tenure security module: 

GD2. Do you or any other member of the household have any documents proving ownership of the dwelling. Options: 1.Yes; 2.No; 8. DK. 

GD3. What kind of document do you have for ownership of this dwelling? Options: 1.Title deed; 2.Group title deed; 3. Allotment letter; 4.Share Certificate; 5.Purchasing bill / receipt; 6.Property tax receipt; 96.Other (specify). 

GL13. What kind of document do you have for ownership of each of the parcels? Options: 1.Title deed; 2.Group title deed; 3.Allotment letter; 4.Share Certificate; 5.Purchasing bill / receipt; 6.Property tax receipt; 7.Utility bills; 8.None; 96.Other (specify). 

MCC-Moz

V3 urban quant, hh questionnaire: 

E1.8 Does your household have any documents in your possession that certify your property rights to this parcel? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

E1.9 Which types of documents do you have? Select all that apply. Question relevant when: Option: 1 DUAT certificate, 2 Provisional title, 3 Certificate of cadastral services, 4 Documentation of purchase/ sales, 5 Informal contract or letter validating permanent or temporary transfer, 6 Lease agreement for rentals, 7 agreement/declaration from traditional authority, 8 Testimony from the community, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. E1.9o Other, specify. 

E1.22 Of these documents, which did you receive when you acquired the parcel? Answer: Select all that apply. Option: 1 DUAT certificate, 2 Provisional title, 3 Certificate of cadastral services, 4 Documentation of purchase/sales, 5 Informal contract or letter validating permanent or temporary transfer, 6 Lease agreement for rentals, 7 agreement / declaration from traditional authority, 8 Testimony from the community, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Other, specify.

MCC-Les

Endline survey: 

F6c Does your household pay any ground rent on this [parcel]. Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

F6d Does your household pay any property tax on this [parcel]? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

F11 If NO Lease document , what type of other documents does the HH have in its possession today that give the HH property rights to this [parcel]? Options: 1 Form C (all types), Deed of transfer, 3 Letter of sales agreement, 4 Letter of inheritance (informal), 5 A registered will, 6 An order of court, 7 Decree of divorce, 8 Proof of purchase from an auction, 9 Other (specify), 10 None. 

MCC-CV

Semi-structured interview: 

5. Before the cadaster team clarified your land rights, what documents did your household have to prove your rights to the land?.

CLPP-Lib

B4. Does your household have paper or document to show for your land in this town?(cl_ towndoc). Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999. Prefer not to respond. 

B5. If YES: What kind of document is it? (cl_ towndoctype) Options: 1.Tribal certificate, 2.Mother deed, 3.Note of sale, 4.Land deed, 5.Aborigines land deed, 6.Public land sale, 7.Leasehold, 97.Other, specify 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. B5.o Other, please specify. 

TGCC-Zam

G2. Do you or your household have any kind of paper documentation for this field? If 0,,skip to G12. Options: (0)No, (1)Yes, (888)Don't know, (999)Refused to answer. 

G3. What type of documentation does your household have for this field? See code below. If not 4, skip to G4. Options: 1.Customary land certificate, 2.State land lease/title - 14 year lease, 3.State land lease/title - 99 year lease, 4.Letter of consent not yet registered with the Ministry of Lands, 5.Other documentation.

FtF-Tan

Midline survey: 

[preamble] I would now like to ask you a few questions about your landholdings and the parcels you farm. 

D12. Do you or your household have any kind of documentation of your rights to any of your parcels?. Options: 3. Yes, 4. No, 997. Don’t know. 

D12.2. What kind of documentation? Select all that apply. Options: 6. granted right of occupancy, 7. certificate of customary right of occupancy (ccro), 8.inheritance letter, 9. other government documents, 10. other document or letter (non-government/ unofficial). 

J4P-Ind

HH head questionnaire:

F21-F23D-E Do you yourself have [any of the following]: Land certificate for your house; Land certificate for farm or plantation land; Written evidence of land ownership for your house; Written evidence for farm or plantation land. Answer: 1. Yes 3. No.

Prindex-3

Property rights module, telephone survey: 

P7I - Is your name personally on this/these document(s)? Options: yes, no, dk, refused. Notes

Prindex-1&2

Baseline survey: 

Q56. For each document type I mention, please tell me if it has your name on it, or if it has a family member’s name on it, or if it has both your name and a family member’s name on it? Answers: Yes/No. If yes: Options: ‘Shows respondent name only’ or ‘Shows both respondent name and family member name.

LGAF-1

LGI 2.iv “A high percentage of land registered to physical persons is registered in the name of women, either individually or jointly.”

LSMS-21

Section 11 ‘Housing conditions’:  

Q8 for the member of the household who is named on the documents (yes/no); 

Q9 specify names (up to three names).

LSMS-00

Housing module (C):

Q9: Which household member(s) holds the title or document to this dwelling? 

LSMS-SDG

Version 1: 

Q7-Vii: And is your name listed on any of the documents as owner or right use holder? Answers: yes, no, don’t know, refusal.

LSMS+

MEXA: 

Q7 Is your name among the names listed on the documents for the [PARCEL] as owner or right use holder? Answers: yes; no. 

Q8 states: Does anyone else's names are on the ownership document for this [PARCEL] as owners or right use holders? Answers: yes; no. 

Q9 Who else's names are on the ownership document for this [PARCEL] as owners or right use holders? Answer: list up to 3 members from household roster. Record the number of adult males outside of the household with this right as well as the number of adult females outside of the household. On the same matter,

LSMS-ISA4

[preamble] After Q10 What type of documents does the hh have for this parcel… which household members are listed as owners or use rights holders on each? [list up to 4 household members listed on these documents]

DHS-8

Women survey: 

927. Is your name on this document? Options: 1.Yes; 2. No; 8. Don’t know. 

Lan-Ban

Table7: 

|| Whose names are listed as owners/rights holders on the formal documents? Options: Respondent; Spouse/Partner; Father-in-law; Father; Mother-in-law; Other adult female HH member; Other adult male HH member; Female child HH member; Male child HH member. 

MCC-Moz

Version 3, urban quant: 

E1.12 Which household members are listed on the DUAT certificate? Options: 1...-15 ...,16 non-household family member,17 Unrelated non-household member. 

E1.12o Which other family members are listed on the DUAT certificate? E1.13 Which non-family  non-household members are listed on the DUAT certificate? Which household members are listed on the… E1.15 provisional title? E1.16 certificate of cadastral services?E1.17 purchase/sales? E.1.18 informal contract or letter? E.1.18 Lease agreement? E1.19 declaration/ agreement from traditional authorities? E1.20 declaration/ agreement from traditional authorities? E1.21 Another document? Options: 1...-15 ...,16 non-household family member,17 Unrelated non-household member. Select all that apply. 

Community leader’s questionnaire, additional questions: 

J1.8 Is your name on the DUAT certificate?’ Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer.

MCC-Les

Urban areas, endline survey:  

F7a Whose names are on the loan document secured using this [parcel]? Use HH member ID number. 

Endline Survey Urban Areas: 

F6 Whose names are on the lease document for this [parcel]? Use HH member ID Number. 

MCC-CV

Semi-structured Interview: 6. Whose name appears on the evidentiary document? 15. How does your name appear on the certidão de identificação predial (CIP)? 16.  How does your partner’s name appear on the certidão de identificação predial (CIP)? Options: 1 Sujeito activo, 2 Presumviel titular cadastral, 3 Does not appear

TGCC-Zam

Household survey: G4. Which household members are listed on the documentation for this field? Probe and code. Options: (1) Husband only, (2) Wife only, (3) Husband and wire, (4) Husband, wife and children, (5) Other.

FtF-Tan

Midline survey: D12.5. How many people in the household have their names listed on the documentation you have for [PARCEL ID]?. D12.6. Who in the household is listed as the primary land user on the documentation for [parcel_id]? Options: 5. Self/Husband, 6. Wife/Spouse, 7. Jointly listed (husband/wife), 8. Other, 997. Don’t know.

ELTAP-Et

HH survey: 3.4 Who has a certificate for the parcel [progamme 1]? 3.10 Who has the certificate for the parcel [programme 2]? Options: 1= Husband, 2 = Wife, 3 = Husband & wife, 4= Children, 5 = whole family, 6 = single HH head. 

GLII

Monitoring tenure security:  GL14. Do any of the ownership documents describe precisely the dimensions, coordinates, size or location of the parcel of land? Options: 1.Yes; 2.No; 8. DK. GL15. Is your piece of land demarcated by any physical signs?Options: 1.Yes; 2.No; 8. DK. GL15a. What type of physical signs has demarcated your land?Options: 1.Boundary beacons; 2.Fence; 3. Stone wall; 4.Dugout trench; 96. Others specify.

MCC-Moz

Urban quant, hh questionnaire:  E1.14 On a scale of 1–5, where 5 equals good condition and 1 equally destroyed, how would you describe the condition of the DUAT Certificate? Observation only. Options: 1 1 Good condition, 2 2 Worn/used but easy to read and not ripped, 3 3 Ripped or dirty, but still legible, 4 4 Some parts of the document are illegible, 5 5 Completely destroyed. 

MCC-Les

Urban areas, endline survey: F4 In what year did your household obtain the most recent lease certificate for this [parcel]? Month, Year.

TGCC-Zam

HH survey: [preamble] About “any kind of paper documentation”G3c. Who is this letter signed by? Options: (1) Chief, (2) District Council, (3) Both, (888) Don't know, (999)Refused to answer. G5. What year was this documentation obtained? G6. Who facilitated obtaining this documentation? Probe and code. Options: (1) Headman, (2) Land Committee Member, (3) YGL, (4) NGO, (5) Friend / relative, (6) Other,specify.

ELTAP-Et

HH survey: 3.5 How was joint certification [between Options: 1= Husband, 2 = Wife, 3 = Husband & wife, 4= Children, 5 = whole family, 6 = single HH head.] confirmed? 3.11 How was joint certification confirmed? 1 = Pictures of both spouses attached, 2 = Names and signatures of both entered as certificate holders, 3 = Names of both entered as certificate holders, 4= Name of wife entered as one of the household members, 97 = Other. 

LSMS+

MEXA:  Q10 addresses the enumerator/interviewer to testify the documentation was provided: Was the respondent able to produce the documentation for confirmation purposes? Answers are: yes; no; refused; no, cannot be located; no, have no access; no, other (specify). 

LSMS-ISA4

[preamble] from Q10 list of ownership documents. Q10iii Show photo of it. 

MCC-Moz

Urban quant, HH questionnaire: E1.10 May I take a picture of the DUAT certificate? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No, it was destroyed, 3 No, it was stolen, 4 No, don’t know where it is, 5 No, for other reason, please specify, 999 Prefer not to show it. Other, specify. E1.11 Please take a picture of the DUAT certificate.

MCC-Les

Endline survey:  F6a Enumerator: Have you seen the lease document for this [parcel] to verify answers such as land size, names on lease and Dates? 

Prindex-1&2

Q58. [Property income] Do you use this property to earn money or to produce anything to support your household? Answers could be: No; Yes; Refused. 

Q71. [Used as collateral]. Have you ever used or tried to use this property as collateral to get access to credit/financing from a bank or to obtain a loan from someone? The responses are: r1. No, never used or tried; r2. Yes, I tried to use; r3. Yes, actually used; r4. DK; r5. Refused. 

GLII

GD12 In the case of inheritance, how would the inheritance of this property be determined? Options: 1. According to will and testament; 2. By court in the absence of a will; 3. This land cannot be inherited; 4. Divided among sons only; 5. Divided among all children; 6. Inherited by wife; 7. Revert to government; 96. Other (specify). 

Land ownership module: 

GL26 [identical questions] Options: 1. According to will and testament; 2. By court in the absence of a will; 3.According to customary law; 4. This land cannot be inherited; 96. Other (specify).

GL29. Have you personally ever inherited any land/property or other Assets?Options: 1.yes; 2. No. 

GL30. Have your brothers or sisters ever inherited any land/property or other assets? Options: 1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk

DHS-5

612. How did your previous marriage or union end? options: 1. death/widowhood; 2. divorce; 3. separation. 

613. To whom did most of your late husband's property go to? options: 1.respondent; 2. other wife; 3.spouse's children; 4. spouse's family; 6. other; 7. no property 

614. Did you receive any of your late husband's assets or valuables? options: 1. yes; 2. No. 

Lan-Ban

Table 7:  Who in your household, if anyone, has inherited land? Options: No one in household; Respondent; Spouse/Partner; Father-in-law; Father; Mother-in-law; Mother; Other adult male HH member // If any land was inherited, from whom was it inherited? Options: Father; Father-in-law; Mother-in-law; Deceased spouse/partner; Other male relative; Other female relative // If any land was purchased, who in your household purchased it? Options: Respondent; spouse / partner; Father-in-law; Father // How is land currently used among respondents in HHs that own or cultivate land? Options: Farming (agricultural); Residential; Under government possession; Sub-leased.

MCC-Les

D22 How did you part with or lose all or part of this [parcel] since our last visit? Options: 1 Sold, 2 Given away, 3 Taken by trad. Auth, 4 Taken by local council/gov, 5 Traded for another land, 6 Land conflict, 7 Lease process, 8 Other (specify). 

D27 How did you acquire the expansion area to this [parcel]? Options: 1 Purchased, 2 Inherited, 3 Gift, 4 Land exchange, 5 Lease process, 6 Other (specify).

FtF-Tan

Midline survey:  

D17. Do you have an inheritance plan for your parcels? [if yes] D17.1 Have you discussed this plan with anyone? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

D17.2. Who have you discussed this with? Options: 1 Wife/Spouse, 5 Children, 3 Other Family, 9 Village leaders, 10 Other. 

F18. In general, do you feel that your plans for land inheritance will be enforced? Options:  1 Yes, 2 No, 996 Don’t know/unsure.

ELTAP-Et

HH Survey: 

Q37. Is your father alive?. Options: 1.Yes, 0.No; Q38. If the answer is ‘No’, what happened to his land?. Q39. If bequeathed, how was the land divided?

Prindex-3

Questions on ‘tenure type’ of the home/property where the respondent lives. Options: (a) owned alone; (b) owned with spouse; (c ) owned with someone else, OR ownership is with one of the following: (a) the government (national, state, local), (b) community or a community group, (c ) a company or employer; (d) a family member living in your household; (e) a family member not living in your household.

LSMS-21

Section 11, ‘Housing conditions’: 

Q3 What is the tenure situation of the household? Options: owned; free with authorization; free without authorization; and rented.  

Q9 asks for the tenure system of this parcel including customary, freehold, leasehold, state, community group, cooperatives, and other; and 

Q10 asks for the identity of the rights-holder (up to 4, leaving room for joint ownership)

LSMS-00

Housing module: 

Q1 asks ‘Is the dwelling owned by a member of your household?’. Answers: yes/no. 

Q15. Does the owner live on the dwelling? Answers: 1 Yes, 2 No

LSMS-SDG

Q4: Under which tenure system is this [PARCEL]? Answers: customary; freehold; leasehold; state; community/group right; cooperatives; other (specify). 

LSMS-ISA4 

Q6 asks: Under which tenure system is this [parcel]? Answers: customary; freehold; leasehold; state community/group right; cooperatives; other(specify). 

Q7: Who in the household [owns/ holds use rights to] this [parcel]? Answers: list up to 4 joint owners or use right holders from household roster. 

GLII 

GD1. Do you or someone living in this household own this dwelling?Options: Own; rent; other (specify). 

GD4. Do you own the land that this dwelling is on? Options:1.yes; 2.no; 8.dk

MICS - 7  

HH Survey: 

HC14. Do you or someone living in this household own this dwelling? Options: 1. Own; 2. Rent; 6. Other (specify). If ‘No’, ask: Q?? Do you rent this dwelling from someone not living in this household? If ‘Rented from someone else’, record ‘2’. For other responses, record ‘6’ and specify.

DHS-8

Women’s survey: 

925. Do you own this or any other house either alone or jointly with someone else? Options (925,928): 01. Alone only; 02. Jointly with husband/partner only; 03. Jointly with someone else only; 04. Jointly with husband/partner and someone else; 05. Both alone and jointly; 06. Does not own. 

MCC-Moz

V3 urban quant: 

D1.24 Is [build_id] owned, borrowed, or rented? Options: 1 Owned and used by the household, 2 Owned by the household but currently rented out, 3 Owned by the household but borrowed out, 4 Rented in by the household, 5 Borrowed in by the household. 

E1.1 Who does this parcel belong to? [Select all that apply] Options: (1...-15) 16 Non-household family member, 17 Unrelated non-household member. Other, specify. Question relevant when: (select)

MCC-Les

Module A, Endline:

D19 Does your household still own all or part of this [parcel]? Options: 1 Yes, all, 2 Yes, part, 3 No>>D22. 

Baseline survey: 

XX1. Does this land parcel belong to you or is it rented from someone else? Options: 1=belongs to the HH,  2=Rented‐in, 3=other (Specify). 

Module B, further questions: 

BBO7 Do you own this parcel individually or jointly with someone? Options: 1 Individually, 2 Jointly. 

BB08 Who is the joint owner of the land parcel you own? Options: 1 Husband, 2 Female relatives, 3 Male relatives, 4 Non relation (specify). 

Endline survey: 

F5 Was there a formal lease registration or lease transfer registration done at the time of acquisition? [give the definition of lease if the respondent does not know what a lease is] Options: 1 Yes first time registration, 2. Yes, Lease transfer, 3 No, never tried, 4 No, tried but didn’t receive the Lease. 

E01,E02,E03 Who is responsible or in-charge of this [parcel]? Enter id.

CLPP-Lib

HH survey: 

B1. In this community, do you have your own house spots or your own garden that is NOT for the whole town, where you yourself can decide what to do on the land? (cl_housespot) If No, skip to clc townland. 

B2. Does your household own any land in this town that is not farmland or agricultural land? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond.  

[preamble] Now I am going to ask you some questions about your household’s land. K3. Does your household own, rent (pay fixed money each month, year or season) or borrow (use someone else’s land without payment) most of the farmland that it cultivates/farms on? Options: 1=own all of it, 2=own most of it, 3=rent all of it, 4=rent most of it, 5=borrow all of it, 6=borrow most of it.

FtF-Tan

Baseline survey: 

[preamble] I would now like to ask you a few questions about your land holdings and the parcels you farm. D10. What is the ownership status of [parcel_id]? Options: 1.Owned by the household, 2.Used by the household free of charge, 3.Rented by the household, 4.Rented by the household together with other people, 5.Owned by the household together with other people.

ELTAP-Et

HH survey_endline questionnaire: 

[preamble] I will ask you about the land that is currently owned by members of the household (the number of land parcels you currently own, the size of the parcels, how these were acquired, and when, etc.). 2.07. Who possesses the parcel?. [enter_id].

J4P-Ind

HH Head survey (baseline): 

C2. Ownership status of the dwelling place: >> read options to respondent. Options: 1. Private ownership, 2. Leased, 3. Rent, 4. Rent free, 5. Official, 6. Parent's / Relatives, 95. Other, specify. 

LSMS-21

Section 11, ‘Housing conditions’: 

Q5 What was the mode of adquisition of this property? Options: granted by customary or community authorities, allocated by government, allocated by family member, inherited, purchased, rented in short-term, rented in long-term, sharecropped, borrowed for free, bride price, gift from non-household member, moved in without permission, other (specify).

LSMS-00

Housing module: 

Q2 How did your household obtain this dwelling?. Answers: 1 Privatised 2 Purchased from a private person 3 Newly built 4 Cooperative arrangement 5 Swapped 6 Inherited 7 Other.  

Q8: How did your plot household acquire this land? Answers: inherited; cleared; purchased; use rights given by local leaders; received from decollectivitation; other (specify). 

LSMS-SDG

V1. 

Q3: How was this [parcel] acquired? Answers: granted by customary/ community authorities; allocated by government; allocated by family member; inherited by the death of a family member; purchased; rented in short-term (<3 years); rented in long-term; sharecropped in; borrowed for free; bride price; gift from non-household member; moved in without permission; other (specify).

LSMS-ISA4

Q2: How was this [parcel] acquired? Answers: Granted by customary/community authorities, allocated by government, allocated by family member, inherited by the death of a family member, purchased rented in, short-term (< 3 years), rented in, long-term, sharecropped in, borrowed for free, bride price, gift from non-household member, moved in without permission, other (specify).

GLII

GD8. How did you acquire this dwelling? Options: 1. Inherited from parent(s) / relative(s); 2. Allocated by government/ local authority; 3. Exchange for other property; 4. Donation by charitable organisation; 5 Bought from private individual/GoK; 6. Constructed it; 96. Other (specify). 

Land ownership module: 

GL17 of ‘land ownership questionnaire’. Options:1.Inherited from parent(s); 2.Bought from private individual; 3.Allocated by government; 4.Exchange for other piece of land; 5.Exchange for other property; 6.Result of adjudication; 7.Donation by charitable Organization; 96.Other(specify). 

WVS-1

V550: 

360b Do you or your family own your own home or do you rent it? Options: 4 Own - paid for, buying with mortgage, 5 Rent from municipality/council, 6 Rent privately, 7 Hostel, lodging, squatters, etc. 

Lan-Ban

Master Survey: 

Table 7:  How was [land] acquired or accessed? (Among respondents in HHs that own or cultivate land)? Options: Inherited land; Purchased land; Sharecropped land; Leased land; Doesn't know how land was acquired or accessed 

MCC-Moz

V3 HH questionnaire (endline): 

E1.3 How did your household acquire this parcel? Options: 1.Ceded by parents or other relatives, 2.Occupation count-sele, 3.Purchased directly from previous Resident, 4. Inheritance, 5.Ceded by Governor, 6.Ceded by Mayor, 7.Ceded by Administrator, 8.Ceded by Secretario permanente,9.Ceded by Presidente Do Municipio, 10. Ceded by Municipal land office,11 Ceded by Municipal authorities, 12 Ceded by Regulo, 13 Ceded by Cabo, 14 Ceded by Other traditional leaders, 15 Ceded by Chefe Do Posto, 16 Ceded by Secretário Do Bairro,17 Ceded by Chefe Do Quarteirao,18 Ceded by Chefe de 10 casas,19 Ceded by Secretário da Unidade, Communal, 20 Ceded by Other community leader, 97 Other, specify,888 Do not know. Other, specify. Note, same question was asked in the Baseline questionnaire but with only 7 Options: 1 Ceded by traditional authorities, 2 Ceded by formal authorities, 3 Ceded by relatives, 6 Occupation, 7 Purchase, 8 Inheritance.  

E1.5 How long did it take to acquire this parcel? E1.5 a. Integer. E1.5 b. Unit. Options: 1. Days, 2. Weaks, 3. Months, 4. Years, 888. I don’t know. 

E1.6 What actions were taken as part of the acquisition? Options: 1 Available land identified, 2 Negotiations with previous landholder, 3 Transaction with previous landholder, 4 Application for formal DUAT certificate with Municipal Land Office, 5 Approval from Governor, 6 Approval from Mayor, 7 Approval from or visit to Administrator, 8 Approval from or visit to Secretario permanente, 9 Approval from Presidente Do Municipio, 10 Visit to Municipal land office, 11 Approval from Notary, 12 Visit to Municipal authorities, 13 Approval from or visit to Chefe de seretaria SDMAS, 14 Approval from or visit to Regulo, 15 Approval from or visit to Cabo, 16 Approval from or visit to Other traditional leaders, 17 Approval from or visit to Chefe Do Posto, 18 Approval from or visit to Secretario Do Bairro, 19 Approval from or visit to Chefe Do Quarteirao, 20 Approval from or visit to Chefe de 10 casas, 21 Approval from or visit to Secretario da Unidade Communal, 22 Approval from or visit to Other community leader, 23 Approval from Registo predial, 24 Lawyer helped with application, 25 Housing or land broker helped with application, 97 Other, specify. 

E1.7 Overall, how satisfied were you with the process for acquiring this parcel? Options: 1 Very satisfied, 2 Satisfied, 3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 4 Dissatisfied, 5 Very dissatisfied, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. 

MCC-Les

Endline survey: 

DA13 How did you acquire this [parcel]? Options: 1 Purchased, 2 Inherited/gift, 3 Allocated by trad.auth, 4 Allocated by local council/gov, 5 Traded for another land, Other (specify). Note baseline survey: similar question as DA13 with slight difference in the Options: 1 Allocated by Traditional authorities, 2 Allocated by local council , 3 Purchase from a non-Lease holder , 4 Purchase from a lease holder >F5 , 5 Purchase from property developer , 6 Obtained from relatives , 7 Inheritance , 8 Other, specify. 

F1/F2: When did the HH acquire this parcel?. [enter date MM/YYYY] 

F7/F8: [Preamble]: What was the total value of payments made (in cash or in kind) to acquire this parcel? F7 Payments made to previous owner (Maloti) F8 Costs incurred for tax, stamp duties and fees (Maloti). F9 When did HH acquire this parcel?. 

F10/F11: [Preamble]:What was the total time it took to acquire this parcel from the start of the process to getting the possession? F10 time, F11 Units. Options: 1: Days, 2: Weeks, 3: Months, 4: Years, 997: Don’t know. 

Baseline survey:

M05 When did HH acquire the land use rights for this parcel? [enter date MM/YYYY]

M06 What type of documents did the HH have in its possession at the time of transfer of land that gave the HH property rights to this parcel?  Options: 1 Lease, 2 Form C (all types), 3 Title Deed, 4 Deed of transfer, 5 Letter of Agreement between buyer/seller (informal), 6 Letter of inheritance, 7 A registered Will, 8 An order of Court, 9 Degree of divorce, 10 Proof of purchase from an auction, 11 Other, 12 None >M08. 

M07 Whose names were in the document? Options: 1 Only the head of the HH, 2 Head of the HH and spouse, 3 Only Spouse, 4 Head of the HH and Other (specify).

MCC-CV

Semi-structured interview: 

Q4. How did you and/or your partner acquire the property that you reside in currently? Options: 1 Purchased by me, 2 Purchased by my partner, 3 Purchased jointly, 4. Inherited by me, 5 Inherited by my partner, 6 Land donated by the municipality, 7 Land acquired by aforamento from the municipality, 8 Other (specify). 

FtF-Tan

Baseline survey: 

[preamble] I would now like to ask you a few questions about your land holdings and the parcels you farm. D13. What was the method by which [parcel_id] was acquired/claimed by your household? Options: 1) Bought it, 2) Inherited, 3) Started renting/sharecropping, 4) Cleared it, 5) Distributed by village, 6) Received as gift, 7) Occupied.

ELTAP-Et

HH survey (endline): 

[preamble] I will ask you about the land that is currently owned by members of the household (the number of land parcels you currently own, the size of the parcels, how these were acquired, and when, etc.). 2.05. How was it originally acquired? Options: 1 inherited, 2 official land redistribution, 3 gift, 4 bought from others, 5 from shigishig, 6 given by kebele as a replacement, 7 reclaimed from forest/pasture land, 8 got through marriage, 9 got as exchange for a parcel of land, 21 divorce settlement, 22 other legal settlement. 

LSMS-00

Housing module: 

Q14. From whom do you rent this dwelling? Answers: 1 Relative, 2 Private employer 3 State enterprise 4 State 5 Private person/agency 6 Does not know.

MCC-Moz

V3-urban quant, HH questionnaire (baseline): 

[preamble] A. Which of the following were involved in the rental of this parcel? B. How much did you pay [per person/office] in cash or in kind? Options: I13 Community leaders, I14 Local court, I15 District authority, I16  Lawyer, I17 Other, specify. Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

Baseline HH questionnaire: 

I1. Do you currently rent or borrow out some or all of this parcel? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, rent out the entire parcel, 2 Yes, rent out part of the parcel, 3 Yes, borrow out the entire parcel, 4 Yes, borrow out part of the parcel. 

J1.1. Do you currently rent or borrow in some or all of this parcel? [parcel_id] Options: 1. Yes, 2 No. 

I3. Who gave permission to rent or borrow out this parcel? J1.2. Who in the household gave permission to rent or borrow in this parcel? Select all that apply. Options: 1...-15 ...,16 Non-household family member,17 Unrelated non-household member. 

I5. Who is the tenant for this parcel?[parcel_id] Options: 1 Non-relational from this bairro, 2 Non-relational from outside of this bairro, 3 spouse, 4 child, 5 sibling, 6 parent, 7 niece/nephew, 8 grandchild, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don't know. 

J1.3. Who is the land owner? Options: 1 spouse, 2 child, 3 sibling, 4 parent, 5 niece/nephew, 6 grandchild, 7 Other non-household family member, specify, 8 Unrelated person in bairro, 97 Other, specify. J1.3o. Other, specify. Note, the same question was asked in the Baseline questionnaire but without options. 

H02 What is the relationship of the tenant to the owner in the hh? the tenant is the _____ of the owner of the parcel in the hh. IO2 What is the relationship of the owner of a parcel with [..name..]? The owner of the parcel is the _____ of the person in the hh who rented the parcel. Options: 2 Spouse, 3 Child, 4 Sibling, 5 Parent, 6 Niece/nephew, 7 Grandchild, 8 Other relative, 9 Non Relation. 

I09 Do you pay in cash or in kind? Options: 1 Cash, 2 In kind, 3 Both. 

I11. Does your household have a written rental contract with the tenant? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond Note, the same question was asked in the Baseline questionnaire. 

J1.8. Besides the land owner, who was involved in the renting or borrowing of the parcel? Select all that apply. Options: 1 Governor, 2 Mayor, 3 Administrator, 4 Secretario premanente, 5 Presidente Do Municipio, 6 Municipal land office, 7 Notary, 8 Municipal authorities, 9 Chefe de seretaria SDMAS, 10 Regulo,  11 Cabo, 12 Other traditional leaders, 13 Chefe Do Posto, 14 Secretario Do Bairro, 15 Chefe Do Quarteirao, 16 Chefe de 10 casas, 17 Secretario da Unidade Communal, 18 Other community leader, 19 Registo predial, 20 Lawyer, 21 Housing or land broker, 0 No one, 97 Other, specify. Note, the women’s questionnaire presents the same questions, but Options are slightly different in questions asking who gave permission to rent out/in. Options: 1 Head of household; 2 Self; 3 Other household member;  97 Other, specify; 888 Don’t know

Prindex-1&2

Baseline Survey: 

Q59. It differentiates between owner, married with the owner, and co-owner with somebody else. Which of the following could you decide alone or together with the other owner. A. Rent out the property; B. Sell the property; C. Use the property as collateral to get credit/financing; D. Transfer the property to a family member E. Decide who will inherit the property after my death; Responses could be:  r1. Could not decide to do; r2. Could decide together with the spouse; r3. Could decide together with somebody else (other than spouse); r4. Could decide alone; r5. (Don’t know); r6. (Refused). 

LSMS-21

Section 11, ‘Housing conditions’: 

Q14 Can [id-member] sell and bequeath the land? Options: yes, no. 

Q15 Who holds the decision to sell? Options: member of the hh, relative, local official, customary leader, other.

Q16 Is there someone in the hh has the right (alone or jointly) to bequeath this parcel? Options: yes, no, DN, refuse to answer; and 

Q17 who holds the power to bequeath the parcel Options: member of the hh, relative, local official, customary leader, other. 

LSMS-00

Housing module: 

Q10. Could you sell this dwelling if you wanted to? Answers: 1 Yes, 2 No.

LSMS-SDG

V1: 

Q8: Do you have the right to sell this [PARCEL], either alone or jointly with someone else? Answers: Yes; No; DK; Refusal. 

Q9: Do you have the right to bequeath this [PARCEL], either alone or jointly with someone else? Answers: Yes; No; DK; Refusal. 

Q10: Who can decide whether to sell [PARCEL]? List up to 4 id codes from household roster and 1 code from outside household, if applicable. Answers: relative; local official; customary leader; other. 

Q12: Who can decide whether to bequeath this [PARCEL]? Answers: relative; local official; customary leader; other.

LSMS+

MEXA, 2016: Module A - HH parcel roaster: 

Q11 With regard to this [PARCEL], are you among the individuals who have the right to [sell] it, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Answers: yes, no. If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Answers: yes, no. From whom? Answer: list up to 3 members from household roster. Record the number of adult males outside of the household with this right as well as the number of adult females outside of the household. Is there anyone else who has the right to sell it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Answers: yes, no. With regard to this [PARCEL], who else has the right to sell it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Answer: Answer: list one. Does the person need permission or consent? Answer: yes/no. From whom does the person need permission or consent? Answer: list up to 3 members from household roster. Record the number of adult males outside of the household with this right as well as the number of adult females outside of the household. 

Further questions: 

Q12: rights to bequeath; Q13: right to use; Q14: right to rent out; Q15: tight to make improvements/invest in the parcel. 

HH-level parcel roaster: 

Q17: Are you among the decision‐maker(s) for any of the plots located on this [parcel] regarding the timing of crop activities, crop choice, and input use? Answers: yes/no. 

Q18: Is anyone else among the decision-maker(s) for any of the plots located on this [parcel] regarding the timing of crop activities, crop choice, and input use? Answers: yes/no. 

Q19: Who is (or who else is) the decision‐ maker(s) for any of the plots located on this [parcel] regarding the timing of crop activities, crop choice, and input use? Answers: list up to 3 members from household roster. Record the number of adult males outside of the household who are decision maker(s) as well as the number of adult females outside of the household. 

LSMS-ISA4

Q12: Does anyone in the household have the right to sell [parcel], either alone or with someone else? Answers: yes; no; DN; refusal to answer. 

Q13: Who can decide whether to sell [parcel]? Answers: list up to 4 id codes from household roster and 1 code from network roster, if applicable. 

Q14: Does anyone in the household have the right to bequeath this [parcel], either alone or with someone else? Answers are: yes; no; DN; refusal to answer. 

Q15 asks: Who can decide whether to bequeath this [parcel]? Answers as above. 

Q16: Does anyone in the household have the right to use this [parcel] as collateral, either alone or with someone else? Answers are: yes; no; DN; refusal to answer. 

Q17 asks: Who in the household has the right to use the [parcel] as collateral, either alone or jointly with someone else? Answers as above

GLII

GL24. Are you allowed to develop your parcel of land? 

GD5. Can you restrict others (aside from household) from entering this dwelling? Options: 1.yes; 2.no; 8.dk. 

GD10 Are you allowed to sell your dwelling? Options:1.yes; 2.no; 8.dk. 

Lan-Ban

Table 7:  Who has rights to use the land owned or cultivated by your household? (Among respondents in HHs that own or cultivate land) Options: Respondent; Spouse/Partner; Father-in-law; Father; Mother-in-law; Mother; Other adult female HH member; Other adult male HH member; Female child HH member; Male child HH member; Other male relative outside HH; Landlord; Government. // Who can decide whether to sell the land owned or cultivated by your household? (Among respondents in HHs that own or cultivate land) Options: No one; Respondent; Spouse/Partner; Father-in-law; Father; Mother-in-law; Other adult female HH member; Other adult male HH member; Other male relative outside HH; Landlord // Who decides if the respondent can rent out, sub-lease, or sharecrop the land owned or cultivated by your household? (Among respondents in HHs that own or cultivate land) Options: No one; Respondent; Spouse/Partner; Father-in-law; Father; Mother-in-law; Other adult female HH member; Other adult male HH member; Other male relative outside HH; Landlord; Dk.

MCC-Moz

V3 Urban quant, HH questionnaire (endline): 

D1.4 Who primarily decides how to use [parcel_id]? Options: 1-15 [to enter manually]... 16. non-household family member,17. Unrelated non-household members. Note; same question asked in the women’s questionnaire, but slightly different with more of a gender focus. Options: 1 Head of household, 2 Self, 3 Other male household members, 4 Other female household members,  5 Non-HH members, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don’t know. Furthermore, the women’s questionnaire added one question asking ‘who is the primary decision maker?’. 

H1.5 Do you have the right to bequeath this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.7 to sell the improvements on this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.9 to rent out this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.11 to construct on this parcel? [parcel_id]. H1.13 to change the land use of this parcel? [parcel_id] h1.15 to use this parcel as collateral to obtain a loan? [parcel_id]. Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, individually, 2 Yes, with others, 888 Do not know. 

H1.6 From whom do you need approval to bequeath this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.8 to sell the improvements on this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.10 to rent out this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.12 to construct in this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.14 to change the land use of this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.16 to use this parcel as collateral to obtain a loan? [parcel_id]. Options: 1...-15 ..., 16 Relative who is not a HH member, 17 Parcel owner (if rented / borrowed), 18 Governor, 19 High Court, 20 Mayor, 21 Administrator, 22 Secretario permanente, 23 Presidente Do Municipio, 24 Municipal land office, 25 Notary, 26 Municipal authorities, 27 Provincial Court, 28 Chefe de secretaria SDMAS, 29 Regulo, 30 Cabo, 31 Other traditional leaders, 32 Chefe Do Posto, 33 Secretario Do Bairro, 34 Chefe Do Quarteirao, 35 Chefe de 10 casas, 36 Secretario da Unidade Communal, 37 Other community leader, 38 Registo predial, 39 Local Court, 40 Lawyer, 41 Housing or land broker, 97 Other, specify. Specify others.

MCC-Les. 

Endline survey:  

H05/06/07/08/09/10 [Preamble]: Do you have the right to [choose right] this parcel [choose options]? H05 Sell; H06 Bequeathed; H07 Rent out; H08 Construct; H09 Change land use; H10 Use as collateral. Options: 1: without approval of others, 2: with approval of a hh member, 3: with approval of a relative who is not a household member, 4: with approval of local authorities, 5: with approval of both 2 and 3, 6: with approval of both 2 and 4, 7: with approval of 2, 3 and 4, 8: do not have rights. H11: if any response to H05 to H10-IS ‘2’, Who would you consult (approval of hh member)? [write id]. 

MCC-CV

Semi-structured  interview: 

Q34. i) Who makes decisions related to land and property in your household and how has this been affected since the land clarification activities? ii) Decisions on improvements to the property? iii) Decisions on how the property is used? iv) Decisions on whether to sell or rent the property? v) Decisions on who can live on the property?

CLPP-Lib

HH survey: 

[preamble] Now I am going to ask you some questions about your household’s land. K4. Are you allowed to plant permanent rubber or fruit trees? K22. Do you have the right to decide who will inherit your household’s land? K23. Do you or other members of your household have the right to sell your household’s land? K24. Do you or your household have the right to use your household as collateral for a loan? K25. Do you or your household have the right to map/survey your land? Options: 0=No, 1=Yes, 2=I don’t know, 3=I refuse to respond. 

FtF-Tan

Baseline survey instrument: 

L26. Who primarily decides how to use this household’s parcel(s)? Options: 1=Self, 2 =Spouse, 3=Both self and spouse together, 4=Other male household member, 5=Other female household member, 990=Other, specify. 

ELTAP-Et

HH survey: 

2.08. Who decides on the crop (s) to grow? 2.10. Who decides on the transfer to others? Options: 1 Husband,2 Wife,3 Husband & wife, 4 Children, 5 whole family, 6 single HH head, 7 Renter or sharecropper.  

Endline survey: 

[Preamble] What type of right do you have on the land under your possession?... 7.23a Right to use; 7.23b Right to contract/ rent/share-out; 7.23c Heritable right; 7.23d Right to sell; 7.23e Right to use it as collateral to get credit; 7.23f I do not know my right; 7.23g Others (specify). 

GLII

Land ownership module: 

GL27. Are there any restrictions on what land you are able to own?Options: 1.Yes; 2.No; 8. DK. 

GL28. Why do you think there are restrictions on what you can own or rent? Options: 1.Cultural customs and practices; 2.The law does not support; 3. Not attained age of majority; 4.Because of my citizenship; 96.Other (specify). 

GL41. What factors will influence your choice of who to bequeath? Options: 1.Customs and traditions of my community; 2.My own evaluation and will; 3.The will of my partner/spouse; 4.Mutual agreement between partners; 96.Other (specify).

Prindex-3

Prop rights, telephone survey: 

P6. In the next 5 years, how likely or unlikely is it that you could lose the right to use some or all of [properties] against your will? Is it [options]? Options: 1 Very unlikely, 2 Unlikely, 3 Somewhat likely, 4 Very likely; 5 DK; 6 Refused.

LSMS21

In Section 15, “Land Tenure”: 

Q18 asks for the estimated likelihood in the next 5 years of involuntarily losing ownership or use rights by up to 4 individuals in the household. Options: not at all likely, slightly likely, moderately likely, very likely, and extremely likely. 

LSMS-SDG

V1: 

Q10: ‘On a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 is not at all likely and 5 is extremely likely, how likely are you to involuntarily lose ownership or use rights to this [parcel] in the next 5 years? Answers: not at all likely; slightly likely; moderately likely; very likely; extremely likely. 

LSMS+

MEXA. Module E ‘Individual-level parcel details’: 

Q26 asks about the likelihood to involuntarily lose ownership or use rights: ‘How likely are you to involuntarily lose ownership or use rights to this [parcel] in the next 5 years?’ Answers: not at all likely; slightly likely; yes, moderately likely; yes, very likely; yes, extremely likely. 

LSMS-ISA4

Q18: on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 is not at all likely and 5 is extremely likely, how likely is [name of owner/use right holder] to involuntarily lose ownership or use rights to this [parcel] in the next 5 years? refer to id codes in q7. if moved in without permission, ask about the principal couple of the household. Answers: not at all likely; slightly likely; moderately likely; very likely; extremely likely. 

GLII

GD6. Do you feel secure from eviction from this dwelling? Options: 1.Yes; 2.No; 8. DK. GL21. Do you feel secure from eviction from your parcel of land?Options: 1.yes; 2. No; 8. dk.

SDI-SPS

C9. Are you currently under threat of eviction from the owner of the land? Options: Yes; No. 

C10. How serious is this threat of eviction? Tick ONE. Options: High; Low; None. C11. If you were under threat of eviction, what did you do to stop it? What are you currently doing to stop it? Any other comments on eviction threats.

Lan-Ban

[preamble] In the next 5 years, how likely or unlikely is it that you, personally, could lose the right to use some or all of the land that household members use for growing crops or keeping animals against your will? Options: Very unlikely; Somewhat unlikely; Somewhat likely; Very likely; Don't know.

MCC-Moz

V3 urban quant survey (endline): 

H1.1 Are you concerned about being in conflict with anyone about this parcel? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

H1.4 On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is impossible and 5 is extremely likely, how likely are you to involuntarily lose ownership or use rights to this parcel in the next 5 years? [parcel_id] Options: 1 1 – Impossible, 2 2 - Not likely, 3 3 - Slightly likely, 4 4 – Likely, 5 5 - Extremely likely, 888 Don't know, 999 Refused to respond. Note baseline questionnaire: same questions but praised differently: G04 What is the probability of losing this parcel because of [G03]? Options: 1 Highly probable, 2 Moderately probable, 3 Somewhat probable, 4 Not probable, 9 Does not know. 

MCC-Les

V2 (endline): 

H01 Are you concerned about being in conflict with anyone about this parcel? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No >H05. 

H01a [On the scale of 1 to 5] where 1 is not at all likely and 5 is extremely likely, how likely are you to involuntarily lose ownership or use rights to this [parcel] in the next 5 years? Options: 1 Not at all likely, 2 Slightly likely, 3 Moderately likely, 4 Very likely, 5 Extremely likely. 

HO1b How severe do you perceive the expected conflict on this [parcel] to be? Options: 1=Severe/high risk, 2=Somewhat severe, 3=Minor/low risk. 

FtF-Tan

Midline survey: 

F1. In the next five years, do you think it’s possible that someone could try to take one of your parcels from you without your permission?If 2 OR 996 >>> F6. Options: 1 Yes, 2 No, 996 Don’t know. 

F2. How likely do you think it is that someone would try to take one of your parcels from you in the next 5 years? [if yes] Options: 1 Possible but unlikely, 2 Somewhat likely, 3 Very likely/it is happening now. 

F7. In general, how many people in your community are worried that someone might try to take their land against their will? Options: 1 None or very few, 2 Some are worried but most are not, 3 Most are worried but not all, 4 All or nearly all are worried. 

G9. How likely is it that you will have another dispute like your dispute? Options: 1 Very likely 2 Somewhat likely 3 Not likely 4 Unsure. 

ELTAP-Et

Household survey (endline): 

7.13 Do you think that you will lose your existing rights on communal pasture land in the future? 7.17 Do you think that you will lose your existing rights on communal forest land in the future? Options: 1. Yes, 0.No. 

Endline survey: 

[preamble] I will read a statement and then ask you whether you: strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with that statement. 7.51 I believe that a redistribution of land is likely to take place in my Kebele in the near future. 7.52 I believe that the land that is currently under my, my wife, and my children’s possession will remain within my control or that of my wife/husband or that of my children's during the coming fifteen (15) years. 7.55 I feel that renting out my land for money or on sharecropping basis even for one (1) cropping season is a risky business that I should avoid unless I have no other options of overcoming my difficulties. 7.56 I feel that renting OUT my land for money or on a sharecropping basis for five (5) cropping seasons is a risky business that I should avoid unless I have no other options for overcoming my difficulties. 7.57 I would not be running any risk whatsoever if I rent in land for money or on a sharecropping for one (1) cropping season. 7.58 I would not be running any risk whatsoever if I rent land for money or on a sharecropping for five (5) cropping seasons. Options: 1.Strongly Agree, 2.Agree, 3.Disagree, 4.Strongly Disagree.

MCC-Moz

Community leader’s questionnaire: H.6. Compared to 10 years ago, have women’s land rights gotten stronger, weaker, or stayed about the same? Options:  1 Much stronger, 2 A little stronger, 3 Stayed about the same, 4 A little weaker, 5 Much weaker, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

H.7. How are women’s land rights stronger? Options: 1 Greater use rights in name, 2 Greater transfer rights, 3 Greater involvements in the land market, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don't know. Specify Others. 

H.8. Why have women’s land rights gotten stronger? Options: 1 DUAT certificate, 2 Changes in community norms and practices involving women’s land use, 3 Changes in laws/policies, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don't know. Specify others. 

H.9. How are women’s land rights weaker? Options: 1 Weaker use rights in name, 2 Weaker transfer rights, 3 Lesser involvements in the land market, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don't know. Specify others. 

H.10. Why have women’s land rights gotten weaker? Options: 1 Changes in land documentation, 2 Changes in community norms, and practices involving women’s land use, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don't know.

FtF-Tan

Midline survey: 

F13. Over the past year, would you say problems with land disputes have improved, stayed the same, or gotten worse? F14. In the next 12 months, do you expect problems with land disputes will improve, stay the same, or get worse? Options: 1 Improved, 2 Stayed the same, 3 Gotten worse. 

F6. Compared to one year ago, do you think the possibility that someone could try to take one of your parcels has increased, decreased, or stayed the same? F11. Compared to one year ago, do you think the possibility that you could have a boundary dispute with your neighbors has increased, decreased, or stayed the same? Options: 1 Increased, 2 Decreased, 3 Stayed the same. 

Prindex-3

Property rights, telephone: 

P8 Please tell me whether each of the following is a reason why you previously said it is likely you could lose the right to use some or all of [properties] against your will in the next 5 years. Options: (a) the owner may ask you to leave; (b) the person paying rent may ask you to leave; (c) disagreement with family or relatives; (d) death of household member; (e) companies may seize your property; (f) lack of money or other resources needed to live either in your home or property; (g) government may seize your home or property; (h) issue with customary authority such as [insert country specific examples officials, chiefs or elders]. Answers can be: yes, no, dk, refused.

Prindex-1&2

Baseline survey: 

Q52. Suppose you lost your job. How worried would you be that your right to stay in this property would be taken away from you if this occurred? Options: Not worried at all, Not worried, Somewhat worried, Very worried, DK, and Refused.  

Q53. How worried would you be that your right to stay in this property would be taken away from you if any of the following events occurred? Options: If you had a disagreement/dispute with your family; If someone in your household passed away; If someone else in your family lost their job; If you couldn’t make the payments on this property for two months in a row; If a company tried to take over the land your dwelling is on against your will; If the government tried to seize your property from you; If another person or group claimed ownership; If somebody else fraudulently sells the property; If a neighbour initiates a boundary dispute; If a disagreement arose with local/customary authorities.

Lan-Ban

[preamble] In the next 5 years, how likely or unlikely is it that you, personally, could lose the right to use some or all of the land that household members use for growing crops or keeping animals against your will? [if likely] Why do you think it is likely? Options: Owner or renter may ask respondent to leave; Disagreements with family or relatives; Government may seize the property; Lack of money or other resources needed to keep this property; Missing or inaccurate land records; Ongoing or past disputes (not with relatives); River erosion. // [if unlikely] Why do you think it is not likely? Options: Household has formal document; Lack of prior problems; Family has owned/used the plot for a long time; Land has been surveyed; Local/ customary leaders will address problems. 

MCC-Moz

Endline survey: 

H1.2 With whom could you be in conflict? [parcel_id] Options: 1 Household member, 2 Extended family, 3 Other household in your local bairro, 4 Other household in this city but outside of your local bairro, 5 Person from outside the city, 6 immigrants, 7 Corporation/business/firm, 8 Parcel owner (if rented/borrowed), 9 Governor, 10 Mayor, 11 Administrator, 12 Secretario premanente, 13 Presidente Do Municipio, 14 Municipal land office, 15 Municipal authorities, 16 Regulo, 17 Cabo, 18 Other traditional leaders, 19 Chefe Do Posto, 20 Secretario Do Bairro, 21 Chefe Do Quarteirao, 22 Chefe de 10 casas, 23 Secretario da Unidade Communal, 24 Other community leader, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Other, specify. H1.3 What are you or your household worried about? Probe and code. Options: 1 Boundary errors, 2 Who is the rightful owner(s) in cases of inheritance or gifts to the family, 3 Loss of land due to expropriation/reallocation, 4 Inadequate compensation in cases of land loss/expropriation, 5 Land rental terms, 6 Crop/tree/property damage or destruction, 7 Passing over the parcel to access another parcel, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. 

[Preamble] How likely do you think it is that: H1.17 Other households within your bairro may try to cross-over your boundaries (step on your side) and take or use some of this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.18 elites/big people may try to take this parcel without your permission/agreement? [parcel_id] H1.19 the Government of Mozambique may take this parcel without your permission/agreement? [parcel_id] H1.20 investors may take this parcel without your permission/agreement? [parcel_id] H1.21 people from a neighboring bairro will encroach/cross-over to use this parcel? [parcel_id] H1.22 the Chefe do Posto will reallocate some or all of this parcel to another household without your permission/agreement? [parcel_id] H1.23 Someone from within your extended family will take this parcel without your permission/agreement? [parcel_id]. Options: 1 1 - Impossible/would never happen, 2 2 - Highly unlikely, 3 3 - Somewhat Unlikely, 4 4 - Somewhat Likely, 5 5 - Very Likely, 6 6 - Happening right now, 888 DK. Note in women’s questionnaire: Same questions but with slight differences in the Options: 7 Consultation with Chefe Do Posto, 8 Consultation with Chefe Do Quarteirao, 9 Consultation with traditional authorities, 10 Consultation with government authorities, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. Other, specify. Baseline questionnaire: same questions but with only 6 Options: 1 Boundary errors, 2 Weak cadastral services, 3 Disagreement between heirs, 4 Incomplete demarcation, 5 Sales to more than one person, 6 Poor consultation with community leader, 7 Other, spec.

MCC-Les

V2 (endline): 

H02 With whom could you be in conflict? Options: 1 Traditional authorities, 2 Formal authorities, 3 Family, 4 Neighbors, 5 Firms, 6 Immigrants, 7 Other, specify. 

H03.1, H03.2:  What are the major types of worries you have about this parcel? [choose 2]. Options: 1 Boundary disputes with neighbors, 2.Government (planning expropriation), 3 Disagreement between heirs (inheritance), 4.Disagreement with chief, 5 Allocation to more than one person, 6 Poor consultation with community leader, 7 Losing land due to absence of proof of ownership, 8 Land taken away by authorities, 9 Other, specify. 

H04 What is the probability of losing this parcel because of [H03]? Options; 1 Highly probable, 2 Moderately probable, 3 Somewhat probable, 4 Not probable, 9 Does not know.

MCC-CV

Semi-structured Interview Protocol: 

[preamble] Next, we want to talk to you about the potential loss of land rights. 37. Before the rights and boundaries (cadaster) process, what was your perception of the risk of losing your rights to your land/property? • What was the risk due to claims by others within the household? • What was the risk due to claims by others outside the household (i.e., your partner’s family)? • What was the risk due to changes in relationship status (i.e., abandonment, divorce, taking another family, death of a partner)?

CLPP-Lib

Household survey: 

[Preamble] Do you think it is easy and possible that [...] in the next 5 years? B17. the nearby towns or people living close to you may try to cross your common boundaries and take or use some of your communal/general townland B18. the big people who got power and money from Monrovia may try to take some or all your communal/general townland without your permission B19. a nearby clan will violate and jump over your common boundary to use your communal/general townland B20. investors or companies will come to rent or take away your communal/ general townland without permission from the community B21. a big government house or working place will come to rent or give away the communal/general townland that is used by the community. Options: 1 Impossible/would never happen, 2 Highly unlikely, 3 Unsure/don’t know, 4 Likely, 5 Very Likely, 6 Happening right now, 888 DK, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

Leaders' questionnaire:  

G2. The boundaries of the communal land that is used by this community are clear and respected by LOCAL government authorities, such as the county or district authorities. G3. The boundaries of the communal land that is used by this community are clear and respected by national government authorities. G4. You are very sure that a company or investors cannot take any of the communal land that is used by this community without discussion and fair payment or benefits. Options: 1.Strongly agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree 888. DK 999.Prefer not to respond.

TGCC-Zam

HH survey: 

[Preamble] In the next 1-3 years, how likely do you think it is that: G17. other households within your village may try to cross-over your boundaries (step on your side) and take or use some of this field? G21. that people from a neighboring community with encroach/cross-over to use this field? G25. that the village headman will re-allocate some or all of this field to another household or for other purposes. 

[Preamble]: In the next 1-3 years, how likely do you think it is that (G19,23,27) G19 elites/big people may take this field without your permission/agreement? G23. will the chief give this field up for investment purposes? G27 someone from within your extended family will take over the use of this field? Options: 1 Impossible/would never happen, 2 Highly unlikely, 3 Unsure/I don't know, 4 Likely, 5 Very Likely, 6 Happening right now, 7 Refused to answer. 

FtF-Tan

Midline survey: 

F4. Who do you think would try to take your parcels? Options: 8. Government, 9. Foreign investor, 10. Tanzanian investor (from outside the village), 11. Someone inside the village, 12. Absentee owner/land claimants, 13. Extended family, 14. Other. 

F5. Which if any of the following are reasons why you think this could happen? [rank from the most important to the least important reason] Options: 5. Ongoing or past disputes or expropriation, 6. Lack of documents, 7. Length of agreement (if lease agreement for example), 8. Problems experienced by others in the community. 

F8. Do you think it’s possible that you could have a dispute over the borders of one of your parcels with a neighbor in the next 5 years?. Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

F9. How likely do think it is that you could have a dispute over the borders of one of your parcels with a neighbor in the next 5 years?If per_borpos = yes. Options: 1 Possible, but unlikely 2 Somewhat likely 3 Very likely/it is happening now. 

F10. Which if any of the following are reasons why you don’t think this is possible? Select all that apply. Options: • My family has owned/used the parcel for a long time, • Lack of problems in the past, • Land has been surveyed, • HH has documentation of rights, • Village Council/Elders/Leaders can easily address potential disputes. 

Baseline survey: 

F4. Who do you think would try to take your parcels? Options: 1. Government, 2. Foreign investor, 3. Tanzanian investor (from outside the village), 4. Someone inside the village, 5. Absentee owner/land claimants, 6. Extended family, 7. Other. 

F12. Over the past 5 years, how big of a problem have each of the following types of disputes about land been in your community? • Family disputes,• Disputes with investors,• Disputes with others (non-family) claiming land,• Boundary disputes between neighbors,• Disputes about land rentals/sharecropping agreements,• Disputes over grazing. Ask for each kind of dispute. Options: 1 Not a problem at all, 2 A small problem, 3 A big problem. 

L10. In the next 5 years, how likely is it that someone from within your extended family will take over the use of this field without your HH’s permission/agreement? 

Options: 1 Very Likely, 2 Likely, 3 Neutral, 4 Somewhat unlikely, 5 Very unlikely, 996 Don’t know, 997 Prefer not to reply.

ELTAP-Et

7.14 If yes, why do you think you will lose your existing rights on communal pasture land in the future? 7.18 If yes, why do you think you will lose your existing rights on communal forest land in the future? Options: 1 People who own farmland next to the communal land will encroach on the communal land, 2 Powerful individuals from the nearest town will take over control of the communal land, 3 The government will allocate the communal land to an investor, 4 Other

Prindex-3

Property rights - telephone survey: 

[vignette] P9 Suppose you and your spouse were to get divorced. How worried are you that your spouse would have the right to stay, but you would be forced to leave [property_id] under these circumstances? Answers: 1 Not worried at all; 2 Not worried; 3 Somewhat worried; 4 Very worried ; 5 DK; 6 Refused. 

P10 We apologize as we know this may be hard to think about, but suppose your spouse was to pass away. How worried would you be that your right to stay [property_id] would be taken away from you if this occurred?. Options: 1 Not worried at all ; 2 Not worried; 3 Somewhat worried; 4 Very worried; 5 DK; 6 Refused.

Lan-Ban

[vignette] Suppose you and your spouse were to get divorced. How worried are you that your spouse would have the right to stay, but you would be forced to leave under these circumstances? Options: Not worried at all; Not worried; Somewhat worried; Very worried; Don't know. // How worried would you be that your right to stay on this land would be taken away from you if this occurred? Options: Not worried at all; Not worried; Somewhat worried; Very worried; Don't know. 

[vignette] When a married couple separates, which of these possibilities do you think is best? Options: All land is divided equally; The husband and wife should each keep any land they had before the marriage and divide equally land acquired during marriage; The husband and wife should each keep any land they had before the marriage and land acquired during the marriage should stay with the husband; All the land stays with the husband; Land should be divided accordingly to whose name is/are on the documents // Should a widow be able to inherit the land where she lived and farmed with her husband? Options: No; Yes, but only with some conditions; Yes. 

FtF-Tan

Midline survey: 

F18. In general, do you feel that your plans for land inheritance will be enforced? Options:  1 Yes, 2 No, 996 Don’t know/unsure. 

Baseline survey: 

L9. In the next 5 years, how worried would you be about losing your land if your husband died? Options: Very Worried, 2 Somewhat Worried, 3 Not worried at all, 996 DK, 997 Refused to answer. 

ELTAP-Et

Household survey: 

[vignette] 13. If your husband has more than one wife, do you think you have equal rights on land with his other wife(s)? Options: 1.Yes, 0.No, 888. I do not know about it. 31. How do you perceive/see the effects of the land rental market on women? 

4.6 How confident are you that, in the event of your husband’s death, you will be able to inherit your husband’s land without facing challenges from others? Options: 1.Very confident, 2.Confident, 3.Somewhat confident, 4.Not at all confident.

Prindex-1&2

Baseline survey: 

Q60. Please tell me how your life in general or your choices have been affected, if at all, due to your worry about losing the right to use this property in the next 5 years? Options: r1. I or someone in my household spends time trying to protect my property; r2. I or someone in my household spends money trying to protect my property; r3. I do not invest more time or money in improving my property; r4. I do not invest more time or money in my business; r5. I can’t rent out my property; r6. I can’t sell my property; r7 I can’t use my property as collateral to get credit/a loan; r8. It causes me anxiety and/or negatively affects my wellbeing; r9. No impact; r10. Other, please specify; (open); r11. DK; r12. (Refused). 

Q61. If you could be absolutely certain that you wouldn’t lose the right to live in your property in the next 5 years, would you be likely to do any of the following? A. Spend more on education/school fees; B. Invest money to make your property more productive; C. Start a business; D. Make major improvements to your property; E. Spend more on the health and nutrition of your family. Responses for A-E: r1. No; r2. Yes; r3. DK; r4. Refused.

Lan-Ban

[preamble] In the next 5 years, how likely or unlikely is it that you, personally, could lose the right to use some or all of the land that household members use for growing crops or keeping animals against your will? [if likely] What, if anything, would you do differently if you knew you could keep access to those lands? Options: Nothing; Use more fertilizer; Use more improved seed; Use more or different inputs; Plant more cash crops or high value crops; Plant trees; Plant perennial/long-term crops; Access finance/credit/insurance; Discontinue participation in land use; Access other government programs/services; Other soil/conservation practices; Rent/lease out the land. 

MCC-Moz

V3 urban quant (endline): 

H1.25 How many months could you let this parcel remain unimproved without being worried about the parcel being reallocated to or occupied by another household?

TGCC-Zam

Household survey: 

G29. How many seasons could you let this field lie fallow without being worried about the field being reallocated to another household?

MCC- Moz

V3, urban quant (endline): 

[Preamble] How likely do you think it is that: (H1.17) Other households to cross-over your boundaries /(H1.18) Elites/big people may try to take this parcel without your permission? / (H1.19) The Government of Mozambique may take this parcel without your permission?/(H1.20) investors may take this parcel without your permission? (H1.21) People from a neighboring bairro will encroach/cross-over to use this parcel? (H1.22) the Chefe do Posto will reallocate some or all of this parcel to another household without your permission/agreement? (H1.23) Someone from within your extended family will take this parcel without your permission? H1.17a-23a Does having a DUAT certificate make it more, less or equally likely that this will happen? Options: 1 Much more likely, 2 Somewhat more likely, 3 Stayed the same/no change, 4 Somewhat less likely, 5 Much less likely, 888 Don't know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

Endline question.

[Vignette] Jose and Maria are 38-year-old street vendors. They are married and have 3 children. M18 Will having a DUAT certificate registered in Maria’s name protect Maria from losing the land if she and Jose divorce? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. M18.a Which option protects Maria the most from losing the land if (God forbid) she and Jose divorce? Options: 1 DUAT individually registered (only in Maria’s name), 2 DUAT jointly registered (both Maria and Jose’s name), 3 Both individual and joint registration of her name provide the same level of protection. M18.b Will having a DUAT certificate registered in Maria’s name protect Maria from losing the land if (God forbid) Jose dies? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond M18.c Which option protects Maria the most from losing the land if (God forbid) Jose dies? Options: 1 DUAT individually registered (only in Maria’s name), 2 DUAT jointly registered (both Maria and Jose’s name), 3 Both individual and joint registration of her name provide the same level of protection. 

MCC-Les

F20 Is the HH interested or has anyone initiated the process of obtaining a Lease for this [parcel]? Options: 1 Interested, but not initiated >F22, 2 Has initiated >F25, 3 Not interested. 

F21 Why is the HH not interested in obtaining Lease for this [parcel]? Options: 1 Does not know how to do it, 2 Does not know one is supposed to register, 3 Have tried but did not get it, 4 The process is too cumbersome, 5 Too costly, 6 No tenure security issues, 7. Have other documents that secure parcels, 8. Takes too much time, 9 Other (Specify), 997 Don’t know. Note, the same questions as F20, F21 asked in the baseline questionnaire. 

F22 What is the main reason / motivation for  your interest in obtaining a Lease for this [parcel] F23 How much is the HH willing to pay to obtain a Lease for this [parcel]?

MCC-CV

Semi-structured interview protocol: 

33i. How important do you think it is to have your name recorded on the title, rather than just the name of your partner? 

33ii What are/would be the main advantages of having your name on the title? o Advantages of having a joint title? 

33iii How important do you think it is for both yourself and your partner to have formal land rights to the property? Why? 

33iv Are you willing to pursue actions required to ensure that both your and your partner’s names are on the title? 

33v Is your partner in agreement with you to take such actions? 33viii Do you see a risk to your ability to possess the land if you are not listed as a title holder?

ELTAP-Et

HH survey: 

G15. Does the lack of formal documentation of your occupancy of this field discourage you from making improvements on this land? G16. If you did not have formal documentation of your occupancy of this field, would that discourage you from making improvements on this land? Options: (0)No, (1)Yes, (2)Don't know, (3) Refused to answer. Please explain.

MCC-Moz

Urban quantitative tools:  

F1.5 Why did you initiate the process to acquire a DUAT certificate? Select all that apply. 

F1.6 Which of these was your primary reason for initiating the process to acquire a DUAT certificate? Options: 1 to support ownership/inheritance Claim, 2 To support a boundary claim, 3 To keep their land from being expropriated or reallocated, 4 To support their ability to rent out or loan out their land or secure a higher rent, 5 To support their ability to permanently transfer land, 6 To support ability to secure a higher price for improvements on land, 7 To support their ability to conduct a land management/investment or agricultural practice (ie: plant trees, leave a parcel fallow), 8 To ensure or improve compensation in the event of acquisition/ expropriation, 9 To support their ability to conduct a property investment on the land, 10 To increase the value of the land, 11 To support ability to petition government for services, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. F1.5o Other, specify. 

F2.4 Why does your household want to obtain a DUAT? Select all that apply. Options: 1 Land is less likely to be taken from the household, 2 Land is less likely to be taken from the bairro, 3 Fewer disputes about boundaries, 4 Fewer disputes about inheritance, 5 ewer disputes about land allocation, 6 Gain access to credit, 7 Gain ability to sell the improvements on the land, 8 Help when asking government for service improvements, 9 More control over decision-making on the land, 10 Fewer conflicts within the household, 11 Community leaders lose power and influence, 12 Brokers lose power and influence, 13 Help when seeking employment opportunities, 14 More incentives for property investments,15 Easier to sell/transfer land, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. F2.4o Other, specify. 

F2.5 Why did you initiate the process to acquire a DUAT certificate? Select all that apply. Options: 1 To support ownership/inheritance claim, 2 To support a boundary claim, 3 To keep their land from being expropriated or reallocated, 4 To support their ability to rent out or loan out their land or secure a higher rent, 5 To support their ability to permanently transfer land, 6 To support ability to secure a higher price for improvements on land, 7 To support their ability to conduct a land management/investment or agricultural practice (ie: plant trees, leave a parcel fallow), 8 To ensure or improve compensation in the event of acquisition/expropriation,9 To support their ability to conduct a property investment on the land, 10 To increase the value of the land, 11 To support ability to petition government for services, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. F2.5o Other, specify.

MCC-Les

F29 What was the main reason / motivation for initiating the process of obtaining a Lease for this [parcel]? Options: 1. Tenure security (conflict /expropriation), 2. To obtain a loan, 3. It’s a regulation / legal reason, 4. For investment in land property (construction), 5. Want to sell the rights, 6. Other (specify), 997 Don’t know. 

Prindex-1&2

Baseline survey: 

Q57. It differentiates between owner and renter. (1) What are the main reasons why you don’t have a title or sales deed that show your ownership rights to this property? (2) What are the main reasons why you don’t have a registered lease agreement or rental contract that shows your rights to live in this property? The Options: (a) It costs too much to get them, (b) You’d have to travel too far to get them; (c ) You don't have the necessary paperwork to get the documents (i.e. receipt of payment, etc.); (d) The process takes too much effort; (e) The process is too confusing/difficult to understand; (f) Family disagreements; (g) You don’t need the documents; (h) You don’t think documents would improve your rights; (i) You lost the documents, or they were stolen; (l) You could obtain such documents, if needed; (m) Some other reason >> specify (open); (n) DK; (o) (Refused). 

GLII

GL43. If No, what was the reason? Options: 1.Prohibitive costs; 2.Time consuming; 3.Registration is a very complex process; 4.Land title officials are unreliable; 5.Not sure of the process; 96.Other (specify).  

GL45. If no, what was the reason for non-completion of the application process? Options:1.Prohibitive costs; 2.Time consuming; 3.Registration is a very complex process; 4.Land title officials are unreliable; 5.Not sure of the process; 6.I do not need the title; 96.Other (specify).

MCC-Moz

Urban quantitative tools (endline): 

F2.2 Why has your household not sought to acquire a DUAT? Select all that apply. Options: 1 The process is too expensive, 2 The process takes too much time, 3 The process is too bureaucratic/paperwork is difficult, 4 Do not understand the process, 5 Parcel is already secure, 6 Do not know what a DUAT certificate is, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. F2.2o Other, specify. 

MCC-Les

6.2: What are the major reasons why a formal lease registration or transfer registration not done? List up to two. Options: 1 Did not know how to do it 2 Did not know it was supposed to be registered 3 No tenure security issues 4 Had other documents that secure parcel 5 The process was too cumbersome 6 Too costly 7 Too much time 8 Other (Specify) 997 don’t know. F24 What is the main reason why no one has applied for a Lease yet for this [parcel]? Options: 1 Doesn’t know how to do it, 2 Doesn’t know where to do it, 3 Have tried but didn’t get it, 4 The process is too cumbersome, 5 No money, 6 No need, 7 Other (specify). 

F28  Why the lease process for this [parcel] is not finished? Options: 1.Map too costly, 2. Other fees are too costly, 3. Too much time, 4. Did not have all the necessary documents, 5. Land agency could not process my application.

MCC-CV

Semi-structured interview:

21. What are the reasons you haven’t registered your land at the predial yet? 

22. What are the reasons you haven’t obtained a CIP from the predial yet? 

J4P-Ind

F23 Why were you not able to obtain one? Options: 1. Did not know how / where to go, 2. Didn’t have necessary documentation, 3. Official costs are too high, 4. "Tired fee" too high, 5. Still waiting, 95. Other, specify.

GLII

GL42. Have you ever applied for title for any of your land parcels? Options:  1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk. 

GL44. Have you completed the entire application process? Options: 1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk 

GL44. Have you completed the entire application process? Options: 1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk 

GL46. Approximately, how long did it take you to obtain a title for each of your parcels? Options:  (1).1 month; (2).2 to 3 months;( 3).4 to 6 months;(4).7 to 12 months; (5).More than 12 months; 96.Other (specify). 

GL47. Approximately, how much money did you spend to obtain a title for each of your parcels?Options: Amount in Ksh. GL48. Did you pay any undue amounts of money to facilitate the Process? Options:1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk. 

GL50. What was the reason for paying the extra amount? Options: 1.To accelerate the process; 2.To reduce the legal amount due; 3.For the application to be processed without certain items; 4.So that untrue information is accepted; 5.To convince the community to sign documents unjustly; 96.Other (specify). 

GL52. Do you know the process of application for a title for a parcel of land? Options: 1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk. GL55. Which agency is responsible for land registration or issuance of title deeds? Options: 1. Min. of Lands; 2.County Government; 3.Land selling Companies; 8.DK; X.Other (specify).

AB-9 

[Preamble] 42B How easy or difficult was it to obtain the document you needed? Options: 1. Very easy; 2. Easy; 3. Difficult; 4. Very difficult; 7. No contact; 9. Don’t know. 

42C. How often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a government official in order to get the document you needed? Options: 0. Never; 1. Once or twice; 2. A few times; Often; 7. No contact; 9.Don’t know 

42D. In general, when dealing with government officials to obtain documents, how much do you feel that they treat you with respect? Options: 0. Not at all; 1. A little bit; 2. Somewhat; 3. A lot; 7. No contact; 9. Don’t know. 

[preamble] In the past year, how often, if ever, have you had to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour to government officials in order to: [Read out Options: : : .] 61A. Get a document or a permit? 

[preamble] Q35.In the past year, have you or anyone in your family had to pay money to government officials (besides paying rates or taxes), give them a gift, or do them a favour, in order to get the following? IF YES: Was it Just Once or Twice, A few times or Frequently. 35c. Electricity or water; 35d. Housing or land. Options: 1. No; 2.Once or Twice; 3. A few Times: 4. Often; 5.Don’t know DNR.

MCC-Moz

Urban quantitative tools (endline): 

F1.1 Was the DUAT certificate provided through a service provider/systematic process of land regularization in your community? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 2 Don't know - DUAT was transferred to me, 888 Don't know. 

F1.3 Did your household initiate the process for acquiring the DUAT? [parcel_id] Question relevant when: [select] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

F1.3a Who initiated the process for acquiring the DUAT certificate? [parcel_id] Question relevant when: [select] Options: 1...-15 ...,16 non-household family members,17 Unrelated non-household members. 

[Preamble] How many days did the consultation with the [F1.7a-F1.7x] take from the time when you started the inquiry to the time when you submitted your application? F1.7a Governador F1.7b High Court F1.7c Mayor F1.7d Administrator F1.7e Secretario Premanente F1.7f Residente Do Municipio F1.7g Municipal Land Office F1.7h The Notary F1.7i Municipal Authorities F1.7j Provincial Court F1.7k Chefe Da Secretaria Sdmas F1.7l The Regulo F1.7m Cabo F1.7n Other Traditional Leaders F1.7o Chefe Do Posto F1.7p Secretario Do Bairro F1.7q Chefe Do Quarterirao F1.7r Chefe De 10 Casas F1.7s Secretario da unidade communal F1.7t Other Community Leaders F1.7u Registro Predial F1.7v Local Court F1.7w Lawyer F1.7x Housing Or Land Broker 

[preamble (1.7y-aa)] How many days… F1.7ydid it take to have parcel boundaries surveyed from when the request was made to when the map was produced?. F1.7z How many days did it take to have boundary markers placed from when the request was made to when it was completed?. F1.7aa did the submission of documents to the municipal land office take from the time when you started the process to the time when you submitted your application? F1.8 Once your application was submitted, did formal authorities do any of the following things? Select all that apply. Options: 1 Reject documents, 2 Request additional documents, 3 Request corrected documents, 4 None of the above (no delays), 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. F1.8o Other, specify. F1.9 How much did you spend on [application] in order to acquire the DUAT certificate? Response constrained to: .>=0 F1.9 Transportation Costs F.10 Fees And Technician Payments. F1.11 Surveyor/Boundary Marking Costs. F1.12 Overall, please estimate how much it cost in MT for your household to acquire a DUAT certificate for this parcel. In MT. Response constrained to: .>=0 

[preamble (F1.13a-b] How much time did it take for you… F1.13a to complete the application process for the DUAT certificate? [number >0 and.<=1000] Options: 1 Days, 2 Weeks, 3 Months, 4 Years, 888 Do not know. F1.13b to receive the DUAT certificate after you submitted your complete application? [number >0 and.<=1000] Options: 1 Days, 2 Weeks, 3 Months, 4 Years, 888 Do not know. F2.1 Has your household sought to acquire a DUAT certificate for this parcel? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

Community Leader’s questionnaire_ Additional questions: 

D.2. Approximately how many DUAT certificate holders [in this bairro] received their certificates from applying independently for the DUAT certificate? 

D.3. Approximately how many households in your bairro received DUAT certificates from a systematic regularization program? Options: 1 All, 2 Most, 3 About half, 4 Some, 5 None, 888 Don't know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

MCC-CV

Semi-structured interview:  

33vi If yes, what actions did you take? 33vii What were the constraints to getting both partners’ names registered, if any? 

19. You mentioned that before you clarified your land rights, you had the following documents to prove your rights to the land [documents]. Options a. Approximately how long did the process to obtain [document] take?, b. What difficulties did you face in obtaining [document], if any?, c. In your option, to what extent was the process of obtaining [document] efficient? 

20. You also mentioned that, after the cadaster team clarified your land rights, you obtained additional documents to prove your land rights:[ document] Options: a. Approximately how long did the process to obtain [document] take? b. What difficulties did you face in obtaining [document], if any? c. In your option, to what extent was the process of obtaining [ document] efficient?

ELTAP-Et

HH survey: 

[preamble] The following questions deal with the land administration office and land administration programs in your area. 3.02 Approximately how long would it take to travel one-way from your home to the land administration office in minutes? 3.03 Using the mode of transport indicated above, approximately how many kilometres is it from your home to the land administration office? 3.05 What would be the total out-of-pocket costs associated with travelling from your home to the land administration office and then back home again in BIRR? Include any incidental fees like food, lodging, or costs of using public transportation. Please record the total out-of-pocket administrative fee associated with the following types of transactions. Here the administrative fee includes all those payments made to the land administration office associated with the indicated activity. Options: 1. Obtaining a new land certificate (for land which was not previously registered) 2.Replacing a lost land certificate (for land which was previously registered) 3.Registering land obtained from someone due to divorce settlement  4. Registering inherited land from someone outside the household 5.Registering inherited land from someone inside the household. 6.Registering a gift of land. 7.Sharecropping. 8.Renting-out a parcel on the basis of monetary rent payment 9.unspecified long term arrangements (lease, mortgage / woled-aghed, etc.) 

J4P

HH survey (baseline): 

[Preamble]. F21-F23D: Do you yourself have [any of the following]: Land certificate for your house; Land certificate for farm or plantation land; Written evidence of land ownership for your house; Written evidence for farm or plantation land. 

F22 Have you ever considered trying to obtain one? Options: 1. Yes, 3. No >> Skip to Next Row. 

I5. Have you or anyone in your household tried to obtain an official document inrelation to land ownership or transfer in the past two years? Options: 1. Yes >> continue to H6, 3. No. 

I6. When you or someone from your household obtained an official document in relation to land ownership/transfer, was "unofficial fees" or "tired money" ever requested? Options: 1. Yes, 3. No.

WJP

General population poll: 

q3a. In the last three years, did you request a government permit, or process any kind of document (like a license, building permit, etc.) in a local government office? q4a. Did you have to pay a bribe to receive the service or expedite the process [Request a government permit, or process any kind of document (like a license, building permit, etc.) in a local government office?]? Options: 1.Yes , 2.No , 3. DK/NA.

MCC-Moz

Urban quantitative tools (endline): 

F1.14 Has your household experienced any benefits from having a DUAT certificate for this parcel? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond.. 

F1.15 What positive benefits have you experienced from having a DUAT certificate for this parcel? Select all that apply. Question relevant when: selected(${duat_benyn} ,1). Options: 1 Land is less likely to be taken from the household, 2 Land is less likely to be taken from the bairro, 3 Fewer disputes about boundaries, 4 Fewer disputes about inheritance, 5 Fewer disputes about land allocation, 6 Gain access to credit, 7 Gain ability to sell the improvements on the land, 8 Help when asking government for service improvements, 9 More control over decision-making on the land, 10 Fewer conflicts within the household, 11 Community leaders lose power and influence, 12 Brokers lose power and influence, 13 Help when seeking employment opportunities, 14 More incentives for property investments, 15 Easier to sell/transfer land, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Other, specify.  

F1.16 Has your household experienced any negative effects from having a DUAT certificate for this parcel? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

F1.17 What negative effects has your household experienced from having a DUAT certificate for this parcel? Select all that apply. Options: 1 Must pay taxes or additional fees, 2 Added requirements and time, 3 Increase in disputes about boundaries, 4 Increase in disputes about inheritance, 5 Increase in disputes about land allocation, 6 Land is more likely to be taken away from me, 7 Land is more likely to be taken away from the bairro, 8 Community leaders lose power and influence, 9 Land is harder to acquire, 10 Corruption will increase, 11 More conflicts within the household, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer.

F1.18 To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Having a DUAT certificate for this parcel has encouraged my household to make improvements on this land. [parcel_id] Options: 1 Strongly agree, 2 Agree, 3 Neither agree nor disagree, 4 Disagree, 5 Strongly disagree, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer.

F2.13 To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Not having a DUAT certificate for this parcel has discouraged my household to make improvements on this land [parcel_id] Options: 1 Strongly agree, 2 Agree, 3 Neither agree nor disagree, 4 Disagree, 5 Strongly disagree, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer.

MCC-CV

Semi-structured interview: 

19 How important do you think it is for you to have a deed to your land? Probe: What are the main advantages of having a deed? How important do you think it is to have a deed? How has having a deed affected your household? Decreases concerns that land will be taken? Provides clear understanding of land boundaries? Facilitates selling the property?Ability to acquire a bank loan? Ability to make farm improvements or investments? 

20 How important do you think it is for your land to be formally registered with a title at the predial and have a CIP? [If registered] Probe: What are the main advantages of being registered? Does the registration at the predial/CIP provide any difference in securing land rights compared to only having a deed? Please explain. PROBE: How does having a title affect your household? Facilitates or required for selling/transferring property? Ability to acquire a bank loan? Ability to make property improvements or investments? Increased security over the parcel or ability to defend boundary/ ownership claims? [if not registered] What are the main disadvantages (or advantages) of not being registered? 

[preamble] 38. How do you think the risk of losing your land/property has changed since the cadaster process? Why? • At what point in the registration process (i.e., getting the matrix, the deed, the title) do you think the risk of losing your property diminishes?

TGCC-Zam

HH survey: 

G7. Till present, please list the two most important benefits you have already experienced from having a customary certificate for this field? Options: 1=Reduce likelihood of losing my land; 2=Protects investments I have made on my land; 3=Strengthens the ability for my children to inherit the land; 4=Helps me to obtain access to credit; 5=Other. 

G10. Have you experienced any negative effects as a result of having a customary certificate for this field? Options: yes/no. 

ELTAP-Et

HH survey: 

[preamble]: please do an in-depth-interview of both the husband and wife (meaning, wherever available, both the husband and wife will separately sit for in-depth-interview on feelings about land tenure and tenure security. Especially fear of loss of right by the government due to land redistribution, etc.) 134.Feelings before the issuance of land certificate. 135.Feelings at present.

LSMS-ISA1

Q1.6: Does this community share land with any neighbouring communities? Answers: yes/no. 

Q1.7: What share of communal land is shared land with other communities? Answers: almost none; ¼; ½; ¾; almost all 

Q1.40 Do community members have access to nearby pastures that are also shared with neighboring communities? Answers: yes/no 

Q1.41: In the rainy season, what is the percentage of community herd that grazes on? Q1.42 same question for the dry season. Answers: ‘community pastures’ and ‘shared/buffer pastures’. 

MCC-Moz

V3, urban quant: 

C.10. What is the total area of land in your bairro, including residential areas, garden plots/agriculture land, commercial areas, and common areas? Options: b. Unit. Options: 1 Acre, 2 Hectare, 3 Square meter, 888 Don't know. 

C.11-15 [Preamble] How much land in your bairro is allocated to; C.11. individual households for residential purposes? C.12. individual households for garden plots/agricultural purposes? C.13. commercial businesses/investors? C.14 for public spaces or services, including government services, NGOs, churches, mosques, football pitches, schools, clinics, etc? C.15. Is it vacant or unallocated? Options: 1 All, 2 Most, 3 About half, 4 Some, 5 None, 888 Don't know, 999 Prefer not to respond.

G&J

Household questionnaire A:  

109. What is your household’s main source of drinking water? Options: 1.Open public well, 2. Open well in compound, 3. Public hand pump, 4. Hand pump in compound, 5. Bored wells, 6. Unprotected spring, 7. Protected spring, 8. Pipe scheme, 9. Piped municipal, 10.River, lake, channel, 11.Drainage,, 12.Bowser/water tanker, 13.Bottled water/mineral water, 14. Other.

CLPP-Lib

Household survey:  

B12. Over the past 3 years do you think your communal/general townland has really increased, or just increased, or really decreased or just decreased, or no change?. Options: 1.Really Decrease, 2.Decrease, 3.No change, 4.Increase, 5.Really Increase, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond 

B13. Over the past 3 years, are there any areas of the communal / general townland that your household was using before, but is no longer allowed to use now? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

B15. Why does your household lose the right to use or benefit from the communal/general townland? Options: 1. Infrastructure, 2. Investor activity on the land, 3. Conflict with neighbouring clan, 4. Ebola concerns, 5. Government restrictions, 6. Conflict with animals/dangerous animals, 97. Other, specify, 888. Don’t know, 999. Prefer not to respond. 

B16. What was the result of your household losing the right to the areas? Options: 1. No impact, 2. Started using other areas, 3. Increased poverty or lost income, 4. Lost farmland, 5. Lost religious/ceremonial land, 6. Lost access to game animals, 7. Lost access to forest products, 8. Continue to access the area illegally, 97. Other, specify, 888. Don’t know, 999. Prefer not to respond. Others, specify. 

ELTAP-Et

Household survey: 

7.11 Is there any communal pasture land in your kebele? [If ‘No’ skip]. 

7.12 What type of rights do you have on the communal pasture land in your kebele? 7.15 Is there any communal forest land in your kebele? [If ‘No’ skip]. Options: 1.Yes, 0.No. 7.16 What type of rights do you have on the communal forest land in your kebele? (if any) Options: 1.Use right, 2.The right to transfer to others through rent, 3.No right, 97.Others (specify).

LSMS-00

Part B of the ‘Housing module’:

Q1 ‘In the rainy season, what is the main source of water for drinking and cooking for your household?’ Answers include: 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Public well 5 Neighbours. 

Q24 ‘Is this toilet/latrine used only by members of your household or do other household members use it as well?’ Answers: 1 This household only, 2 Other households. 

SDI-SPS

E1-8. E1 What are the main sources of water for the settlement? Options: Individual Taps; Community Taps; Boreholes/Wells; Dams; Springs; Rivers; Water Tankers; neighbouring communities. 

F7-10: F7. Available sanitation infrastructures. Options: Blocks/Clusters; Cubicles; Number of toilets working Options: Individual toilets; Shared toilets; Communal toilets; Public toilets. G1. Where is most of the settlement garbage deposited? Check 1. Options: Common area inside the settlement; Common area outside the settlement; People own Individual; Bins; Thrown anyhow within the settlement; Others.

MICS-7

Water testing module:

WS1. What is the main source of drinking water used by members of your household? WS2. What is the main source of water used by members of your household for cooking? And for washing? WS10B and WS10C ask the same questions again specifically for the wet season. WQ17 similarly asks the source of a water glass. Options: 11. Piped into dwelling; 12. Piped to yard/plot; 13. Piped to neighbor; 14. Public tap/standpipe; 21. Tube well/borehole; 31. Protected well (dug); 32. Unprotected well (dug); 41. Protected spring; 42. Unprotected spring; 51. Rainwater; 61. Tanker-truck; 71. Cart with small tank; 72. Water kiosk; 81. Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation channel); 91. Bottled water; 92. Sachet water; 93. Large bottle/dispenser refill; 96. Other (specify). 

WS15. Do you share this [toilet] facility with others who are not members of your household? Options:: 1. Yes; 2. No. 

WS16. Do you share this facility only with members of other households that you know, or is the facility open to the use of the general public? Options:  1. Shared with Known Households (Not Public); 2. Shared with the General Public. 

WS17. How many households in total use this toilet facility, including your own household? Options: 0. Number of Households (If Less Than 10); 10. Ten or more hh: ; 98. DK. 

DHS-8

Household survey:

101.  What is the main source of drinking water used by members of your household? Options: 11. Piped into dwelling; 12. Piped to yard/plot; 13. Piped to neighbor; 14. Public tap/standpipe; 21. Tube well/borehole; 31. Protected well (dug); 32. Unprotected well (dug); 41. Protected spring; 42. Unprotected spring; 51. Rainwater; 61. Tanker-truck; 71. Cart with small tank; 72. Water kiosk; 81. Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation channel); 91. Bottled water; 92. Sachet water; 93. Large bottle/dispenser refill; 96. Other (specify). 103. Where is that water source located? Options: 1. In own dwelling; 2. In own yard/plot; 3. Elsewhere. 

110. Do you share this toilet facility with other households? Options: 1. Yes; 2. No. 

111. Including your own household, how many households use this toilet facility? Options: No of households if less than 10; 95. Ten or more households, 98. Don’t know 

112. Where is this toilet facility located? Options: 1. In own dwelling; 2. In own yard/plot; 3. Elsewhere. 

MCC-Moz

V3, urban quant: 

J06 What is the source of water most used in this parcel? Options: 1 Tap 2 Borehole private 3 Well private 4 Public. fountain 5 River lake 9 Other esp. 

J07 Do you have electricity in this parcel? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No

MCC-Les

Endline survey: 

E09 What is the source of water most used in this [parcel]? Options: 1 Tap-private, 2 Tap-public, 3 Borehole-private, 4 Borehole-public, 5 Well-private, 6 Well-public, 7 Catchment’s tank, 8 River,lake, spring, 9 Other sp. 

E12 What type of latrine facility is accessible on this [parcel]? Options: 1 Flush toilet-private, 2 pit toilet-private, 3 VIP-private, 4 common area public toilet, 5 Bucket, 6 No toilet, 7 Other, sp. 

E16 What kind of garbage disposal facility is accessible on this [PARCEL]? Options: 1 Street container, 2 Collected by truck, 3 Dumped, 4 Burned, 5 Buried, 6 Other, Sp. 

J4P

Household survey (baseline): 

C6. What is the main source of drinking water for this household? Options: 1. PAM water, 2. Public hydrant, 3. Protected Well, 4 . Unprotected Well, 5. Protected Spring, 6. Unprotected Spring, 7. Surface water (e.g. river), 95. Other, specify. 

LSMS-00

Q19 asks whether the community contains land that is owned by the community itself, rather than by individual owners? Answers: yes/no. 

Q20 asks what is the percentage of the community land that is actually owned by the community.

GLII

GC1. Does your community have any land that is owned collectively by the community?1.Local council; 2.Ministry of forestry; 3.Ministry of natural resources/ environment; 4.Conservation NGO; 5.Logging company; 6.Mining company; 96.Other (specify). 

GC4. What guarantees your community’s ownership rights to such land / forest?Options: 1.State law; 2.Customary tenure law; 3.Authorization by land authority; 4.Agreement signed with neighbouring communities; 5.There is no guarantee; 96.Other (specify). 

GC5. How secure is your community land/forest?Options: 1.Very secure; 2.Secure; 3.Somewhat secure; 4.Insecure; 96.Other (specify).  

GC9. As a community, have you suffered any land tenure issues? Options: 1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk. 

GC10. What type of issues have these been?Options:  Eviction from community land; 2. Eviction from forest; 3.Denial of access to forests and forest resources; 4.Denial of access to water; 5.Denial of access to farmland; 6.Denial of access to hunting rights; 96.Other (specify). 

GC11. Which person organisation has obstructed access to community land?Options: 1.Local council; 2.Ministry of forestry; 3.Ministry of natural resources/ environment; 4.Conservation NGO; 5.Logging company; 6.Mining company; 96.Other (specify).

SDI-SPS

B13. Who owns the land that the settlement is located on? Options: Reserved land; Railway; Airport Authority; Power Company; Defensel Pipeline; Other [choose]: Private owner(s); Public land; Communal Ownership; Ownership Unknown.

CLPP-Lib

Household questionnaire (endline): 

B6. In this community, is there a communal/general townland that is owned and used by the entire town for example town hall, football field, Poro and Sande Bushes, and reserved land? (cl_ctownland). If No, 888 or 999, skip to the next section. Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. B7. Who owns the communal/general townland? 

Community leaders' questionnaire: 

[Preamble for C3,C18]: please tell me if the following types of land and natural resources exist in this community. We will start with town land. C3. Does the community have a written document for this communal/general townland? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

Baseline questionnaire: [preamble] Now I am going to ask you some questions about the community land and natural resources; some of the things that God self put there for us to use, like the river, trees, hills, (...) This is the land and natural resources that are used by(...) your community. 

B1. Who is the owner of your community land? [enter_id]

SDI-SPS

E4 Who supplies the water? Options: Municipality; Private 

E8 Who manages the water source? Options: Blank Box.  

G3. Who collects garbage from these collection points? Options: Municipality; Not collected; Others.

MICS7

Household survey: 

WS10A. Is your water supply managed by your own household, by a local or community organisation, or by a public or private water utility? Options: 1. Own household; 2. Local or community organisation; 3. A public or private utility; 8. DK

WS12A. The last time it was emptied, who emptied the (answer from WS11)? Options: 11 Service provider; 12 public / municipality / government; 13 private company/ngo; 14 informal emptier (unlicensed); 21 not service provider (self-emptied); 22 neighbour, family member, friend; 96. other; 98. dk.

CLPP-Lib

Household survey: 

B8. Who are the most important (primary) decision makers about land management and land use on this communal/general townland? B9. If your household wanted to use  communal / general townland, who would they go to for permission? Options (B-7,8,9,14): 1.Town Chief, 2.Landlord; first settlers, 3.Elder, 4.Women’s leader, 5.Youth leader, 6.Traditional healer, 7.Land Management Committee (Land Committee) / Land Governance Council, 8.Imam/reverend/pastor, 9.Hunter leader, 10. Minority leader, 11. Paramount Chief, 12. Investor/Company, 13. NGO 14.Government in Monrovia, 15.Private landowner, 16.Community as a whole, 17.No one, 18.Quarter Chief, 19.Traditional Leader, 97.Other, specify, 888. Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. Other, specify. 

[Preamble for H1-H3]: Including community/town farmlands, townlands, forests and wetlands in this community. H1. Does this community have a Land Management Committee or Land committee, Land Governance Council, or group of people put together who are looking after your land business in this community? H3. Did you take part in the election for the members of the present Land Committee or Land Governance Council? [if yes] Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. H2. How were the members of the Land Management Committee/Land Committee / Land Governance Council chosen? [if yes] Options: 1.Traditional authorities or elders selected/appointed the members, 2.There was a community-wide vote, 3.There was community-wide consensus, 4.Outside government officials selected/appointed the members, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

Leaders' questionnaire: 

[Preamble for C3,C18]: please tell me if the following types of land and natural resources exist in this community. We will start with town land.  H9. Who is on the Land Management Committee (Land Committee) or Land Governance Council? Select all that apply. Options: 1.Town Chief, 2.Landlord; first settlers, 3.Elders, 4.Women’s leader, 5.Youth leader, 6. Traditional healer, 7. Imam/reverend, 8. Hunter leader, 9. Minority leader, 10. Other community members, 97. Other, specify, 888. Don’t know, 999. Prefer not to respond. Other, specify. H10. Are there women who have served as leaders in this community? [If yes]: How many women have served either as town chief, clan chief, women leader, or as a member of the Land Management Committee or Land Governance Council in the past 12 Months? [If None] skip power ladder. 

[preamble I1-2] I am going to ask you some questions about rules for using/accessing the community farmlands, townlands, forests and wetlands. I8. When someone breaks the rules or laws in this community, who is responsible to punish that lawbreaker? Options: 1.Town Chief, 2.Landlord; first settlers, 3.Elder, 4.Women’s leader, 5.Youth leader, 6.Traditional healer, 7.Land Management Committee (Land Committee) / Land Governance Council, 8.Imam/reverend/pastor, 9.Hunter leader, 10.Minority leader, 11.Paramount Chief, 12.Investor/Company, 13.NGO, 14.Government in Monrovia, 15.Private landowner, 16.Community as a whole, 17.No one, 18.Quarter Chief, 19.Traditional Leader, 97.Other, specify, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. Other, specify.  

[Preamble J14]: Please tell us about your participation over the past year in the decision-making about the use and management of community farmlands, townlands, forests and swamplands/wetlands. J14. Do you feel like your views and ideas are heard and considered when decisions are made about the use and management of community land in your community? J16. In the past year, did you take part in making laws/rules about community land use and management? J17. In the past year, have you helped to make people respect the rules/laws about community land use? J18. In the past year, have you helped to observe if people respect the rules about community land use? J19. In the past year, how many times have you helped to settle palavers about using community land?  Options: 0.Never, 1.Rarely, 2.Sometimes, 3.Often, 4.Almost always, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

N1. Who has a right to tell a company or investor what they can do and cannot do on your community land? N2. If an investor or outside company comes along and wants to use your community land, who will make the decision about whether to sell or lease the land? Options: 1. Government in Monrovia, 2. Town chief, 3. Paramount chief, 4. Landlord, 5. Elders, 6. Land Management Committee / Land Governance Council, 7. Most or all community members, more or less equally, 8. Women, 9. Youth, 10. Members of minority groups, 97. Other, specify, 888. Don’t know, 999. Prefer not to respond. Others, please specify. 

N3. If an investor or government official came to your community and tried to buy or take your lands, and you did not want to give your land out, what would you do? N4. If one of your leaders signed a deal with an investor without consulting the community, what would you do? Options: 1. Demand that the deal is canceled, 2. Show the leader by-laws that say that the community must be consultants and demand that the deal is canceled, 3. Call SDI for support, 4. Go to the investor and tell them that your leader did not consult the community, 5. Chase the investor away, 6. Nothing, 97.Other, specify, 888.Don’t know, 99.Prefer not to respond. Others, please specify. 

Baseline questionnaire: 

[preamble] Now I am going to ask you some questions about the community land and natural resources; some of the things that God self put there for us to use, like the river, trees, hills, (...) This is the land and natural resources that are used by(...) your community. (...)  B3. Who has a right to tell a company or investor what they can and cannot do on your community land? Options: 1 Government in Monrovia, 2 Town chief, 3 Land Governance Council, 4 First settlers, 5 Whole community together as a group, 6 Landlord, 7 Elders, 8 Paramount chief, 97 Other. 

Leaders' questionnaire (qualitative): 

1. How does your community decide which people are considered as citizens of this community, and who are considered outsiders or strangers for this community? 

2. How does your community decide who gets to use the land and natural resources? Has your community taken any action to stop certain people from using or having ownership of your community lands? [If yes] Why are you stopping them? 

3. Please explain to me how the community makes decision if there is a land or resource problem that affects or disturbs the whole community, as a result of outsiders or investors using the community’s natural resources. How does the community make laws or  change the laws for the good of the community? Do members of minority (small different tribes) groups participate in decision-making about land/natural resources in your community? If yes, when? What kinds of decisions can members of small different tribes or groups make in this community? How are their voices heard and respected? 

About women: 1.i) How do women take part in decision-making about land and natural resources in your community? How are the women's voices heard and respected in the meetings? Who protects the land rights of widows, women and orphans when they are violated?

TGCC-Zam

[Preamble L10-12]: Now I am going to read some statements about land management in your village. Please tell me how much you agree or disagree. L10. I feel that rules about land are clear and well-known. L11. I feel that decisions about customary land allocation are not transparent. L12. I feel that decisions about customary land allocation are fair. 

[Preamble L13-16] I feel that [chose L10-12] have been disadvantaged in decisions about land allocation. L13. women. L14. elderly people. L15. poor families. L16. households that do not share the tribe of the headman. Options: 1. Strongly Agree, 2. Agree, 3. Neither Agree or Disagree, 4. Disagree, 5. Strongly Disagree, 888. Don't know, 999. Refused to answer.

LSMS-ISA1

[Preamble] For each of the following: Rotational grazing within communal pasture areas; Seasonal grazing (including rules on cropland post-harvest); Prohibitions on grazing by sick animals; Cut/carry of grasses; Cutting bushes/felling trees; Use of community pastures by neighbors; Use of community pastures by transhumants? Options: Q1.43 Is there a rule on [RULE] in the community? Answers: yes/no. 

Q1.44 Who enforces [rule]? Answers: categories. 

Q1.45 What is the enforcement mechanism for [RULE]? Answers: categories. 

Q1.46 How many infractions against [RULE] were there in the past relevant season? Answers: number. 

Q1.47 How many times were enforcement mechanisms on [RULE] applied in the past relevant season? Answers: number. 

[Preamble] For each of the following: Fields open to community animals post-harvest; no fencing allowed; Fields open to community animals post-harvest; can fence permanent crops; Transhumants can enter fields post-harvest; Bush Fires prohibited; Bush Fires limited; Prohibitions on cutting live trees. 

Q2.1: Does the community require restrictions on…? Answers: yes/no. 

Q2.2: What types of penalties accompany this restriction? Answers: categories. 

Q2.3: How many infractions against this restriction were there in the past relevant season? Answers: [enter number]. 

Q2.4: How many penalties were levied on the restriction in the past relevant season? Answers: [enter number].

CLPP-Lib

[preamble I1-2] I am going to ask you some questions about rules for using/accessing the community farmlands, townlands, forests and wetlands. I1. Does your community have a written document / paper that has laws/rules made by the community about your community farmland, town lands, community forest, and other community resources, such as wetlands / swampland, streams/ creeks, and rivers? I2. Did you take part in the discussion for writing these laws/rules made by the community to control the Customary land, which include community farmland, community forest, and other community resources (wetlands / swampland, streams / creeks, rivers). Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. I6. Do people in this community normally follow or respect laws/rules about using your community land and natural resources? I7. How many times people are punished for breaking rules that control your community land and natural resources? Options: 1.Never, 2.Rarely, 3.Sometimes, 4.Often, 5.Very often, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

[preamble I3,5,9] Now I am going to ask you some questions about laws/rules for using the community farmlands, townlands, forests lands, and wetlands / swamplands. I3. How satisfied are you with the laws/rules that are controlling your community land? I5. How satisfied are you with the enforcement of the laws/rules that govern/ control your community land and natural resources? Options: 1. Very dissatisfied, 2. Dissatisfied, 3. Neutral, 4. Satisfied, 5. Very Satisfied, 888. Don’t know, 999. Prefer not to respond. I9. In your own view, are these laws/rules fair? Options: 1.Not fair, 2.More or less not fair, 3.Neutral, 4.More or less fair, 5.Very fair, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

[Preamble for I10-I12]: Over the past 12 months, or one year ago, do you feel like any of the following groups has not been happy by the laws/rules about using the community farmland, community forest, and other community resources such as wetlands, creeks, and rivers? I10. Women: Over the past 12 months, do you feel that the Women have not been happy by the rules about using the community farmland, community forest, and other community resources such as swampland, creeks, and rivers? I11. Poor people: Over the past 12 months, do you feel that the poor people have not been happy by the rules about using the community farmland, community forest, and other community resources such as swampland, creeks, and rivers? I12. Outsiders (non-residents): Over the past 12 months, do you feel that Outsiders has been happy by the rules about using the community farmland, community forest, and other community resources such as swampland, creeks, and rivers? Options: 1.Strongly agree, 2.Agree, 3.Neutral, 4.Disagree, 5.Strongly disagree, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond 

About minorities: 1. What laws does your community have about land and natural resource usage for members of minority (small different tribes) groups? 2i. Are there any special rules for minority (small different tribes) group land inheritance? 2.ii Have the rules always been like this, or did they used to be different? If they were different in the past, what changed? 1i. What rules does your community have about land and natural resource usage that are different for women than for men? 

TGCC-Zam

[Preamble K1a-K6a]: Now I would like to ask you about rules or customs in your village about land use and land management. Are there rules in this village which regulate or restrict: K1a.grazing of livestock on communal lands? K2a. grazing on fields after harvest? K3a. cutting trees on fields? K4a. ownership over trees planted on fields? K5a. setting fires for land clearing, land preparation or post-harvest burning on your fields? K6a. fencing of land on your fields? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don't know, 999.Refused to answer. 

[Preamble (K1b-K6b)]: How well do you think that these rules about (K1b-K6b) are followed by households in this village? K1b. grazing livestock on communal lands. K2b. seasonal grazing on fields after harvest. K3b. cutting trees. K4b. ownership over trees planted on fields. K5b. setting fires for land clearing, land preparation or post-harvest burning K6b. which regulate or restrict fencing on your land. Options: 1.Everyone obeys the the rule, 2.Most household obey the rule, 3.Some households obey the rule and some household break the rule, 4.Only a few households actually obey the rule, 5.No households obey the rule, 888.Don't know, 999.Refused to answer.  

[Preamble (K1c-K6c)]: If a person does not follow these rules about (K1c-K6c) is there a consequence? Will they be punished? K1c. grazing livestock on communal lands K2c. If a person does not follow these rules about seasonal grazing on fields after harvest, K3c. cutting trees, K4c. the ownership of trees planted on a field, K5c. setting firest for land clearing, land preparation or post-harvest burning on your fields, K6c. If a person does not follow these rules about fencing, is there a consequence? Will they be punished? Options: 1. Yes - rule breakers are always punished, 2. Maybe - sometimes rulebreakers are punished, 3. Maybe - it depends on who breaks the rule, 4. No - people are never punished for breaking the rules, 888. Don't know, 999. Refused to answer. 

[preamble F6b-6e] I am now going to ask about rules in this village that regulate or restrict any of the following activities on village land. For each activity, please describe the rule, if it exists. If the rule changes based on the time of year, please explain how. F6b. Please describe this rule about grazing livestock. F6c. Does your village monitor for rule breaking? F6d. Are there penalties for breaking this rule? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don't know, 999.Refused to answer. 

F6e. What is the typical penalty the first time a household breaks this rule? Options: (1)Verbal chastisement, (2)Cash fine, (3)Temporary restriction on access, harvesting, or use rights, (4)Required labor input, (5)Public apology, (6)Permanent suspension of access, harvest, or use rights, (7)Other, specify, (999)Don't know, (888) Refused to answer. 

F6f. Who decides what the penalty is the first time a household breaks this rule?. Options: (1)Chief, (2)Headperson, (3)Induna, (4)Village Land Committee, (5)Other village committee, (6)Village as a whole (7)Other, specify, (999)Don't know, (888)Refused to answer. 

F6k. What is the typical compliance with penalties? Options: (1)Offenders never comply (2)Some of the time offenders comply (3)About half the time offenders comply (4)Most of the time offenders comply (5)Almost all the time offenders comply (888)Don't know (999)Refused to answer. F6m. How well do households in this village understand the rule about grazing livestock? Options: (1) Understand very well (2) Understand well, (3) Understand just ok, (4) Understand a little, (5) Do not understand, (888) Don't know, (999) Refused to answer.  

ELTAP-Et

Household survey: 

G4 Does the woreda administration regulate watershed management in any parts of this kebele? G5 Are any members of your kebele required by the woreda administration to implement water conservation measures on their own property? Options: 0=No,1=Yes, 888= Not sure. 

LSMS-ISA1

[Preamble] For each of the following: Planted any trees/bushes on communal pastures, Invested in any soil erosion control structures, Invested in water sources for livestock, Spent resources maintaining pasture resources or structures, Invested in road repair, Invested in bridge maintenance, Invested in agroforestry on communal lands. Did you make any other conservation investment on communal land… Q2.5: In the past 12 months, has the community…? Answers: yes/no. 

Q2.6: What proportion of households contributed to the [action] in the last 12 months in labor time, cash, and kind? Answer: record percentage. 

Q2.7: Was there any cash penalty for not contributing to the [action] in the last 12 months? Answers: yes/no. 

Q2.8: How much cash penalty was actually collected for not contributing to the [ACTION] in the last 12 months? Answer: record amount. 

CLPP-Lib

B10. In the past 12 months, did your household ever spend money to improve pumps or water supply on town land? B11. In the past 12 months, did your household ever spend money to build new buildings or fix some of the buildings in the town (i.e. the town hall), market building, and community clinic? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond.

LSMS-00

Section 2 of the ‘Community data’. 

Q14 Can women purchase/ inherit/ sell or leave land as a bequest when they die? Answers: yes/no. 

LSMS+

Module D: 

Q20: Do land owners sell/rent out land in or around the ward where the parcel is located? Answers: land owners only sell; land owners only rent out; land owners sell and rent; no land transactions; do not know. 

Module F: 

Q15: Do individuals sell or rent out any [property_id] in or around this village? Answers: yes, individuals rent/sell, no transactions, do not know. 

DB

Registering property module. 

Q5a: Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property? Q5b: Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? 

GLII

GL31. Who is traditionally allowed to inherit land or other assets in your community? Options: 1.Only sons; 2.Any child (son or daughter); 3.The wife; 4.Siblings; 5.Any relative; 96.Other(specify).

SDI-SPS

D8: When it comes to renting structures, most people. Options: Most people rent; About half the people rent; Less than half, the people rent; Very few people Rent; No people rent. 

MCC-Moz

Q5.2. [vignette] When a person moves from one parcel to another, there are many different actions they can take to transfer or share their parcel to someone else. We have heard of several ways that families choose to transfer their parcel. I will read you a list of ways of transferring or sharing a parcel. Please tell me how many of the ways you or friends or family in this bairro have transferred or shared parcels in this bairro in the past 5 years. Options: 1. Gift the parcel (i.e. for no payment) to relative and register transfer with municipal land office. 2 Sell the improvements to the land and register transaction with municipal land office. 3 Share the parcel (for a payment) and register transaction through municipal land office. 4 Sell the parcel directly to another person without registering transaction to municipal land office.

G&J

Household questionnaire: 

33 Do women have the right to own land? Options: 1.Yes, 2.No, 3.I don’t know. 

34 Do women have the right to keep control over their own property upon marriage? Options: 1.Yes, 2.No, 3.DK. 

36 Upon the death of her father, what part of her father’s estate is a girl entitled to? Options: 1. Nothing, 2. What her brothers accept to give her, 3. Half the portion of her brothers, 4. Other (specify), 5. DK. 

37 Upon the death of her husband, what part of her husband’s estate is a widow entitled to? Options: 1. Nothing, 2. What her sons and brothers in law accept to give her, 3. 1/8 or ¼ of her husband’s estate, depending on whether they had children or not, 4. Her mahr, 5. Other (specify), 6.DK

CLPP-Lib

About minorities: 2. Are there any special rules for women taking over their dead husbands’ properties?

TGCC-Zam

[preamble D5-D10] D5. Could a household in your village obtain additional land for crop production in this village? D7. Is it possible to buy or sell customary land in the village without first changing it to titled land? D8. Is it possible to rent customary land in this village? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don't know, 999.Refused to answer. 

D10. Who sold this land? Options: (1) Chief, (2) Headperson, (3) Other, (888) Don't know, (999) Refused to answer. Other, specify. 

[preamble E6-E9] Now I would like to ask you about inheritance and land use decision making in this village. E6. If a male head of household dies leaving a wife and adult children, who would inherit the homestead and crop land? E7. If a male head of household dies leaving a wife and young children, who would inherit the homestead and crop land? E8. If a female head of household dies leaving a husband and young children, who will inherit most of the homestead and crop land? E9. If a female head of household dies leaving only young children, who will inherit most of the homestead and crop land? Options: (1) Wife, (2) Oldest adult son, (3) Oldest adult daughter, (4) Brothers of deceased, (5) Wife's brother, (6) Goes back to the village for the Headperson to reallocate, (7) Any adult child, (8)  Other, specify, (888) Don't know, (999) Refused to answer. 

[preamble G1] Now I would like to ask you some questions about land allocation in your village. When making decisions about land allocation, how would you prioritize giving land to the following 5 households? Options:  G1a. Never married, G1b. Newly married, G1c. Married for more than one year, G1d. Widowed, G1e. Divorced. [preamble G1-G4] When making decisions about land allocation… 

G1 would you first reallocate land to a male headed household or a female headed household? Options: (1)Male household head, (2)Female household head, (3)Both are considered equally, (888)Don't know, (999)Refused to answer. 

G2. would you first give land to a small family or to a large family?Options: (1)Large family, (2)Small family, (3)Both are considered equally, (888)Don't know, (999)Refused to answer. 

G3 how would you prioritize giving land to the following households? Options: (1) a male household head or his spouse are closely related to village authorities, (2) a female household head and her spouse are closely related to village authorities, (3)Both are considered equally. (888)Don't know, (999)Refused to answer. 

G4. Would you first give land to a relatively wealthy household or a relatively poor household? Options: (1) A relatively wealthy household, (2) A relatively poor household, (3) Both are considered equally, (888) Don't know, (999) Refused to answer.

ELTAP-Et

Household survey: 

7.09 In this kebele, in the event of divorce, how is land shared between the husband and spouse? Options: 1. Both spouses share the land equally despite who contributed land to the marriage, 2. The husband retains all the land under the HH possession, 3. Each spouse takes only the plot they contributed to the marriage, 4. The wife will retain all the plots under the HH possession, 888.I do not know/have no experience about. 

7.10 In this kebele, in the event of the death of a husband, how is land divided among family members? Probe and code, select appropriate answer choice. Options: 1. The wife and children will inherit the land, 2. The wife will inherit all the land, 3. All the children will share the land equally, 4. Only male children inherit the land, 5 .The relatives (not wife or children) of the deceased inherit the land, 97.Others,888. I do not know. 

78. Do you know anybody in your community that has died recently? Options: 1.Yes, 0.No 79. What happened to his/her land? [open question] 

2.2 In this kebele, do women bring dowry to marriage? [If 2 or 3 skip to (w1dow)]. Options: 1. Yes, 0. No, 3. In the past, yes, but not now. 

2.3a. If yes, do they bring the following [land] as a form of dowry to the marriage? 2.4 Did you bring a dowry to your marriage? (w1dow) 2.5a. Did you bring the [land] as a form of dowry to your marriage? Options: 1.Yes, 0.No.

Prindex 1&2

79. And has anyone ever disputed your right to live in a property, or disputed your right to use another property? Options: r1. No; r2. Yes; r3. (Refused).

LGAF-2

LGI 25.1 an estimation in % of the land disputes over the total court cases. Options: >10%;10-30%;30-50%;<50%;

LSMS-21

Section 14 'Shocks coping':

Q2 asks about a series of potential shocks that the household may have incurred in the last 12 months, of which 3 are indirectly related to land conflict. Options: n10, dwelling damaged/demolished; n14, loss of property due to fire or flood; n15, loss of land.

AF-9

A83B. What is the most important reason people in this village/neighborhood have disputes that involve more than one household? Options: (If more than 1 answer pick the most important reason) 0. No disputes; 1. Land; 2. Water; 3. Grazing pasture; 4. Politics/party issues; 5. Religion; 6. Contract (for example, with employer/landlord/tenants etc.); 7. Domestic disputes (e.g. marriage/ infidelity/ divorce); 8. Money issues/loans; 9. Drunkenness; 10. Theft/burglary/robbery; 11. Car theft/carjacking; 12. Assaults/beatings; 13. Murder; 14. Kidnapping; 15. Youth delinquency; 16. Drug abuse; 17. Noise.  

83C. When you have an issue or dispute that needs to be resolved, who do you normally turn to for assistance? Options: 0. No one; 1. A government agency or official; 2. Family member(s); 3. Friends; 4. Traditional leader; 5. Religious leader; 6. Local political party leader; 7. Member of Parliament; 8. Local government councillor; 9. Local opinion leader/influencer; 10. A civil society leader / organization; 11. Some other person or official; 12. Other [specify]; 13. Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough [DNR] 99.

MCC-Moz

V3, urban quant, Household questionnaire (endline): 

G1.1 Thinking back over the past 10 years, did your household experience any land conflicts or disputes on this parcel whether with a neighbour, government authority or family member? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

Community leader’s questionnaire: 

J.0. In the past 12 months, have land disputes occurred between any of the following groups in your bairro? Options: 1 Conflicts within a single Household, 2 Conflicts between households in your bairro, 3 Conflicts between households in your bairro and households in another bairro, 4 Conflicts with investors/businesses or elites, 5 Conflicts with government, 777 No conflicts occurred. 

G1.2 Over the past 10 years, how many land disputes did your household experience on this parcel? Please estimate if you do not know the exact number. 

[Preamble J.6-8] Compared to 10 years ago, to what extent has the (J.6-J.8) of land related disputes within households in your bairro increased, decreased, or stayed the same? J.6. Frequency; J.7. severity; Options: 1 Increased a lot, 2 Increased a little, 3 Stayed the same, 4 Decreased a little, 5 Decreased a lot, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. J.(6,7,8) a. Why? 

[Preamble] Have disputes over [choose] become more or less severe in comparison to 10 years ago? C.26. land boundaries. C.28. inheritance or gifting land to family. C.30. acquisition of land by commercial investors. C.32. government acquisition of land C.34. compensation for land acquisitions by government C.36. compensation for land acquisitions by commercial investors C.38. weaknesses/unfairness in bodies charged with resolving land disputes. Options: 1 Much less severe, 2 Less severe, 3 Neither less nor more severe, 4 More severe, 5 Much more severe, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer.

MCC-Les

Endline questionnaire: 

G01: Have you had any land disputes or disagreement with anyone over this [parcel] since our last visit (2013)? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No.

MCC-CV

39i. To what extent did people in your community experience land disputes prior to 2015? 

G&J

Household questionnaire: 

[Preamble for Q61-69]: The Disputes; A. Land, B. Water, C. Other property disputes, E. Inheritance. 61. Have people in your village experienced any disputes related to [dispute] in the last 5 years? Options: 1.yes go to q. 62, 2.no go to next row. 64. Has your household experienced disputes related to [dispute] in the last 5 years? Options: 1.Yes go to q.65, 2.no go to the next row. 66. How many disputes related to [dispute] has your household experienced in the last 5 years? Options: 1. number of disputes, 2. Not applicable. 70. Did you personally experience any dispute related to the following issues or did you take care personally of a dispute for a member of your family? Dispute options: 1. Land, 2. Water, 3. Other property disputes, 5. Inheritance.

LNS 

Illustrative longer form: 

1. I am going to read you a list of problems and disputes that people commonly experience in everyday life. In each case, can you tell me whether or not you have personally experienced any such problem in the past two years, by which I mean a problem that started since [Reference date] or started before then, but continued afterwards? (...) Please only mention problems once. Since [date] have you had any problems or disputes to do with. Options: 1. Consumer, 2. Community resources, 3.Land, 4.housing, 5.Family. 

3. Thinking about the problem as a whole, consider a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 represents the least serious type of problem you could face and 10 represents the most serious.  What number best represents the seriousness of your problem?

CLPP-Lib

Household survey: 

O1. How many palaver of any type have you experienced in the past 12 months? Select all that apply. 

[preamble] Now I want to ask you some more questions about the 3 biggest palavers experienced by your household. O11. On a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being very low and 10 being very high, tell me how serious the palaver was/is. 

TGCC-Zam

H1. Have you ever experienced a land dispute on this field? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Refused to answer. 

H2. In the past three years, how many land disputes have you experienced on this field? 

[Preamble]: How many disputes about [issue] have you experienced on this field in the past three years? H3a. boundary. H4a. inheritance H5a. renting H6a. land reallocation H7a. livestock grazing H8a. tree cutting H9a. tree ownership H10a. fires or burning H11a. fencing I15. Compared to 3 years ago, do you think the frequency of land related disputes between your village and other villages has increased, decreased, or stayed the same? (hvconfreq3) This village vs. other villages only. I16. Compared to 3 years ago, do you think the intensity of land related disputes between your village and other villages has increased, decreased, or stayed the same? (hvconintense3) This village vs. other villages only. Options: (1)Increased (2)Decreased (3) Remained the same (888)Don't know (999)Refused to answer. 

FtF-Tan

[preamble] This next line of questioning addresses disputes around land in the village. G1. In the past six months, has anyone in your household been involved in any dispute or argument about land- for example, about who owns or has rights to a parcel, boundaries of parcels, or inheritance of land? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No G1.1. How many disputes? G5. Overall, how serious was the dispute? Options: 1 Very serious 2 Somewhat serious 3 Not serious.

ELTAP-Et 

5.2 During the last 2 years (24 months), was your household involved in any land related disagreements on [parcel_id]? 5.4 How serious was this dispute? Options: 1= Very serious, 2= Serious, 3= Somewhat serious, 4= Not serious 

5.9 For how long has this dispute been under deliberation? [months] 

[Preamble 3.1-3.5]: How common are [3.1-3.5] disagreements for women in your kebele? 3.1 Conflicting land claim following divorce 3.2 Conflicting land claim following inheritance 3.3 Boundary encroachment 3.4 Share-cropping and rental matter 3.5 Others. Options: 1.Very common, 2.Somewhat common, 3.Not common=3. 3.7 Have you been involved in any kind of land disagreement in the past two years?

J4P-Ind

G1 Has your household experienced disputes related to [A-W] in the past two. Options: 1. Yes, 3. No. 

G2 How many disputes related to [A-W] has your household experienced in the A Land B Water  C Forestry G Problems obtaining land title K Contested Inheritance W Corruption / Extortion / Bribery. G7 Of those that you experienced, indicate the top two most important to you G10 Of the total list, please indicate the top two which you believe are of most concern to the village. Options: 1. Family, 2. Individual (this village), 3. Individual (other village), 4. Group (this village), 5. Group (other village), 6. Company / Plantation, 7. Village, 8. Kecamatan Government, 9. Other Government, 95. Other

RoL 

[Preamble for Q19-Q20]: I am going to read you a list of problems and disputes that people commonly experience in everyday life. Q19 In each case, please tell me whether or not you have had any such problem during the past two years. In the last two years, have you had …? A3 Major disruptions in the supply of utilities (e.g. water, electricity, phone) or incorrect billing B1 Problems obtaining land titles, property titles, or permission for building projects for your own home B2 Problems related to squatting and land grabbing B3 Problems with your neighbors over boundaries or the right to pass through property, fences, or trees B4 Problems with co-owners or community members over selling property C1 Problems with a landlord about rental agreements, payments, repairs, deposits, or eviction C2 Problems with a tenant about rental agreements or property damage C3 Problems with your neighbors over noise, litter, parking spots, or pets C4 Becoming homeless H3 Lack of access to water, sanitation, and/or electricity K1 Being behind on and unable to pay credit cards, utility bills (e.g. water, electricity, gas), or a loan. Options: 1.Yes, 2.No. 

Q20 Thinking about the problems that you have experienced, and looking at this scale, where 0 represents the least serious and 10 represents the most serious problem you could ever face in your lifetime, please mark where on the scale you would place each of the issues or problems you have experienced. Options: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DK/NA.

MCC-Moz

V3 endline: 

G1.4 What was the conflict or dispute about? Options: 1 Boundary errors, 2 Who is the rightful owner(s) in cases of inheritance or gifts to the family, 3 Loss of land due to expropriation/reallocation, 4 Inadequate compensation in cases of land loss/expropriation, 5 Land rental terms, 6 Crop/tree/property damage or destruction, 7 Passing over the parcel to access another parcel, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Note in the women’s questionnaire: same question with further options: 3 Ownership, 4 Land use/management, 9 Consultations with community leaders, 10 Consultations with government authorities. Note, same question G1.4 asked in the Community leader’s questionnaire, but with slight differences in the Options: 1 Boundary dispute, 2 Ownership / who is the rightful owner(s) or primary right holder, 3 Land use. Other, specify. Note in the baseline questionnaire same question, only 6 Options: 2 Weak cadastral services, 3 Disagreement between heirs, 4 Incomplete demarcation, 5 Sales to more than one person, 6 Poor consultation with community leader, 7 Other, spec. 

G1.6 With whom were you in conflict or dispute? [parcel_id] Options: 1 Household member, 2 Extended family, 3 Other household in your local bairro, 4 Other household in this city but outside of your local bairro, 5 Person from outside the city, 6 immigrants, 7 Corporation/business/firm, 8 Parcel owner (if rented / borrowed), 9 Governor, 10 Mayor, 11 Administrator, 12 Secretario premanente, 13 Presidente Do Municipio, 14 Municipal land office, 15 Municipal authorities, 16 Regulo, 17 Cabo, 18 Other traditional leaders, 19 Chefe Do Posto, 20 Secretario Do Bairro, 21 Chefe Do Quarteirao, 22 Chefe de 10 casas, 23 Secretario da Unidade Communal, 24 Other community leader, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Note in the baseline questionnaire same question, only 8 Options: 1 Tradicional authorities, 2 Formal authorities, 3 Family, 4 Neighbors, 5 Firms, 6 Immigrants, 7 Losing land due to lack of DUAT, 8 Land taken away by authorities,7 Other, spec. 

C.22. What challenges do households in your bairro face regarding land management/governance/disputes? C.23. Which of these challenges is the biggest? Options: 0 No challenges faced, 1 Disputes over land boundaries (encroachment of neighboring HHs / communities onto land), 2 Disputes over inheritance of land or gifts of land to family, 3 Disputes over acquisition of land by commercial investors, 4 Disputes over government acquisition of land, 5 Disputes over compensation for land acquisitions by government, 6 Disputes over compensation for land acquisitions by commercial investors, 7 Weaknesses/unfairness in bodies charged with resolving land disputes, 97 Other, specify, 999 Prefer not to respond, 888 Don’t know. Please specify. C.24. Thinking about 10 years ago, what challenges did households in your bairro face regarding land management/governance/disputes? 

C.25. Which of these challenges was the biggest? Options: 0 No challenges faced, 1 Disputes over land boundaries (Encroachment of neighboring HHs/ communities onto land), 2 Disputes over inheritance of land or gifts of land to family, 3 Disputes over acquisition of land by commercial investors, 4 Disputes over government acquisition of land, 5 Disputes over compensation for land acquisitions by government, 6 Disputes over compensation for land acquisitions by commercial investors, 7 Weaknesses/unfairness in bodies charged with resolving land disputes, 97 Other, specify, 999 Prefer not to respond, 888 Don’t know. Please specify. 

MCC-Les

Endline quesitionnaire: 

G04 What was the nature of the dispute on this [parcel]? Options: 1 Boundary disputes with neighbors, 2.Government (planning /expropriation), 3 Disagreement between heirs (inheritance), 4.Disagreement with chief, 5 Allocation to more than one person, 6 Poor consultation with community leader, 7 Losing land due to absence of proof of ownership, 8 Land taken away by authorities, 9 Other, specify. 

G05 With whom were you in dispute with on this [parcel]? Options: 1 Chief, 2 Formal authorities, 3 Family: Non-household members, 4 Neighbors, 5 Firms, 6 Foreigners, 7.Household members, 8 Other, specify. 

MCC-CV

Semi-structured Interview Protocol: 

[39i experience of land dispute before a year]  (...) 39ii What kinds of disputes? 39iii Why?

G&J

Household questionnaire: 

67. Who was the dispute with? Options: 1. Family member living in household, 2. Other relative, 3. Neighbour, 4. Other individual in village, 5. Individual in other village, 6. Group in village, 7. Group in other village, 8. Company, 9. Government official, 10. Government, 11. Other.

LNS

[preamble] First some questions about the nature of the problem: 24. Which of the following [was/is] being sought? Options: a) Money or property, b) Something being restored to how it was, c) Somebody recognising rights or meeting responsibilities, d) Change to the nature of a relationship, d) Change to a decision, f) An apology, g) Something else (Other)  25. Who was the problem with? Options: a) Family member, b) Friend, c) Colleague, d) Employer, e) Neighbour, f) Other individual, g) Community organisation, h) Commercial organisation, i) Police, j) Other public servant or authority, k) Other (specify) 

[preamble] I am now going to ask you some more detailed questions about different aspects of the problem. 26. Thinking about the time the problem first started, would you say …  Options: a) You thought the other party had done something wrong or were at fault, b) The other party thought you had done something wrong, c) Or were at fault, d) Both thought the other had done something wrong or were at fault, e) Or neither thought the other had done anything wrong or were at fault 27. Was there ever any disagreement between you and the other side about what you or they should do in response to the problem? 28. Did any party resort to physical violence or threats of violence during the disagreement or in the process of settling the disagreement. 

29 [preamble] Thinking about a problem… Which of you have more resources to address the problem? 30. Excluding the other party, was the problem shared with other people, such as members of your family, friends, colleagues, neighbours or other members of your community?. Options: a) No, only me, b) Family or friends, c) Colleagues, d) Neighbours or community. 31. Do you think [problem] was due to you being discriminated against on the basis of any of the following? Options: a) Age, b) Gender, c) Disability/ill-health, d) Ethnicity, e) Caste/economic class, f) Religion, g) Political affiliation, h) Sexual orientation.

CLPP-Lib

Household survey: 

O2. What type of palaver is this? Options: 1.Boundaries, 2.Resources, 3.Inheritance, 4.Use of land, 5.Loss of access to forest resources, 6.Loss of access to farmland, 97.Other (specify), 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. Other, please specify. 

O3. Which of these examples best fits the people involved in your palaver? (con#_whowith). Who was involved in the palaver? Options: 1.Community and elites, 2.Intra-community dispute (between households of the same ethnic group/tribe), 3.Intra-community dispute (between households of different ethnic groups/tribes), 4.Inter community dispute (between communities), 5.Inter community dispute (between community and individual from another town), 6.Dispute with non-residents of the community who are private investors, 7.Dispute with government officials, 8.Intra-household dispute between husband and/or wife/wives, 9.Intra-household dispute between immediate family and extended family, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

O4. What type of land was the palaver was mainly about? (con#_landtype) Select all that apply. Options: 1.Town land, 2.Communal Forest land, 3.Individual farm land, 4.Communal farm land, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond.

TGCC-Zam

H6b. Who was involved in this dispute? [Select all that apply] Options: 1- Extended family, 2- Household member, 3- Friend/neighbor from your village, 4- Stranger from same tribe within your village, 5-Stranger from different tribe within your village, 6- Official or leader from your village, 7- Official or leader from outside your village, 8- Household from another village, 9- Chief or higher authority, 10-Other, 888- Don’t know, 999- Refused to answer.

FtF-Tan

Midline survey instrument: 

[preamble] This next line of questioning addresses disputes around land in the village. G1.5. What was the dispute related to? Select all that apply. Options: 1 Land that the household owned or was using, 2 The household trying to acquire new land, 3 Land rented from the household, 4 Land rented by the household, 5 Inheritance, 6 Grazing, 7 Other. 

[Preamble] Which of the following best describes the dispute? G1.6. Options: 1 Someone who lives in the area tried to take the household’s land, 2 Someone from outside the area tried to take the household’s land, 3 Boundary dispute with neighbor, 4 Government tried to take the land or stop the household from using it. G1.7. Options: 1 The household bought/claimed/requested some new land, but someone else claimed to be the owner, 2 The household did not buy the land but wanted land that someone else was using, 3 None of the above. G1.9. Options: 1 Payment of rent/crops, 2 Length of rental agreement 3 Disagreement over ownership, 4 Other. G.1.10. Options: 1 Disagreement with brothers/sisters over parents’ land, 2 Widow/widower whose land is being claimed by spouse’s relatives, 3 Other. 

ELTAP-Et

Household survey: 

5.3 What type of land related dispute? (probe and code using type of dispute codes). Options: 1= Yegebagnal, i.e., conflicting land claims by non-family members, 2= Yegebagnal, i.e., conflicting land claims following divorce, 3= Yegebagnal, i.e., conflicting land claims related to inheritance, 4= Boundary / encroachment matters, 5= Conflict that arises from exchange of parcels of land, 6= Conflict that arises in relation to access to road, 7= Conflict that arises in relation to water (flood) transfer, 8= Sharecropping and rental matters, 9= Others (specify). 

J4P-Ind

HH head_baseline survey:  

G3 Who was the dispute with? Options: 1. Family, 2. Individual (this village), 3. Individual (other village), 4. Group (this village), 5. Group (other village), 6. Company / Plantation, 7. Village, 8. Kecamatan Government, 9. Other Government, 95. Other. 

G8 Please briefly describe your most important dispute [open]

G9 Please briefly describe your second most important dispute [open]

RoL

General population poll: 

Q33. Who initiated it (contact), you (or somebody acting on your behalf), the other party, or someone else? Options: 1.Myself (or someone on my behalf), 2.The other party, 3.Someone else, 99. DK/NA. 

Prindex-1&2

Q77. [Experience of losing property rights] Did you personally ever lose the right to live in a property against your will? r1. No; r2. Yes; r3. Refused.

LGAF-2

LGI 12.4 Is there any independent and accessible avenues for appealing against expropriation? Answers: (A) existent and accessible; (B) existent but with access restrictions; (C) existent but not always accessible; (D) non-independent. 

LGI 12.5 Is there any mechanism for release of formal decisions for complaints about expropriation? being the % of decisions over complaints (A) >80%; (B) 50-80%; (C) 30-50%; (D) <30%.

LGAF-1

LGI 14.iv Is there independent avenues to raise complaints for expropriation? Answers: yes, no

GLII

GD7. How strongly do you feel the authorities would protect you if somebody tried to evict you from your dwelling? Options: 1. Very strongly; 2. Fairly strongly; 3. Not strongly; 4. Not at all; 5. DK. 

GD14. Have you ever been evicted from your home at any time during the past 5 years? Options: 1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk. Note in the Land ownership module: GD20 and GL33 identical to the former, but follow up with: GL34. If yes, by whom? Options: 1.The state; 2.Person who sold me the land; 3.My family; 4.Relatives; 96.Other(specify).

SDI-SPS

C5. What are the social problems you have experienced in your community? Options: Evictions; Riots; Crime; Community Violence; Other - please list  

C7. Has this settlement ever faced eviction threats? Options: Yes, No 

C8. [If yes] How many times have you faced eviction? Options: Yes, No 

C11. If you were under threat of eviction, what did you do to stop it? What are you currently doing to stop it? Any other comments on eviction threats? [open]

GHI

P4.1 The number of people evicted in the largest mass eviction that took place in the greater municipality in the last three years. P4.1a Did the eviction follow established legal guidelines for evictions? Options: 1.Yes; 0.No; 100. if no eviction. 

P4.1b How long in advance of the actual Please consult organization working with eviction were people first informed? Evictees. (months) Please enter 100 if no Eviction. 

P4.1c Was violence involved?Options: 1.Yes; 0.No; 100. if no eviction working with evictees. 

P4.1d The percentage of people who were evicted. Please indicate in comments roughly equivalent to the value of whether there was any difference in their homes. (%) Please enter 100 if compensation between female-led and no eviction male-led households. 

MCC-Moz

V3, urban quant, household questionnaire (endline): 

K1. Has your household lost access to land that belonged to you in the past 10 years? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

K2. How many times has your household lost access to land in the past 10 years? Options: unit. 

K4. What was the reason(s) for the loss of land? Options: 1 Household head wanted to use it for another purpose, 2 Another family member wanted it for another purpose, 3 Failure to use land in accordance with land use plan or community rules, 5 Reallocated by Governor, 6 Reallocated by High Court, 7 Reallocated by Mayor, 8 Reallocated by Administrator, 9 Reallocated by Secretario premanente, 10 Reallocated by Presidente Do Municipio, 11 Reallocated by Municipal land office, 12 Reallocated by Notary, 13 Reallocated by Municipal authorities, 14 Reallocated by Provincial Court, 15 Reallocated by Chefe de seretaria SDMAS, 16 Reallocated by Regulo, 17 Reallocated by Cabo, 18 Reallocated by Other traditional leaders, 19 Reallocated by Chefe Do Posto, 20 Reallocated by Secretario Do Bairro, 21 Reallocated by Chefe Do Quarteirao, 22 Reallocated by Chefe de 10 casas, 23 Reallocated by Secretario da Unidade Communal, 24 Reallocated by Other community leader, 25 Reallocated by Registo predial, 26 Reallocated by Local Court, 27 Reallocated by Lawyer, 28 Reallocated by Housing or land broker, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don't know, 999 Refused to answer. Other, specify. 

K10. Who reallocated the land? K11. Who was the land reallocated to? Options: 1 Household member, 2 Extended family member, 3 Individual/ household in this bairro, 4 Individual/ household from a neighboring or nearby bairro, 5 Investor/company, 6 Elite from another part of Mozambique, 7 Elite from another country, 8 No one; land has not (yet) been reallocated, 9 Government representatives from Maputo (Central gov), 10 Governor, 11 High Court, 12 Mayor, 13 Administrator, 14 Secretario premanente, 15 Presidente Do Municipio, 16 Municipal land office, 17 Notary, 18 Municipal authorities, 19 Provincial Cour, , 20 Chefe de seretaria SDMAS, 21 Regulo, 22 Cabo, 23 Other traditional leaders, 24 Chefe Do Posto, 25 Secretario Do Bairro, 26 Chefe Do Quarteirao, 27 Chefe de, 10 casas, 28 Secretario da Unidade Communal, 29 Other community leader, 30 Registo predial, 31 Local Court, 32 Lawyer, 33 Housing or land broker, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Other, specify. 

K13. Did your household receive any compensation, cash or in-kind, for the lost parcel? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

K15. Overall, how satisfied were you with the reallocation process? Options: 1 Very satisfied, 2 Satisfied, 3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 4 Dissatisfied, 5 Very dissatisfied, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. 

Community leader’s questionnaire: 

M.1. Over the past 10 years, have businesses, investors, or the government acquired or tried to acquire a significant amount of land or displaced a significant amount of people? *A significant amount of land is approximately 5 HA or more. A significant number of people are approximately 5 or more households. Options: 0 No, 1 Yes 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.1a. How many times has land been acquired or tried to be acquired? M.1b. Who acquired or tried to acquire the land? M.3.Were you or other community leaders consulted prior to [name] beginning work? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. M.4. Who consulted you? Select all that apply. Options: 1 Regulo, 2 Chefe do Posto, 3 Chefe de Quarterio, 4 Secretary de Baiiro, 5 Chefe de 10 Casas, 6 Traditional authorities, 7 Elders or other respected members, 8 Business/investor, 9 Central government from Maputo, 10 Mayor or other municipal authority, 11 Municipal Land Office, 12 SPGC, 13 NGO, 14 Local/Customary Court, 15 Provincial Court, 16 High Court, 17 Provincial government, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. Other (specify). 

M.5. Approximately how long has [name] been active in your bairro? [a. Amount. b. Unit.] Options: 1 Days, 2 Weeks, 3 Months, 4 Years, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.6. Were any DUAT certificates or community delimitations used in the negotiations between landholders and [name]?. Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.7. Please describe how any DUAT certificates or community delimitations were used or what role they played in the negotiation. M.8. Did [clu_ir_invname] acquire land in this bairro? M.9. Did you support [clu_ir_invname] acquiring land in this bairro? M.10. Did you support the type of activity undertaken by [name]? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.11. In your view, how many community members supported [name]'s acquisition of land? M.12. In your view, how many community members are involved / engaged in the type of activity undertaken by [name]? Options: 1 All, 2 Most, 3 About half, 4 Some, 5 None, 888 Don't know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.13. Were you or any community members involved in any meetings or any negotiations about the work that [clu_ir_invname] would be doing in your community? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.14. In your opinion, how transparent was the negotiation process between your community and [name]? *If negotiations are transparent, that means that people in the community knew and understood what was happening in negotiations, rather than them occurring in secret. Options: 1 Very transparent, 2 Somewhat transparent, 3 Neutral/Don’t know, 4 Very little transparency, 5 Not at all transparent, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.15. Who was involved in the negotiation process? Options: 1 Regulo, 2 Chefe do Posto, 3 Chefe de Quarterio, 4 Secretary de Baiiro, 5 Chefe de 10 Casas, 6 Traditioal authorities, 7 Elders or other respected members, 8 Business/investor, 9 Central government from Maputo, 10 Mayor or other municipal authority, 11 Municipal Land Office, 12 SPGC, 13 NGO, 14 Local/Customary Court, 15 Provincial Court, 16 High Court, 17 Provincial government, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. Other, please specify. 

M.16. Do you feel [name] listened to your concerns and took them into consideration? M.17. Do members of your bairro have an agreement on paper with [name]? M.18. Have members of your bairro been offered benefits by [name]? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.19. Which benefits was your community offered? (Select all that apply) Options: 1 Salary jobs, 2 Health clinic, 3 New secondary school, 4 New/repaired road, 5 New/repaired bridges, 6 Training, 7 Getting money (ex. land rental fees), 97 Other, specify, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. Other, please specify. 

M.20. Have you received all of the benefits that your community was offered? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.21. Of those benefits offered, which has your community received? M.22. How confident are you that your bairro will receive all of the promised benefits? Options: 1 Very confident, 2 Confident, 3 Neutral, 4 Not very confident, 5 Not at all confident, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.23. Have members of your bairro received any other benefits from [name], not initially offered. Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.24. What other benefits did your community receive, not initially offered? Options: 0 No benefits received, 1 Salary jobs, 2 Health clinic, 3 New secondary school, 4 New/repaired road, 5 New/repaired bridges, 6 Training, 7 Getting money (ex. land rental fees), 97 Other, specify, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.25. Please describe the level of satisfaction with [name] among members of your bairro. Options: 1 Very satisfied, 2 Satisfied. 3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 4 Dissatisfied, 5 Very dissatisfied, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.26. Did members of this bairro experience any negative results/have bad things happened as a result of [name] presence? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.27. What were the negative results? Probe and code. Select all that apply. Options: 1 Lost land for farming, 2 Lost houses, 3 Lost building materials, 4 Investor did not deliver promised benefits, 5 Investor abandoned project, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.28. How many households lost access to houses? M.29. How have things changed in your bairro since [clu_ir_invname] came - have things gotten better or worse? Options:1 Much worse, 2 A little worse, 3 No change, 4 A little better, 5 Much better, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

M.30. How much will [name] benefit the bairro economically? Options: 1 A lot, 2 Somewhat, 3 A little, 4 Not at all, 5 Things will get worse for the community, 888 Don't know, 999 Prefer not to respond.

MCC-Les

G0A. Did the household own any land in the last 3 years but whose ownership has since been lost due to some conflict? Options: 1 Yes owned land but lost ownership due to conflict; 2 Yes owned land but lost ownership due to other reasons; 3 No, did not lose land due to conflict 4 No, did not own land

Land Matrix

Annex 3: 

V2 - Displacement: Options: Displacement occurred; No displacement; Actual number of people/households displaced; Displacement within/outside community land; Households displaced from agricultural fields; Potential displacement on full project implementation; Comments on displacement. V3 Consultation of local community: Options: Consultation conducted; No consultation; Comments on community consultation. 

V4 - Community reaction: Options: Reaction type; Comments on community reaction. 

V5 - Presence of land conflicts: Options: Conflicts present; No conflicts; Comments on land conflicts. 

V7 Promised benefits for local communities: Options: Benefits promised; No benefits promised; Comments on promised benefits; Materialized benefits. 

V8 Materialised benefits for local communities: Options: Benefits materialized; No benefits materialized; Comments on materialized benefits. 

V9 Negative impacts for local communities: Options: Negative impacts reported; No negative impacts; Comments on negative impacts. 

V10 Promised compensation: Options: Compensation promised. 

V11 Received compensation: Options: Compensation received; No compensation received. 

V12 Gender-related information: Options: Gender-related info provided; No gender-related info; Comments on gender-related information. 

V15 Presence of organisations and actions taken: Options: Organisations present; No organisations present; Actions taken. 

V16 Actors involved in the negotiation/admission process: Options: Actors identified; No actors identified; Details on actors involved.

LGAF-2

LGI 25.2 an estimation in % of the time it takes to resolve a case over the average time of all cases. Options:<6 months; <1 year; <18 months; <2 years; and 

LGI 25.3 an estimation in % of the amount of long-standing procedures (>5 years) from the total land dispute court cases. Options: <5%;5-10%;10-20%;>20%. 

MCC-Moz

Community leaders’ questionnaire: 

G1.3 What year did the land conflict or dispute start? Options: 777 Before 2009,  2009 2009, 2010 2010, 2011 2011, 2012 2012, 2013 2013, 2014 2014, 2015 2015, 2016 2016, 2017 2017, 2018 2018, 2019 2019, 2020 2020, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer 

Baseline questionnaire:  

[Preamble G1.10-14] About a conflict or dispute (...) G1.19 Did you have to pay any cash or in-kind goods to resolve this conflict or dispute? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 1.8 How much time did it take to resolve the conflict or dispute? Options: 1 Days, 2 Weeks, 3 Months, 4 Years, 888 Do not know. 

G1.8a Who finally resolved the land conflict or dispute? Option: 1 Governor, 2 High Court, 3 Mayor, 4 Administrator, 5 Secretario permanente, 6 Presidente Do Municipio, 7 Municipal land office, 8 Notary, 9 Municipal authorities, 10 Provincial Court, 11 Chefe de secretaria SDMAS,12 Regulo, 13 Cabo, 14 Other traditional leaders, 15 Chefe Do Posto, 16 Secretario Do Bairro, 17 Chefe Do Quarteirão, 18 Chefe de 10 casas, 19 Secretario da Unidade Communal, 20 Other community leader, 21 Registo predial, 22 Local Court, 23 Lawyer, 24 Housing or land broker, 777 No one, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Note in the Community leader’s questionnaire same questions but slight differences in the Options: 5 Elders or other respected Members, 11 Provincial government, 12 Government from Maputo, 13 Lawyer, 14 NGO, 15 Resolved between disputing parties themselves, 16 Family member, 17 Neighbor, 18 Community paralegal, 19 Women leader, 20 Youth leader, 999 Prefer not to respond. Other, specify. 

G1.16 Who did you approach (if anyone) to resolve this land conflict or dispute after you could not resolve it individually with the individual/entity with which you were in dispute? Option: 1 Governor, 2 High Court, 3 Mayor, 4 Administrator, 5 Secretario premanente, 6 Presidente Do Municipio, 7 Municipal land office, 8 Notary, 9 Municipal authorities, 10 Provincial Court, 11 Chefe de seretaria SDMAS,12 Regulo, 13 Cabo, 14 Other traditional leaders, 15 Chefe Do Posto, 16 Secretario Do Bairro, 17 Chefe Do Quarteirao, 18 Chefe de 10 casas, 19 Secretario da Unidade Communal, 20 Other community leader, 21 Registo predial, 22 Local Court, 23 Lawyer, 24 Housing or land broker, 26 NGO, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Other, specify. Note in the women’s questionnaire: same questions, but providing a few further Options: 25 Family member, 26 NGO, 27 Neighbor. Note in the baseline questionnaire: same questions but with only 5 Options: 1 Local leader, 3 District authority, 5 Family, 6 Outro, esp. G1.17 Did you use any documentation as a part of the resolution process? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. G1.18 Which document/s did you use? Option: 1 DUAT certificate, 2 Provisonal title, 3 Certificate of cadastral services, 4 Documentation of purchase/sales, 5 Informal contract or letter validating permanent or temporary transfer, 6 Lease agreement for rentals, 7 Agreement/declaration from traditional authority, 8 Testimony from the community, 97 Other, specify, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer. Note in the community leader’s questionnaire: same question, slight differences in the Options: 0 None, 999 Prefer not to respond. Other, specify. 

[preamble conflicts within hh] J.3a. How many of the disputes that occurred in the past 12 months within households in your bairro were resolved in part using the household's DUAT certificate? Options: 1 All, 2 Most, 3 About half, 4 Some, 5 None, 888 Don't know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

Q.4a Of these, which is most frequently used? Options: 0 None, 1 DUAT certificate, 2 Provisional title, 3 Certificate of cadastral services, 4 Documentation of purchase/sales,5 Informal contract or letter, validating permanent or, temporary transfer, 6 Lease agreement for rentals, 7 Written, agreement/declaration from customary leader, 8 Testimony from the community, 97 Other, specify, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

J.4b. Prior to DUAT certificates being issued, were there any other types of documents issued that were used to resolve disputes within households? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Prefer not to respond. J.4ba. Which documents were used? J.4d. Which was the most effective? Options (J4ba, J4d): 1 Provisional title, 2 Certificate of cadastral services, 3 Documentation of purchase/sales, 4 Informal contract or letter, validating permanent or, temporary transfer, 5 Lease agreement for rentals, 6 Written, agreement/declaration from customary leader, 7 Testimony from the community, 97 Other (specify), 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. Other, specify. 

J.4c. Compared to the DUAT certificate, were these documents more or less effective at resolving this type of dispute?Options: 1 More effective than the DUAT certificate, 2 As effective as a DUAT certificate, 3 Less effective than a DUAT certificate, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

J.5a. Are conflicts on parcels with DUAT certificates easier to resolve or less violent than conflicts on parcels that do not have DUAT certificates? Options: 1 Yes, much easier, 2 Yes, easier, 3 The samem, 4 No, harder, 5 No, much harder, 888 Don't know. 

[Preamble J.6-8] Compared to 10 years ago, to what extent has [questions J6-J8] land related disputes within households in your bairro increased, decreased, or stayed the same? (...) J.8. amount of time to resolve. Options: 1 Increased a lot, 2 Increased a little, 3 Stayed the same, 4 Decreased a little, 5 Decreased a lot, 888 Don’t know, 999 Prefer not to respond. 

MCC-Les

Endline questionnaire: 

G02. When did the dispute or disagreement on this [parcel] start? G03 [YYYY]. 

G07 When was the dispute on this [parcel] resolved?. G08 [YYYY]. 

G09 Through what mechanism was the conflict on this [parcel] resolved? Options: 1 Through commercial court, 2 Through court annexed mediation, 3 Through small claims procedure, 4 Through district land courts, 5 Though other courts e.g. Local court etc, 6 Through local authorities e.g. District Administrator, Principal Chief, Area Chief, 7 Through family structures etc. 8. Through LAA 9. Master of the high court, 10 Other (specify). 

G10 When was the conflict referred for resolution to the court or authorities? [yyyy] [

G13, G14] From the time the conflict started until the time it ended or until now (if it has not ended), total how much time did you (or have you) spent towards resolving this conflict? G13. Include time spent visiting the authorities, courts and collecting required documents. Options: 997-Don’t know, 998-Do not remember. G14 Specify units. Options: 1 hours, 2 days, 3 weeks, 4 years, 997-Don’t know, 998 Do not remember. 

[G15, G16] How much money have you spent on the following types of costs in total towards this conflict? Options: Amount paid for Administration fee, surveying, valuation fees, taxes M, 997-Don’t know, 998-Do not remember. G16 Options: Amount paid for incentives for obtaining service. M, 997-Don’t know, 998-Do not remember.

N12 If you had conflict with someone on land they possess or someone has conflict with you on the land you possess, where would you go to resolve the conflict? Options: 1. LAA/LSPP, 2. Commercial court, 3. District land courts, 4. Other courts, 5. District administrator, 6. Area Chief, 7. Master of the high court, 8. Other (sp.), 997 Don’t know.

MCC-CV

42i. To what extent did obtaining a deed give you: 42ii An additional security/ability to resolve a conflict? 42iii Protect you from a conflict? 43i. [If registered] To what extent did having your land registered give you: 43ii An additional security/ability to resolve a conflict? 43iii Protect you from a conflict? [Open answers]

J&G

[Preamble for Q61-69]  Regarding the disputes; A. Land, B. Water, C. Other property disputes, E. Inheritance. (...) 62. Where was the first place they went to try to resolve the dispute? One answer. Options: 1. Direct negotiations, 2. Did not take any action, 3. Father’s family, 4. Spouse’s family, 5. Other party’s family, 6. Friends, 7. Elders or local Shura/Jirga, 8. Tribal leader/Malik, 9. Mullah, 10. Elder woman – white hairs (mui-e-safed) / Women Shura, 11. District Governor, 12. Provincial Governor, 13. Police, 14. Public Prosecutor, 15. State courts, 16. Local Militia, 17. Taliban, 18. Local commandant, 19. Lawyer office, 20. Legal aid office, 21. Paralegal, 22. NGO, 23. Hoqooq department, 24. Clinic – health centre, 25. DoWA, 26. Human Rights Commission, 27. Other (specify), 28. EVAW Prosecution Unit, 29. Family Response Unit (within police), 30. Family Court. (...) 68. Where was the first place they went to try to resolve the dispute? Refer to list of institutions (Q62) 72. When the dispute arose, did you try to negotiate directly with other party? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No. 

73. When the dispute arose, or after direct negotiations, who did you turn to resolve it? Options: 1. It was resolved through direct negotiations, 2.Did not take any action, 3.Father’s family, 4.Spouse’s family 5.Other party’s family, 6.Friends, 7.Elders or local Shura/Jirga, 8.Tribal leader/Malik, 9.Mullah, 10. Elder woman – white hairs (mui-e-safed) /Women Shura, 11. District Governor, 12. Provincial Governor, 13. Police, 14. Public Prosecutor, 15. State courts, 16. Local Militia, 17. Taliban, 18. Local commandant, 19. Lawyer office, 20. Legal aid office, 21. Paralegal, 22. NGO, 23. Hoqooq (Law) department, 24. Clinic – health centre, 25. DoWA, 26. Human Rights Commission, 27. Other (specify), 28. EVAW Prosecution Unit, 29. Family Response Unit (within police), 30. Family Court. 

76. Who assisted you in filing or reporting? Options: 1. It was resolved through direct negotiations, 2. No one, 3. Father’s family, 4. Spouse’s family, 5. Other party’s family, 6. Friends, 7. Elders or local Shura/Jirga, 8. Tribal leader/Malik, 9. Mullah, 10. Elder woman – white hairs (mui-e-safed) / Women Shura, 11. District Governor, 12. Provincial Governor, 13. Police, 14. Public Prosecutor, 15. State courts, 16. Local Militia, 17. Taliban, 18. Local commandant, 19. Lawyer office, 20. Legal aid office, 21. Paralegal, 22. NGO, 23. Hoqooq (Law) department, 24. Clinic – health centre, 25. DoWA, 26. Human Rights Commission, 27. Other (specify), 28. EVAW Prosecution Unit, 29. Family Response Unit (within police), 30. Family Court. 

76b. Has the necessity to pay the zamanat – prevented your case to be solved? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No, 3. I don’t know what the zamanat (guarantee) is, 4. Other (specify). 

[Preamble] We would like to know about the different stages that your dispute went through: A. First person to whom the dispute was taken. B. Second person to whom the dispute was taken. C. Third person to whom the dispute was taken. Options [person_id]. 77. To whom/which institution the dispute was taken? Options: 1. [institution_id] [person_id] 2.None, 82 How long did this first/second/third stage of the days process take? Options: [days] 83. How much money did it cost, if any? [units] 93 With whose help did you eventually solve this problem? Options (C):1. It was resolved through direct negotiations, 2. No one, 3. Father’s family, 4. Spouse’s family, 5. Other party’s family, 6. Friends, 7. Elders or local Shura/Jirga, 8. Tribal leader/Malik, 9. Mullah, 10. Elder woman – white hairs (mui-e-safed)/Women Shura, 11. District Governor, 12. Provincial Governor, 13. Police, 14. Public Prosecutor, 15. State courts, 16. Local Militia, 17. Taliban, 18. Local commandant, 19. Lawyer office, 20. Legal aid office, 21. Paralegal, 22. NGO, 23. Hoqooq department, 24. Clinic – health centre, 25. DoWA, 26. Human Rights Commission, 27. Other (specify), 28. EVAW Prosecution Unit, 29. Family Response Unit (within police), 30. Family Court. 

[Vignette for 51 and 52]: 2: Female respondent: Your father has passed away. You inherited a piece of land that you want to retain as yours. Your brothers will not let you have it. Male respondent: Your wife’s father has passed away. She inherited a piece of land that she wants to retain. Her brothers will not let her have it. 51/53: To whom would you first request assistance to resolve this dispute? Options: 1. Through direct negotiations, 2. Did not take any action,3. Father’s family, 4. Spouse’s family, 5. Other party’s family, 6. Friends, 7. Elders or local Shura/Jirga, 8. Tribal leader/Malik, 9. Mullah, 10. Elder woman – white hairs (mui-e-safed)/Women Shura, 11. District Governor, 12. Provincial Governor, 13. Police,14. Public Prosecutor, 15. State courts, 16. Local Militia, 17. Taliban, 18. Local commandant, 19. Lawyer office, 20. Legal aid office, 21. Paralegal, 22. NGO, 23. Hoqooq department, 24. Clinic – health centre, 25. DoWA 26. Human Rights Commission, 27. Other (specify), 28. EVAW Prosecution Unit, 29. Family Response Unit (within police), 30. Family Court. 

LNS

Longer form: 

[preamble] I am now going to ask you some questions about [problem 1, etc. from above]. 4b. Did you share this particular problem with other people, neighbours, or other members of your community (as in the case of some problems concerning, for example, the environment or communal land? 4c. Who did you share it with? Options: a) Household member(s), b) Other friend(s) or family member(s), c) Work colleague(s), d) Neighbour(s), e) Community, f) Other. 

6. Did you, or someone acting on your behalf, obtain information, advice or representation from any of the following people or organisations to help you better understand or resolve the problem? Please exclude any help provided by the other party. Options: a) Family, friends or acquaintances (excluding people whose job is to advise on problems such as these; please mention these people in their professional capacity), b) A lawyer, professional advisor, advice service or advice helpline, such as [examples] (specify), c) A court [or tribunal] or other dispute resolution organisation (such as [examples]) or the police (specify), d) A national, regional or municipal government department, agency, council or a politician (specify), g) A community or religious leader or organisation, an [NGO/charity], or trusted person or organisation (specify), h) Any other person or organisation (specify). 

7. Did any of the following things happen as part of [problem 1, etc.] or sorting it out? When I say “you” here, I mean you or somebody acting on your behalf. Options: a) You communicated with the other party; You or the other party made a claim to, or made use of, b) a court (or tribunal), c) an [Indigenous/ customary] dispute resolution process; d) [problem 1, etc.] was reported to the police (or other prosecution authority); You or the other party turned to, or action was taken by, e) a formal designated authority or agency., f) another state authority, g) a religious authority, h) a community leader or organisation; i) you participated in formal mediation, conciliation or arbitration.; k) You, the other party or somebody else turned to, or action was taken by, another third party for adjudication, mediation or intervention, l) There was no negotiation or third party involvement. 

10. Did you, or somebody acting on your behalf, do anything else to help you better understand or resolve the problem, such as communicate with the other party, obtain or organise evidence, or make an insurance claim? [open]. Options: a) Communicated with the other party, b) Obtained or organised evidence, c) Made an insurance claim, d) Other (specify). 

12. Which of the following statements best reflects how the problem outcome was ultimately brought about? a) a court (or tribunal) judgment, b) a decision or intervention by another formal authority, c) mediation, conciliation or arbitration, d) action by another third party, e) agreement between you and the other party, f) the other party independently doing what you wanted, g) you independently doing what the other party wanted, h) the problem sorting itself out, i) your moving away from the problem (e.g. moving home, changing job) j) [Only if Q10 = c] … you and/or all other parties giving up trying to resolve the problem. 

15. Excluding indirect payments – such as insurance premiums or membership subscriptions – but including payments made by family members and friends, [did you/have you], personally [have/had] to pay for any of the following in order to resolve the problem: Options: a) Lawyer and other advisor fees, b) Court, mediation or other administrative fees, c) Telephone calls and correspondence, d) Collecting information or obtaining evidence (incl. reimbursement of witnesses’ costs), e) Travel (e.g. bus fares or petrol to visit an advisor), f) Lost business or salary, from taking time off work (e.g. to obtain advice), g) Bribes / kick-backs (Remember, your answer is confidential) 

21. Finally, can you tell me roughly what month and year the problem started? 

22. And when did you and everybody else give up all actions to resolve the problem? 23. And when did it conclude? 

68. [If Q15a=Yes] You mentioned earlier that you had to pay for lawyer or other advisor fees. How difficult was it to find the money to meet these costs? 

74. Again, thinking about the problem resolution process as a whole, [were you/have you been] asked to (or did you need to) pay a bribe or incentive as a part of the process of resolving a problem?  

58. Which of the following did [or has] [advisor1, etc.] [do/done] to help you? [ask each separately]. Options: a) Provided pre-packaged information, such as a leaflet, b) Provided information about your rights and/or the law, c) Provided information about ways to resolve the problem, d) Provided information about types of financial support available to help you resolve the problem, e) Recommended what you should do, f) Helped with paperwork, g) Communicated with the other party on your behalf, h) Communicated with relevant authorities, i) Managed the problem resolution process on your behalf, j) Represented you in [processes], k) Suggested where to go for further information, advice or representation, l) Something else (specify).65. [“In addition to the sources of help you have told me about”] Did you try unsuccessfully to obtain information, advice or representation from anywhere [else]? 66. [If Yes] Where did you try unsuccessfully to obtain information, advice or representation from? 67. [If Yes] Did you experience any of the following difficulties when trying to get help from the sources you have mentioned? Option: a) Too far away or hard to get to, b) Inconvenient opening hours, c) Difficulty getting through on the phone, d) Difficulty getting an appointment, e) Too long to get a response, f) Too expensive, g) Language barrier, h) Poor adaptation for disabilities, i) Inadequate, poor or badly explained advice, j) Source not able or willing to help, k) Any other difficulty (specify). 

70. Thinking about [process 1, etc.], why did you choose this way of trying to resolve the problem? a) Appropriate authority/process, b) Advisor chose or recommended, c) Previous use, d) Cost, e) Convenience, I didn’t choose.

CLPP-Lib

Household survey: 

O7. How long it took for the palaver to be settled? Can you guess how many days, weeks, months or years? Options: 1.A couple days, 2.About 1 week, 3.Several weeks, 4.About one month, 5.Several month, 6.About one year, 7.2–3 years, 8.More than 3 years.

TGCC-Zam

H.12 What is the longest time period that it has taken for a dispute to be resolved? Options: 1.A couple days, 2.About 1 week, 3.Several weeks, 4.About one month, 5.Several month, 6.About one year, 7.2-3 years, 8.More than 3 years. 

H.13 Where is the first place this land dispute was taken to be resolved? Options: 1.Headman/woman, 2.NGO, 3.Cooperative farmer group, 4.Chipata District Land Alliance, 5.Village Land Committee, 6.Neighbor, 7.YGL, 8.Chief or other higher authority, 9.Induna, 10.Resolved myself, 11.Other, specify. 

FtF-Tan

[preamble] This next line of questioning addresses disputes around land in the village. G3. In what year did the dispute begin? G4. How long did the dispute last? G8.1. Who resolved the dispute? Options: 1 We resolved it amongst ourselves, 2 Others in the community, 3 The Village Council 4 District Courts, 6 District Officials,14 Village land use committee, 8 Ward land use committee, 10 Other.

ELTAP-Et

Household survey: 5.6 How was it finally resolved? 5.8 Where was the dispute referred to? Options: 1= Formal court, 2= Shimagele, i.e., Elders council, 3= Family’s, relatives’ or kin-group’s internal mechanism, 4= kebele administration, 5=woreda administration, 6= Others (specify), 7= Not referred. 

5.7 How long did it take to resolve the dispute? [months]

J4P-Ind

G11. When the problem occurred, did you try to negotiate directly with the other party? G13. When the dispute arose or after direct negotiations, where was the first place you went to resolve it? Options: A. Did nothing, B. Family / Friends / Neighbours, C. Village Head / Lurah, D. Hamlet Head / RT / RW Committee, E. BPD/LMD or LKMD/LKM/LKMK/LPM, F. Traditional Leader / Institution, G. Religious Leader, H. Youth Leader, I. Reconstruction, J. Police, K. Women's Police Desk (RPK), L. Prosecutor,  M. District Cour, N. Religious Court, O. Camat, P. Bupati, Q. BPN, R. KUA / P3NTR, S. Paralegal, T. Legal Aid Post, U. Women's Center, V. NGO, W. Lawyer, X. Other, specify below. 

G15. Why did you choose this? Options: 1. Cost, 2. Party has community respect, 3. Party has skills / knowledge, 4. Would cause least disruption to life, 5. "Always like that",6. Most comfortable with person,  7. They have responsibility/authority, 95. Other, specify. 

[from G17] about ‘First person or group to whom the dispute was taken (...) F. How long did this first / second / third process take? G. How much money did it cost if anything? (...) J. Did you request assistance from another person to resolve this problem? 

[Vignette 2] Your father passed away a year ago, and just a month ago one of his brothers arrived back in the village to claim a share of the inheritance. H4. To who would you first request assistance to resolve this dispute? H5. If this first person was unsuccessful, to who would you next request assistance to resolve this dispute? H6. If this second person was also unsuccessful, to who would you next request assistance to resolve this dispute? 

[Vignette 4] Your household is experiencing a land dispute with a household from a neighbouring village. H10. To whom would you first request assistance to resolve this dispute? H11. If this first person was unsuccessful, to whom would you next request assistance to resolve this dispute? H12. If this second person was also unsuccessful, to who would you next request assistance to resolve this dispute? Options: A. Did nothing, B. Family / Friends / Neighbours, C. Village Head / Lurah, D. Hamlet Head / RT / RW Committee, E. BPD/LMD or LKMD/LKM/LKMK/LPM, F. Traditional Leader / Institution, G. Religious Leader, H. Youth Leader, I. Reconstruction, J. Police, K. Women's Police Desk (RPK), L. Prosecutor,  M. District Cour, N. Religious Court, O. Camat, P. Bupati, Q. BPN, R. KUA / P3NTR, S. Paralegal, T. Legal Aid Post, U. Women's Center, V. NGO, W. Lawyer, X. Other, specify below.

RoL

General population poll: 

Q24 Apart from anything you have told me about already, did you, or someone acting on your behalf, obtain information, advice or representation from any person or organization to help you better understand or resolve the problem? Q26 Did any of the family or friends who you contacted go to law school or work in an organization that provides legal advice? Q28 Did you, somebody acting on your behalf, the other party or anybody else, make a claim to a court or turn to any other third-party individual or organization to adjudicate, mediate or intervene to help resolve the problem? Options: 1.Yes, 2.No, 99. DK/NA. 

Q25 Which advisers did you contact? Options; 1.A relative, friend, or acquaintance, 2.A lawyer, professional advisor or advice service, 3.A government legal aid office 4.A court, government body, or the police , 5.A health or welfare professional, 6.A trade union or employer, 7. A religious or community leader or organization, 8. A civil society organization or charity, 9.Other organization, 99. DK/NA. 

Q32: Did you, somebody acting on your behalf, the other party or anybody else: Options: 1.Yes, 2.No, 99. DK/NA. Q32-Q33B. Contact the police (or other prosecution authority) Q32-Q33C. Contact a government office or other formal designated authority or agency Q32-Q33D. Turn to a religious authority or community leader or organization, Q32-Q33E. Turn to a third-party to mediate the problem or turn to a formal conciliation or arbitration, Q32-Q33F. Turn to a formal complaints or appeal process, Q32-Q33G. Turn to another institution or actor. 

Q37c Did you, personally, incur costs (other than your time) in order to solve the problem? [Q37 ‘about a dispute’] Q37d How difficult was it to find the money to meet these costs? Options: 1.Very easy, 2.Somewhat easy, 3.Difficult, 4.Nearly impossible, 99. DK/NA.

Prindex-1&2

75. If somebody tried to challenge your rights to live in or otherwise use your property, would you know how to defend your rights? r1. No; r2. Yes; r3. DK; r4. Refused. 

76. How confident are you that the authorities would protect you if somebody tried to take away your right to use [property] against your will? Options: r1. Not confident at all; r2. Not confident; r3. Somewhat confident; r4. Very confident; r5. DK; r6. Refused. 

G&J

74. Why did you not take any action? Options: 1.Not important enough, 2.It made no difference, I had no chance of winning, 3.Danger or fear of retaliation, 4.Lack of evidence, 5.Did not know what to do or who to go to, 6.Too expensive, 7.Too far – Not accessible, 8.Did not have time to take care of this, 9.No one to assist me, 10. It would create problems for my family, 11. I would create problems with my family,12. Other (specify). 

74b. [for women only]: Would you have reported the issue to the police if female police officers were available to interview you? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No. 75. Why did you choose this person/place to address your dispute? Options: 1. It was free/cheap, 2.It was easy to access, 3.I was confident it would not take too much time, 4.I was confident they would address the issue fairly, 5.This person/institution has community respect, 6.This person/institution has skills/Knowledge, 7.I was confident that they will resolve this dispute, 8. I was confident that they will resolve this in my favour, 9. They have authority or responsibility to deal with this type of issues, 10. It would cause least disruption to life, 11. This is what people do in my community, 12. Advice from my family, 13. Advice from relatives, friends, neighbours, 14. Other (Specify), 15. I don’t know. 

[Preamble] We would like to know about the different stages that your dispute went through: A. First person to whom the dispute was taken. B. Second person to whom the dispute was taken. C. Third person to whom the dispute was taken. Options [person_id]. 

78. Did you have the opportunity to state their opinion at this stage of the process? 79. Did you attend personally the proceeding/discussion at this stage of the process? 84. Did you have a legal representative at this stage of the process? 80. How satisfied are you with the amount of respect you were given by the person to whom the dispute was taken? Options: 1.Very much, 2. Much, 3. Neutral, 4. Not really, 5. Not at all 

81 Did you feel that the person who dealt with your case at this stage was impartial and objective? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No 

85. If this problem occurred again, would you report to the same person/institution? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No, 3. Don’t Know 86. If yes, why? 86. If not, why? Options : 1. It was cheap, 2.It went fast, 3.It was simple, 4.It was efficient, 5.It was safe, 6.My voice was heard, 7.It was impartial/fair, 8.It was discreet, 9.It minimised consequences on my family, 10. It was halal, 11. Other. 

88. From the following list, choose the adjective that describes the best way you felt at each stage of the process? Options: 1. Angry, 2. Ashamed/ Humiliated, 3. Resentful, 4. Dissatisfied/Disappointed, 5. Satisfied, 6. Relieved, 7. Proud, 8. Happy. 

[preamble]: Please indicate your level of satisfaction with each of the following, if your case went through (i) state courts; (ii) jirga/shura and (iii) taliban court. 98.1. The court’s opening times, 98.2. Easily identifiable and available staff to deal with queries, 98.5. The forms you needed being clear and easy to understand, 100.1. Time waited before the Jirga/shura dealt with your case, 100.2, Information regarding jirga’s procedures, 100.3. Privacy, 100.4. Justice fees 100.5. Safety in courts. Options: 1very dissatisfied, 2 satisfied; 3 neutral; 4 satisfied; 5 very satisfied, and 6 not applicable 

[Vignettes for 53 and 54]: 3: The land you (your household) have been cultivating for the past 10 years is claimed by a relative of your neighbor who just returned to the country after a long absence. 52/54: Why would you not take any action? Options: 1.Not important enough, 2.It is not my role to take action, 3.It makes no difference. I have no chance of winning, 4.Danger or fear of retaliation, 5. Lack of evidence, 6.Did not know what to do or who to go to, 7.It costs too much,8.Person who could assist is too far away,  9.It would create problems for my family, 10. It would damage relations with other party, 11. Cannot travel by myself, 12. My brothers will take care of me in return, 13. Other, specify. 

[Institution/person]: A. Elders of local Shura/Jirga, B. Tribal leader/Malik, C. Mullah Saleb, D. Hoqooq, E. Local courts, F. Public prosecutor, G. Governor office, H. Police, I. Taliban, J. Legal Aid/Lawyer, K. CDC, L. Family Response Units (with the ANP), M. Department of Women Affairs, N. EVAW Prosecution Unit, O. Family Court, P. Afghan Independent Human Right Commissions, Q. Women Shura 45. Would you ask for [Institution/person]’s help if you have a Dispute? Options: 1.Yes 2.No 46. Why would you ask for this [Institution/person]’s help? Options: 1.It has/they /have the Authority, 2.This is what people in the community do, 3.There is nowhere else to go, 4.Disputes are resolved very fast, 5.It is close, 6.It is fair/objective, 7.It is cheap/free of charge, 8.Decisions are enforced, 9.Family/community relations would not be spoiled, 10. It is not corrupt, 11. I have had an influence on this institution, 12. There is not much bureaucracy, 13. You can make your case before the court, 14. Secures secrecy/discretion, 15. It is safe, 16. It is Islamic, 17. It applies principles that reflect my values, 18. It preserves the honour of my family, 19. I know I can pay to get a decision in my favour, 20. Other, 21.I don’t know. 47. Why would you not ask for the institution's help? Options: 1. It does/they do not have the Authority, 2.This is not what people do in the community, 3.Disputes are resolved slowly, 4.It is far 5.It is not fair/not objective, 6.It is expensive, 7.Family/community relations, 8.There is corruption, 9.Others have influence on this institution, 10. There is much bureaucracy, 11. Participating in the proceedings is too burdensome, 12. Does not guarantee secrecy/discretion, 13. It is dangerous, 14. It is haram, 15. It endangers the honour of my family, 16. I know I cannot pay to get a decision in my favour, 17. Other (specify), 18. I don’t know, 19. Decisions are not enforced, 20. I cannot afford to pay zamanat, 21. There are no female officers/female staff. 

LNS

[preamble] Think about a problem you had regarding land 20. Why didn’t you obtain independent advice to help resolve [problem 1, etc.]? Options: a) No dispute with anybody/thought other party was right, b) Problem resolved without need to get advice, c) Did not think needed advice, d) Did not think problem important enough, e) Concerned about the time it would take f) Concerned about the financial cost, g) Advisers were too far away, h) Thought it would be too stressful,i) Thought it would damage relationship with other party, j) Was scared to take action/get advice, k) Didn’t know where/how to get advice, l) Didn’t think it would make any difference to the outcome, m) Had tried seeking advice before and not found it useful, n) Other (specify). 14. Regardless of the outcome of this problem, do you feel the process through which the outcome was reached was basically fair or unfair to everybody concerned? Options: a) Fair to everybody concerned, b) Not fair to everybody concerned. 18. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about the problem? [strongly agree, mainly agree, mainly disagree, strongly disagree]. Options: a) I understood or [came/have come] to understand my legal rights and responsibilities, b) I [knew/know] where to get good information and advice about resolving the problem, c) I [was able/have been able] to get all the expert help I needed, d) I [was/am] confident I [could/can] achieve a fair outcome.  73. Thinking about the problem resolution process as a whole, how stressful did you find it? Very stressful, fairly stressful or not very stressful. 75. And do you feel that at any point in the problem resolution process you [were/have been] discriminated against, in how the problem [was/has been] dealt with, on the basis of any of the following? Options: a) Age, b) Gender, c) Disability/ill-health, d) Ethnicity, e) Caste/economic class, f) Religion, g) Political affiliation, h) Sexual orientation. 79. Is there anything that you wish you had done differently to try to sort out the problem? Options: a) Got (more) information or advice, b ) Got information or advice sooner, c) Acted sooner, d) Been more resolved, e) Not get advice, f) Taken no action, g) Avoided the problem, h) Other (specify) 

[vignette] I am now going to ask you some more detailed questions about different aspects of the problem. 29. Thinking about [problem 1, etc.] as a whole, which of you or the other side would you say had more resources to address the problem? By resources I mean money, access to specialist help, etc. Options: a) The other party had more resources, b) The survey respondent had more resources, c) The parties had equal resources, d) Don’t know.  62. How useful was [adviser 1, etc.] in resolving the problem? Options: a) Very useful, b) Somewhat useful, c) Not very useful, d) Not useful at all. 63. Would you recommend other people in your situation to consult [Advisor 1,etc.]? 64. [If No] Why is that? Options: a) Made no difference or made problem worse, b) Inadequate, poor or badly explained advice, c) Not the kind or level of support sought, d) Too far away or hard to get to, e) Inconvenient opening hours, f)Too expensive, g) Language barrier, h) Other (specify). 71. Thinking about [process 1, etc.] : Options: a) The process was fair and I had opportunity to explain my position, b) I was treated with respect, c) The process and decisions were clearly explained, d) The outcome of the process was much the same as for other people in similar situations. The process concluded in a timely manner. Options: 1 you strongly agree, 2 mainly agree, 3 mainly disagree or 4 strongly disagree. 

81. [preamble] Thinking about significant legal problems – such as being unreasonably sacked by your employer, injured as a result of someone else’s negligence, involved in a dispute over money as part of a divorce, or facing eviction from your home. To what extent do the following statements describe you? For each statement say whether it is not at all true, hardly true, moderately true or exactly true. Options: a) I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough., b) If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want, c) It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals, d) I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities, e) When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions, f) I am good at finding information to help resolve problems, g) I am afraid to speak to people directly to press my rights, h) Worry that I don’t express myself clearly can stop me from acting, i) I avoid pressing my rights because I am not confident that I will be successful, j) I do not always get the best outcome for myself because I try to avoid conflict. 

[preamble] 89. We are asking some questions about your general impression and experience of the justice system. We are not concerned with the “criminal” justice system. We are concerned with the justice system that deals with the sort of issues we have been talking about, such as being unreasonably sacked by your employer, injured as a result of someone else’s negligence, involved in a dispute over money as part of a divorce, or facing eviction from your home. Thinking about issues like this, to what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements: (For each statement, please tell me whether you strongly agree, mainly agree, mainly disagree or strongly disagree.) Options: a) Issues like these are usually resolved promptly and efficiently, b) People with less money generally get a worse outcome, c) For issues like these, law is like a game in which the skillful and resourceful are more likely to get what they want, d) It is easy to take issues like these to court if needed, e) For issues like these, lawyers are too expensive for most people to use, f) The justice system provides good value for money, g) For issues like these, people like me can afford help from a lawyer, h) Rich people’s lawyers are no better than poor people’s lawyers, i) Taking a case to court is generally more trouble than it is worth

CLPP-Lib

Household survey: 

O6. Who was or is the most important person or group that was helping to settle the palaver? Options: 1.Town Chief, 2.Landlord; first settlers, 3.Elder, 4.Women’s leader, 5.Youth leader, 6.Traditional healer, 7.Land Management Committee (Land Committee) / Land Governance Council, 8.Imam/reverend/pastor, 9.Hunter leader, 10.Minority leader, 11.Paramount Chief, 12.Investor/Company, 13.NGO, 14.Government in Monrovia, 15.Private landowner, 16.Community as a whole, 17=No one, 18=Quarter Chief, 19=Traditional Leader, 97=Other, specify, 888=Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. Other, specify.  

O8. How satisfied are you with the process to settle this land palaver?. Options: 1.Very satisfied, 2.Satisfied, 3.Neutral, 4.Dissatisfied, 5.Very satisfied, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond.

TGCC-Zam

Household survey: 

I13. Who was the most important actor for resolving the dispute?Options: (1)Headperson, (2)NGO, (3)Cooperative farmer group, (4)Chipata land alliance, (5)Village Land Committee, (6)YGL, (7)Chief, (8)Induna, (888)Don't know, (999)Refused to answer. 

I14. How many disputes between your village and other villages are still happening now? (hvconcont) This village vs. other villages only.

FtF-Tan

G8.2. How satisfied were you with how the dispute was resolved? Options: 1 Very satisfied, 2 Somewhat satisfied, 3 Not satisfied. 

ELTAP-Et

[Preamble] 36.a-f: If a woman has a disagreement over her land, where can she go for help resolving this disagreement: 36a Arbitration by elders? 36b Social court? 36c Kebele/ woreda administration? 36d Arbitration by relatives and parents of spouses? 36e Women affairs organizations? 36f Other? 

J4P-Ind

G14. Why did you not take any action? Options: 1. Not important enough, 2. It would only waste time, 3. Did not have evidence, 4. Did not know what to do / Did not know who could be of assistance, 5. The person who could assist was too far, 6. It would cost too much, 7. The other party is much more powerful than I am, no chance of winning, 8. Afraid it would result in violence, 9. It would only create problems for my family, 10. It would damage the relationship with the other party, 95. Other, specify 

G17. First person or group to whom the dispute was taken A. Did you have the opportunity to state your opinion and participate in the first/second/third stage of the process? B. As far as you know, was your opinion understood by the other disputing party during this stage of the process C. As far as you know, was your opinion understood by the person to whom the dispute was taken in this stage of the process? H. If this problem occurred again, would you report to the same person? Options: 1. Yes, 3. No, 5. Don't know || D. How satisfied are you with the amount of respect you were given by the person to whom the dispute was taken? Options: 1. Very satisfied, 2. Fairly satisfied,  3. Satisfied, 4. Unsatisfied, 5. Very unsatisfied. E. Did you feel that this stage of the process was fair? Options: 1. Very fair, 2. Fairly fair, 3. Fair, 4. Unfair, 5. Very unfair. 

RoL

General population poll: 

Q27 What was the main reason why you did not consider getting information, advice, or representation from anyone?. Options: 1.I thought the issue was not important or not difficult to resolve, 2.Thought the other side was right, 3.I did not think I needed advice, 4.I was concerned about the financial cost, 5.I had received help with a problem before and did not find it useful, 6.I did not know who to call or where to get advice, 7.I did not know I could get advice for this problem, 8.Was scared to get advice, 9.Advisers were too far away or it would take too much time, 10.Other, 99. DK/NA 

Q29 Why did you not go to anybody? Options: I thought the problem was not important enough or easy to resolve, 2.I was confident I could resolve it by myself, 3.Resolving the problem would have taken a long time or a lot of bureaucratic procedures, 4. I did not have evidence or a strong case, 5.Scared of the consequences / The other party is much more powerful, 6. I did not know what to do, where to go, or how to do it, 7. Access problems (cost, distance, schedule, etc.), 8. I did not trust the authorities, 9. It would create problems for my family or damage a relationship, 10. I caused the problem / It was up to the other party, 11.Other, 99. DK/NA. 

[preamble Q36a-37c] Regardless of the outcome, do you think that the process followed to solve the problem was: Q36a Fair? Q36b Slow? Q36c Expensive? 

[preamble Q41a-Q41d] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about the problem? Q41a I understood or came to understand my legal rights and responsibilities. Q41b I knew where to get good information and advice about resolving the problem. Q41c I was able to get all the expert help I wanted. Q41d I was (am) confident I could (can) achieve a fair outcome. Options: 1. Strongly Agree,2. Agree, 2.Disagree, 4.Strongly Disagree, 99.(DON’T READ) Don’t know/No answer. 

MCC-Moz

Baseline questionnaire: 

G1.7 Was the conflict or dispute resolved? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

G1.9 How satisfied were you with the resolution? Options: 1 Very satisfied, 2 Satisfied, 3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 4 Dissatisfied, 5 Very dissatisfied, 888 Do not know, 999 Refused to answer.

[Preamble] G1.10-14. Did the conflict or dispute lead to G1.10 violence? G1.11 loss of land use for a period of time? G1.13 destruction of property? G1.14 Did you lose any land as a result of this conflict or dispute? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

G1.21 Did you gain any land or additional use rights as a result of this conflict or dispute? [parcel_id] Options: 0 No, 1 Yes, 888 Don't Know, 999 Refused to respond. 

Community leaders’ questionnaire: 

JQ.5.How many of the disputes that occurred in the past 12 months within households in your bairro resulted in violence, destruction of property, loss of land use or income? Options: 1 All, 2 Most, 3 About half, 4 Some, 5 None, 888 Don't know, 999 Prefer not to respond.

MCC-Les

G06 Has the dispute on this [parcel} been resolved? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

G12 What was the outcome of this conflict resolution? Options: 1 Received a cash payment, 2 Had to give cash payment, 3 Lost some part of the parcel, 4 Gained land for the parcel, 5 Established my current rights over the parcel, 6 Other (Specify).  

G17 How did the conflict affect your commercial enterprise on this plot? Options: 9 Not Applicable, 0 No effect, 1 loss of sale, 2 loss of customers, 3 closure of business, 4. Both 1 and 2, 5. Both 1 and 3, 6 All.  

G&J

Household questionnaire: 

63. Was the dispute resolved? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No, 3. It is still ongoing, 4. I don’t know. 

69. Was the dispute resolved? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No, 3. It is still ongoing. 

[preamble] About institutions used in previous conflict 89. How did the community react to your decision to take your dispute to this person/institution? Options: 1. Very negatively, 2. Negatively, 3. Indifferent, 4. Positively, 5. Very positively. 90. Was this dispute resolved during this stage of the process? 91. Did you take the dispute to another person to solve this problem? Options: 1. yes , 2. No. 92. In the end, did you manage to solve this problem? Options: 1. No, it is ongoing, 2. No, it remains unsolved. 3. No, it remains unsolved. 94 Were you satisfied with the final decision? 96 Was the decision enforced? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No. 95 Do you feel that decision was in your favor? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No, 3. Split Decision. 97 If you were awarded compensation, have you collected it? Options: 1. No, I have not collected it, 2. Yes, I have collected the full compensation awarded, 3. Yes, I have partly collected the compensation awarded, 4. Not applicable.

LNS

Longer form: 

[preamble] About a problem detected. 11. Is the problem ongoing or done with? By “done with” I mean that the problem is either resolved or that it persists, but you and everybody else have given up all efforts to resolve it further. Options: a ) Ongoing, b) Too early to say, c) Done with - problem persists, but all have given up trying to resolve it further, d) Done with - problem resolved. 

13. Do you feel the outcome of this problem was basically fair to everybody concerned? 19. Did you experience any of the following as part of or as a result of this problem? Options: a) ill-health or injury, b) stress, c) damage to a family relationship, d) being harassed, threatened or assaulted, e) damage to your property, f) loss of employment, g) having to move home,  h) financial loss, i) loss of confidence or fear, j) problems to do with your education, k) problems with alcohol or drugs. 38. [If yes] You said earlier that the problem resulted in your property being damaged. How much did it cost to repair or replace the property (or how much would the repair cost)? 

[preamble] 76. Thinking about the problem outcome, to what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements. For each statement, please tell me whether you strongly agree, mainly agree, mainly disagree or strongly disagree. Options: a) The outcome involved a fair distribution of benefits and burdens, b) Any loss or harm arising from the problem (e.g. financial or concerning relationships) has been made good, c) The problem was solved in a timely manner and is unlikely to reoccur , d) The [decision of the process]/agreement was fulfilled] 77. Was the outcome better or worse than you had hoped for? 78. [If Q13=Yes] Did resolving the problem fairly lead to improvements in any of the following? Options: a) Your health, b) Levels of stress, c) Family relationships, d) Levels of harassment or violence, e) Your employment situation, f) Your housing situation, g) Your finances, h) Your confidence, i) Your education situation, j) Your alcohol or drug problems.

CLPP-Lib

Household survey: 

O5. Was the palaver settled Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

O9. Was there any violence because of this land palaver? O10. Was any property or buildings destroyed because of this land palaver? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond.

TGCC-Zam

H.14 How satisfied were you with this outcome? Options: 1.Very satisfied, 2.Satisfied, 3.Neutral, 4.Dissatisfied, 5.Very dissatisfied, 6.Refused to answer. 

FtF - Tan

Midline survey: 

G6. Did you lose money because of the dispute? Options: 1 Yes, a little (less than TZS 10,000), 2 Yes, a lot (more than TZS 10,000), 3 No.

 G7. Did the dispute make you worried about your safety? Options: 1 Yes, a lot 2 Yes, a little 3 No. 

G8. Was the dispute resolved? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

ELTAP-Et

5.5 Was the dispute resolved? Options: 1.Yes, 0.No. 

[Preamble 3.1-3.5]: How common are [3.1-3.5] disagreements for women in your kebele?  3.8 Did you lose land as a result of any land-related disagreements in the past two years? Options: 1.Yes, 0.No.

J4P-Ind

Household Head questionnaire (baseline): 

[preamble] About the resolution of a problem G4 Resulted in Death? G5 Resulted in Injury? G6 Property Damage? Options: 1. Yes, 3. No. 

G12. Was the matter resolved through these direct negotiations? Options: 1. Yes, 3. No. 

[preamble] About the person or group to whom the dispute was taken (...) G17 I. Was this dispute resolved during this stage of the process? (...) K. In the end, did you manage to resolve this problem? L. With whose help did you eventually resolve this problem? G20. Were you satisfied with the final decision? Options: 1. Yes, 3. No. G21. Do you feel that the decision was in your favor? Options: 1. Yes, 3. No, 5. Split Decision. 

RoL

General population poll: 

Q21. [choose problem from Q20]. Q22b Did any of the parties resort to physical violence during the dispute or in the process of settling the dispute?  Q30 Is the problem ongoing or done with? By ‘done with’ I mean that the problem is either completely resolved or that it persists, but you and everybody else have given up all actions to resolve it further. Options: 1.Ongoing, 2.Too early to say, 3.Done with, but problem persists , 4.Done with, problem fully resolved , 99. Don’t know/No answer. 

Q31 Which of the following statements best reflects how the problem was settled? Options: 1.Agreement between you and the other party  2.The other party independently doing what you wanted 3.You independently doing what the other party wanted, 4.The problem sorting itself out  , 5.You moving away from the problem (e.g. moving homes, changing jobs), 6.You and/or all other parties giving up trying to resolve the problem, 7. None of these 7, 99. DK/NA. 

[preamble Q42a-d] At any time, did the problem cause you to experience: Q42a Stress-related illness, injuries, or physical ill health; Q42b Relationship breakdown or damage to a family relationship; Q42c Loss of income, loss of employment, financial strain or need to relocate; Q42d Problems with alcohol or drugs. Options: 1.Yes, 2.No, 99.(DON’T READ) DK/NA. 

Q37a To what extent was the outcome of the problem or dispute in your favor? Options: 1. Mostly in my favor, 2.Somewhat in my favor, 3. Mostly not in my favor, 99.DK/NA Q37b How many months did it take to resolve the problem, from the moment you turned to a court, government office, or third-party? [number]

Q38 How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the outcome of the problem? Q39 How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with how things are turning out so far with the problem? Options: 1.Very satisfied, 2.Satisfied, 3.Dissatisfied, 4.Very dissatisfied, 99. DK/NA. 

GLII

GL35. Which of these forms of tenure is/are legally recognized in your community?Options: Freehold A.ownership; B.Leasehold; C.Land rental; D.Customary; E.Group titling; F.Squatting; 96.Other (specify). 

GL36. Which system of ownership legally guarantees ownership of land in this community? Options: Freehold A.ownership; B.Leasehold; C.Land rental; D.Customary; E.Group titling; F.Squatting; 96.Other (specify). 

GL37. Are men and women equally allowed to own land by the law? Options: 1.yes; 2. No; 8. Dk. 

GL38. Between men and women, who are more privileged by the law with regards to land ownership? Options: 1.Men; 2. Woman; 8. Dk.

Land-Ban

Table 10. 

|| Any poor woman can apply for khas land Options: True; False (correct); Don't know. 

|| Hindu daughters do not have the right to inherit parents' land. Options: True (correct); False; Don't know. 

|| In Islamic Inheritance Law, wives get a portion of deceased husbands' land if does not have any children. Options: True (correct); False; Don't know 

|| Women have the right to get farmer cards. Options: True (correct); False; Don't know 

|| Women have the right to speak in community mediation. Options: True (correct); False; Don't know

MCC-Moz

Urban quant tools (endline): 

C9. Have you heard of DUAT certificates? Options: 0 No, 1 Yes. 

M0b. How familiar are you with DUAT certificates? Options: 1 Very familiar, 2 Familiar, 3 Neither familiar nor unfamiliar, 4 Unfamiliar, 5 Very unfamiliar. 

M0b. How familiar are you with DUAT certificates? Options: 1 Very familiar, 2 Familiar, 3 Neither familiar nor unfamiliar, 4 Unfamiliar, 5 Very unfamiliar. P7. How much do you know about the land law of 1997? Options: 1 none, 2 a little, 3 a fair amount, 4 a lot, 999 Refused to answer. 

P8. By which means did you receive information about the land law? Select all that apply. Options: 1 Governor, 2 Mayor, 3 Administrator, 4 Secretario premanente, 5 Presidente Do Municipio, 6 Municipal land office, 7 Notary, 8 Municipal authorities, 9 Chefe de seretaria SDMAS, 10 Regulo, 11 Cabo, 12 Other traditional leaders, 13 Chefe Do Posto, 14 Secretario Do Bairro, 15 Chefe Do Quarteirao, 16 Chefe de 10 casas, 17 Secretario da Unidade Communal, 18 Other community leader, 19 Registo predial, 20 Lawyer, 21 Housing or land broker, 22 Verde Azul/MCC Land Project, 23 Terra Segura, 24 Other NGO/program, 25 Media (TV/radio/newspaper), 97 Other, specify, 888 Don’t know, 999 Refused to answer. P8o. Other, specify. 

P9. Do you know the specific rights of the land law of 1997? Options: 0. No, 1. Yes, 888.Don't Know, 999.Refused to respond. 

P10. Can you list any of the rights provided for in the 1997 land law? Do not read out the list, but select any rights that the respondent correctly identifies. Options: 1 DUATs may be acquired by both men and women, individually or jointly, 2 DUATs may be acquired by local communities., 3 DUATs may be acquired through customary occupation, 4 DUATs may be acquired through good faith occupation and use of at least ten years and through application, 5 For DUATs acquired by customary or good-faith occupation, one does not need to obtain a DUAT certificate, 6 DUATs may not be sold, but may be transferred through inheritance, 7 On rural land, improvements on land may be transferred with state authorization, 8 On urban land, both improvements and the DUAT may be transferred to another person., 9 If a DUAT is acquired for economic purposes, it is subject to a maximum term of fifty years, which is renewable., 10 DUATs acquired based on community occupation or habitation are perpetual (no term limit), 11 DUATs are free when they are for familial exploitation and use by local communities and their members, 12 Proof of one’s DUAT may be established through testimony of the community members/other evidence permitted by law, 13 Both male and female members of local communities may solicit individual/household DUAT certificates for a plot after separating that plot from the community DUAT., 14 A DUAT holder may –with state authorization– mortgage immovable improvements on land that s/h/e erected and acquired formal ownership rights to. 

P13. In accordance with the law of 1997, do you have the right to sell or buy improvements on the land? Options: 0. No, 1. Yes, 888.Don't Know, 999.Refused to respond.  

Baseline questionnaire: 

N22 Did you receive materials about the land law of 1997? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

N26 In accordance with the law of 1997, do you have the right to sell or buy Land? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No, 3 DNK. 

MCC-Les

N01: Do you know what a land lease is? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No. 

[Preamble]: If you had a lease on a piece of land, are you obliged to pay ground rent for your? N06 Primary residence? N07 Rental property? N07a Secondary residence? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No, 997 Don’t know. 

N13 Have you heard about the Land Act that was passed by the parliament of Lesotho in June 2010? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No > N15. 

N15 Do all Basotho have a right to hold land title in Lesotho, provided they meet legal requirements under Land Act 2010? N16 Do Basotho have the right to transfer or acquire land rights from others? N17 Under statutory law, do Basotho women have the right to inherit land on an equal basis as their brothers? N18 Do Basotho women have the right to maintain a piece of their household’s land in the case of divorce? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No, 997 Don’t know. 

N19 Do widow women in Lesotho have the right to all of the land they hold with their late husbands? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No: only a portion, 3 Not at all, 997 Don’t know. 

N20 Do Basotho women have the right to apply for a formal land title (Lease) on her own or jointly with spouse if married? Options: 1 Yes: on her own if single or married, 2 Yes: on her own if single, but jointly with spouse if married, 3 No, 997 Don’t know. 

N20a If you are married (or if single suppose you were married) and would like to register your land and get a lease document, whose name should then be included in the title deed? Options: 1=Only my name, 2=Only my spouse’s name, 3=My name jointly with my spouse, 4=Any of the above, 5=Don’t know.

CLPP-Lib

HH survey: 

F2. Are you aware that under this coming new law, community members themselves will own, that is, have full control over their community lands? F1. Have you heard of the Land Policy and/or the Land Rights Act? Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

[Preamble]: Now listen to this case: Emmanuel is a 38 years old farmer. He is married to Rebecca and they have 3 children. Emmanuel has just died and now his older brother, George, says that Rebecca should marry him so that the land the couple has should remain in George's family. Rebecca has so far refused to marry George. She tells him she prefers not to marry now, but instead to farm on her and her late Emmanuel's land. M1. According to the Liberian law, who should inherit (take over) Emmanuel's land? Options: 1.Rebecca, 2.George; Rebecca stays only if she marries him, 3.Emmanuel’s family; Rebecca stays only if they let her, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

[preamble] Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. M4. Under Liberian law, customary or traditional land rights are as safe and protected just like private land rights with paper. The two of them are equal or the same. Options: 1.Strongly agree, 2.Agree, 3.Neutral, 4.Disagree, 5.Strongly disagree, 888.Don’t know, 999.Prefer not to respond. 

TGCC-Zam

HH survey: 

[preamble] Please tell us about the advice, information the household received from organizations, private agents or individual farmers about land related issues. O4. In the past 12 months, has your household received any information about customary land certificates specifically? Customary land certificates are documents provided by the chief that certify use rights for a particular field. Options: 0.No, 1.Yes, 888. Don't know, 999.Refused to answer.  

[preamble] Now I'd like to ask you some questions about customary land certificates. H1. How familiar are you with customary land certificates? Options: (1)Very familiar,(2)Somewhat familiar, (3)A little familiar, (4)Not at all familiar, 

FtF-Tan

Midline survey: 

[Preamble] How well do you understand the official land laws? Options: 1 Very well 2 Familiar but don’t know the details 3 Familiar with some rules but don’t know if they are official law 4 Unsure. F20. Have you heard of CCROs? Options: 1 Yes, 2 No.

ELTAP-Et

HH survey: 

7.01 Are you aware of any land registration and title certification that has or is currently taking place in your kebele? 7.03 Did you participate in any kebele meetings that discussed the process of land certification in your kebele? 7.63 Do you think there are laws that adequately protect the land rights of women? 128. Are you aware of the existing laws on land rights and obligations? 129. Do you understand the laws on land rights and obligations? 129b. Do you know and understand the existing land laws that affect your life? Options: 1.Yes, 0. No, 888.I have no idea about this. 

J4P-Ind

Baseline survey: 

[preamble] For each of the following statements tell me which one is most appropriate to the law as you understand it. Remember, for these questions we want you to answer according to your knowledge of the law, and not your opinion of which option is appropriate. F8. A. Traditional land claims and a BPN land ownership certificate as equal legal claims F8. B. A Land ownership certificate from BPN is a stronger legal claim than a traditional land claim. F9.A. All household property is under the control of the head of the household. B. Property acquired by the man or woman prior to marriage remains under their personal control throughout the marriage. F10.A. In the event of a divorce men and women retain ownership of property acquired during the marriage with their own wages F10. B. In the event of a divorce the wife can claim half of household property acquired during the marriage even if it was purchased solely with her husband’s wages. Options: 1 = agree with A; 2 = agree with B; 3 = agree with neither; 4 = agree with both. Remember, use Indonesian language only.

EXPERTS INTERVIEWS

AII

Module 1:

477 In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men. A Yes score is earned where in law women's equal land ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is not enough to score yes. A mixed score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal land ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.). A no score is earned where a law restricts women's equal land ownership rights or gives men precedence. 

79 In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men. A yes score is earned where in law women's equal inheritance right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is not enough to score yes. A mixed score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal inheritance rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.). A no score is earned where a law restricts women's inheritance rights or gives men precedence.

Landex

Block 1: 

Q1. In your country, is there a constitutionally recognized, private right to own land? Q2. to exclude others? Q3. to enjoy the property for any legal means? Q4. to transfer or lease land? Q5. to sell land? Q6: to inherit land specifically? Answers: Yes; No; Reference [open field].

LGAF-2

LGI 1, Refers to the ways rights [1.1-1.4] are recognised in the law 1.1 ‘rural land tenure rights’; 1.2 ‘customary tenure rights’;1.3 ‘indigenous rights to land’; 1.4 ‘Urban land tenure rights’. Double answer: They are: a. recognises and protects; b. recognises and partly protects; c. partly recognises and partly protects; d. rights are not recognised nor protected. From: >90;70-90%;50-70%;<50% 

LGI 2.7 [preamble] Refers to women’s property rights and their equivalence to men’s rights. Responses: (A) equal in law and in practice; (B) established by law and partly followed in practice; (C) established by law but with considerable limitations in practice; (D) not established by law. 

LGI 12.1 [preamble] Refers to the compensation for expropriation regardless the registration status. Responses: (A) fair compensation is paid regarding the registration status; (B) Compensation is paid but the amount differs from those who are unregistered; (C) Compensation only for some unregistered rights and no others ; (D) No compensation is paid to those with unregistered rights.

LGAF-1

LGI iv: “Group tenure in informal urban areas is formally recognized, and clear regulations exist regarding the internal organisation and legal representation of groups”. Options: 1.Yes; 0.No.

GHI

P1.3 Can land be jointly owned by husband and wife? Options: 1.Yes; 0.No Instructions: If the answer is yes, please comment whether this occurs in practice. 

P3.3. Is the occupation of public land tolerated? Options: 1.Yes; 0.No. Instructions: 

[preamble] Please consult a person familiar with land law, particularly with homesteading or with adverse possession. R3.1 Are there policies, laws or regulations that prohibit the refusal to rent or sell property to someone based on race, religion, ethnicity, gender or marital status? Options: 1.Yes; 0.No. Instructions: Consult a person in the housing agency who is familiar with its policies. If yes, please describe in the comments section. R3.2 If yes, are the policies, laws or regulations enforced? Rate 1 to 5, Options: 5.Strong enforcement; 1.No Enforcement; 100. Not applicable. 

Landmark

Indicators of the Legal Security of Indigenous and Community Lands: 

• Does the law recognize all rights that Indigenous Peoples or communities exercise over their lands as lawful forms of ownership? 

• Does the law give indigenous or community land rights the same level of protection as the rights under other tenure systems? Does the law recognize the Indigenous Peoples or community as a legal person for the purposes of land ownership? 

• Does the law recognize the Indigenous Peoples or community as the legal authority over the land? 

• Do the law and formal title recognize that indigenous or community land rights may be held in perpetuity? • Does the law require the consent of Indigenous Peoples or communities before the government or an outsider may acquire their land? 

• Does the law explicitly recognize that indigenous or community land rights include the rights to all trees on the land? Does the law explicitly recognize that indigenous or community land rights include the rights to local water sources on the land? 

•  Does the law uphold indigenous or community land rights in the ownership and governance of national parks and other protected areas? Options: 1 - Yes, the law addresses the issue fully. The legal framework clearly or expressly meets the issue addressed in the indicator; 2 - Partial, the law makes significant progress towards addressing the issue. The legal framework makes significant progress towards, but does not entirely meet the issue addressed in the indicator; 3 - Partially, the law makes only limited progress towards addressing the issue. The legal framework addresses the indicator, but insignificantly; 4 - No, the law does not address the issue. There are no attempts in the law to meet the issue addressed in the indicator; Not applicable - The indicator is not applicable. Not applicable is used in cases where the subject matter in question is non-existent; No data - Not enough data to score or not evaluate. No data applies when the country and/or indicator has not been evaluated or there is a lack of sufficient information

LandMatrix

V1: Recognition status of community land tenure (not by constitution): Options: Recognized; Not recognized; Comment on recognition status.

LGAF-2

LGI 2.1 tackles the existence of opportunities for individualising land tenure which comes from customary, groups or collective tenure options. Responses: (D) assess whether or not there is a law in place for such procedure and if so, whether procedures for doing so (A) are affordable, clearly specified, safeguarded and observed in practice; (B) they are affordable and include basic safeguards against abuse; (C) they are not affordable or clear, leading to discretion in their application. 

LGI 9.1 tackles the feasibility and affordability of formalising residential housing. Responses: (A) clear, straightforward, affordable and implemented consistently in a transparent manner; (B) clear, straightforward, and affordable but are not implemented consistently in a transparent manner; (C) are not clear, straight-forward, or affordable but many applicants from informal areas are managing to satisfy the requirements; (D) formalising is very difficult. 

LGI 9.2 tackles the existence of procedures to address tenure security and infrastructure, making reference to existing regulations. Options:  (A) providing formal mechanisms and having incentives to regularise land and provide services to informal areas; (B) providing formal mechanisms for regularisation but incentivizing informal occupations; (C) formal mechanisms for regularisation exist, but only on land or services but not both; (D) there are not mechanisms or incentives for regulation. 

LGI 17.1: transparency and efficiency on the process to formalise possession. Options: (A) existence of a formal process and it is transparently and efficiently implemented; (B) existence of a formal process but not an efficient and transparent implementation; (C) the formal process is not clear and it is not efficiently and transparently implemented; (D) no formal recognition of possession. 

LGI 17.2. Recognition of non-documentary evidence to establish rights. Options: (A) accepted; (B) accepted having the same legal weight as service provision documents; (C) accepted having less legal weight as service provision documents; (D) non used. 

LGI 17.3: recognition of long-term possession. Responses: (A) legislation exists for public and private land; (B) legislation exists for either public or private land (not both); (C) legislation exists but its implementation makes it non-effective for everybody; (D) Legislation does not exist. 

LGI 17.4 tackles the inclusion of safeguards and low registration fees. Responses: (A) includes safeguards and fees are <0.5% of property value; (B) includes safeguards and fees are <2% of property value; (C) includes safeguards and fees are <5% of property value; (D) no safeguards and fees >5% of property value. 

LGI 17.5 tackles the existence of informal fees. Responses: (A) no informal fees; (B) informal fees being significantly lower than formal fees; (C) informal fees being equal to formal; (D) informal fees are higher than formal. 

LGI 2.3 makes reference to the existence of individual urban land formally registered. Responses: >90%; 70-90%; 50-70%; <50%. 

LGI 2.4 refers to the extent of illegal land sales. Responses:  (A) few illegal transactions with mechanisms to stop them in place; (B) low illegal transactions with some mechanisms to stop them; (C) high illegal transactions with some mechanisms to stop them; (D) high illegal transactions with non mechanisms to stop them in place. 

LGI 2.6 refers to women’s rights registration and recognition in urban and rural areas, being the number of women in an area who are registered individually or jointly in an area: (A) >45%; (B) 35-45%; (C) 15-35%; (D) <15% 

LGI 18.1 measures the cost of registering a property in comparison with the property value.

LGAF-1

LGI2.ii [preamble] “Most communal lands have boundaries demarcated and surveyed or mapped and communal rights registered”. R5.1 What is the number of days required to register a property? R5.2 What are the typical costs involved in registering a property (in local currency)? Instructions: Consult with a private builder or municipal building department. This should include the typical costs or fees that are involved in obtaining a title. Specify how this cost is calculated in the comments section. 

LGI 2.iii How many households live in informal settlements in the greater municipality who have titles provided by a regularisation program? P3.2b “Most individual properties in urban areas are formally registered.

GHI

P2.1 Is there an operating program to register titles or incremental tenure documents? Options: 1.Yes; 0.No. Instructions: Please examine recent government policy documents. Specify in comments whether the policy/program is implemented by the national or local government. “Incremental tenure documents” refer to any document that protects a resident against eviction. 

P2.2 Estimated percent of all the properties in the greater municipality that have their title properly registered. (%) Instructions: Please consult people working in the agency that registers property titles. 

P2.3 Are titles updated regularly when property is transferred?Options: 1.Yes; 0.No. Instructions: Please consult people working in the agency that registers property titles. Please indicate in the comments whether the practice is different toward female-headed versus male-headed households. 

P3.1 Is there a policy or program that supports the regularisation of titles or alternative documents in established informal settlements? Options: 1.Yes; 0.No. Instructions: To answer this question, please consult a member of the housing agency leadership. Please specify in the comments whether the policy/program is implemented by the national or local government. Please indicate in the comments whether there are special efforts to reach out to female-headed Households. 

P3.4 Is there a process or program to recognize occupancy of public land? For example, certificates of occupancy, street addressing or other official documents are given to informal settlers. Options: 1.Yes; 0.No Instructions: Please consult a person familiar with land law, particularly with homesteading or with adverse possession. 

Landmark

Indicators of the Legal Security of Indigenous and Community Lands:

[preamble] What percentage of the country's land area is held or used by Indigenous Peoples and communities, and how is this subdivided between formally recognized and not formally recognized land? • Does the law require the government to provide Indigenous Peoples or communities with a formal title and map to their land?

LGAF-2

LGI 24.1 refers to whether or not there are pluralistic systems of dispute resolution that are separate but also in communication and help avoid 'strategic' forum shopping; 

LGI 24.2 refers to the availability and accessibility of conflict resolution mechanisms for both formal and informal land; 

LGI 24.3 refers to informal community-based resolutions are recognised formally;

LGAF-1

LGI 10.ii refers to the availability and accessibility of conflict resolution mechanisms making specific mention to informal systems. LGI.20.i “Institutions for providing a first instance of conflict resolution are accessible at the local level in the majority of communities”. LGI Q20.iv refers to whether or not there are informal/community based and pluralistic systems of dispute resolution that are separate but also in communication and help avoid 'strategic' forum shopping. Options: (ii) There is an informal or  community-based system that resolves disputes in an equitable manner, and decisions made by this system have some recognition in the formal judicial or administrative dispute resolution system; (iii) “There are no parallel avenues for conflict resolution or, if parallel avenues exist, responsibilities are clearly assigned and widely known, and explicit rules for shifting from one to the other are in place to minimize the scope for forum shopping”. 

LGI 14.iv and LGI 14.v assess that “Independent avenues to lodge a complaint against expropriation exist and are easily accessible; and “A first-instance decision has been reached for the majority of complaints about expropriation lodged during the past 3 years.

G&J

Judges questionnaire: 

88. [vignette 7] A woman claims that her two brothers have grabbed the piece of land that she was to inherit from her father, claiming that women should not own land. Options: 1. You dismiss the case because women should not own land, 2. You send the case back to the Hoqooq department to act as a mediator in this family business, 3. You suggest the party to take the issue to community elders for mediation, 4. You give a verdict in favour of the woman; she is entitled to get the portion of her inheritance, 5. You convict the brothers based on the EVAW law, 6. Other: (specify) –Why? On which legal grounds?

Landmark

[Preamble] What would you say are the main barriers that (Q32 or Q33) face when seeking to access justice through the formal (state) system? Ùp to three answers] 32. Women, 33.Men. Options: 1. Inability to travel, 2. Inability to leave their home, 3. Costs, 4. Time constraints, 5. Illiteracy, 6. The court is too far, 7. Insecurity on the road, 8. A lack of familiarity with laws and rights, 9. Lack of access to a lawyer, 10. Complexity of procedures 11. Fear of being chastised by the community for taking a case to the formal system of justice, 12. Attitudes of police unwilling to pursue cases, 13. Incompetence of officials, 14. Absence of accessible justice institutions, 15. Corruption, 16. Other: (specify), Add any additional remarks. 

34. Do you think women face higher barriers than men when trying to access justice? Options: 1. Yes, 2. No. 35. In your opinion, what could be done to improve women’s access to justice? [Open question] 

58. How often do you refer cases to other institutions (prior to taking decision)? 62. How often do you refer cases back to the traditional justice mechanisms (jirgas, shuras)?  Options: 1. Never skip to Q.62, 2. Rarely (once or twice a year), 3. Sometimes (once or twice a month), 4. Often (once or twice a week), 5. Very frequently (on a daily basis), 6. I don’t know. 59. To which institution do you refer them most often? Options: 1. Other court, 2. hoqooq; 3. prosecutor, 4. Jirga/shura; 5. malik; 6. Other 

60. Which kind of cases do you refer most often? [multiple answers]. Options: 1. Land issues, 2. Mahr, 3. Inheritance, 4. Divorce, 5. Domestic violence, 6. Sexual harassment/rape, 7. Theft, 8. Non domestic violence, 9. Murder, 10. Forced/early marriage, 11. Zina, 12. Running away, 13. Other (specify), 14. I don’t know. 

61. What are the reasons you refer cases to such institutions? [multiple answers]. Options: 1. They are competent, 2. They are better equipped to deal with the case, 3. We have too many cases, 4. Other (Specify).  

64. Which cases involving women you refer to other institutions most often? [multiple answers] Options: 1. Land, 2. Inheritance, 3. Divorce, 4. Child custody, 5. Alimony, 6. Criminal cases, 7. Traffic violations, 8. Other (Specify). 

65. To which institutions do you mostly refer cases involving women? [multiple answers] Options: 1. Family Court, 2. Juvenile Court, 3. Women Protection Centres /Shelters, 4. Jirga/Shura, 5. Hoqooq department, 6. Other (Specify). 

66. Are cases involving women referred to other institutions more often than those involving other litigants? Options:  1. Yes, 2. No, 3. I don’t know. 

67. Which set of rules do you refer to to judge a case? [multiple answers] Options: 1. Statutory Laws, 2. Islamic law, 3. Local customs and traditions, 4. Other: (Specify), 5. I don’t know. 

75. Do you think evidence collected during Shuras/Jirgas and their decisions should be used in court. Options: 1. Yes, 2. No.  

73. How are court decisions usually enforced? [multiple answers] Options: 1. Through police, 2. Through Hoqooq, 3. Through illegal means, 4. Parties usually enforce decisions, voluntarily, 5. Other (Specify)