Richard Nikla,

MA, LMHC, CAP, ICADC, C-PD, CCTP, C-N.A.S.T.

West Coast Behavioral Therapy

Counseling Individuals & Families

Licensed Mental Health Counselor

Certified Addiction Professional

INTERNATIONALLY CERTIFIED ALCOHOL

@ DRUG COUNSELOR

Certified Personality Disorder Treatment Provider

Certified Clinical Trauma Professional

Certified in Narcissistic Abuse and Survivor Treatment

+♥️HeartMath Certified Practitioner

941-780-6939

I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, Certified Addiction Professional, Certified in Personality Disorders, Certified Clinical Trauma Specialist, Certified in Narcissistic Abuse and Survivor Treatment, and HeartMath Certified, having a practice in Sarasota, and New Port Richey, Fl. My experience involves substance abuse, treatment of survivors who have experienced narcissistic abuse, personality development, disorders, as well as depression, mood disorders, co-occurring disorders and anxiety disorders guiding people to reduce stress and living a more fulfilling way of living.

PROLOGUE

Science is increasingly linking thought and behavior with physiology. Research has shown that our sensory system initiates responses through our neurons and thus nervous system that shape our behavior and is shaped by our behavior. These responses are based on genetics history, family dynamics, past and current interactions as well as future expectations. These responses are also shaped by our friendships, communication, what we eat, and exercise routine. The revelation of this scientific connection, showing the interaction between our genetics, physiology, environment, behavior, and mental health, gives us an added tool to develop an understanding, meaning, and manageability, i.e. coherence, as a key to decreasing or even eliminating mental and physical health symptoms in the future. Developing this state of coherence also allows us to control, regulate and even eliminates the negative psychological and physiological effects of stress.

Behaviors that we form through life are reflected by our genetics, environment, and life experiences. The process of environmental interactions, and life experiences is called Epigenetics. As we grow our life experiences form our conscious and subconscious thoughts, actions, interactions, and experiences, generating reactions to different situations in our environment. This process is how we develop traits. Simply put traits are tendencies or dispositions toward a specific behavior, (56). Adding stress to these reactions can cause us to repeat our behaviors forming habits. These habits can result in good or bad behaviors, which can lead to addictions.

Addictions have less to do with alcohol, drugs, or ingrained habits and more to do with past experiences that have led to addictions. Time management is a key behavior that forms due to past experiences, and thus itself an addiction. Time management not only reflects on how we keep appointments and budget our time, it also reflects on the choices we make in life and ultimately how our lives are organized. Time management reflects in our relationships, friendships, employment, extracurricular activities, and education. This time management phenomena is also learned behavior, which we have learned by our past experiences, and can pass on to our friends and chidden.

On this website, “Mental Health, Behavior, and Addiction Videos”, I have included videos, from noted Doctors, Psychiatrists, Psychologists and authors. The viewer is encouraged to google other videos by the same or different medical or mental health professionals. The viewer is also encouraged to read the books and articles in the Reference section for more knowledge about subject matter on this website.

THE MIND-BOD CONNECTION

“Knowledge is power”, Francis Bacon was a philosopher, scientist, author, Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England in 1600’s.

The mind body connection involves the synchronization between human anatomy and physiology evolving into human instincts, characteristics and functions of communication, and reactions. This connection of the mind and body is a complex mass of sensory and motor neurons, fibers, chemicals and electrical connections, generated in the central nervous system (CNS), processing information to and from the rest of the body, making us who we are. The CNS is comprised of the brain and spinal system (55).

These connection between the body and mind controls our emotions, feelings, reasoning, decision making, thought process as well as all body functions and everything we do. The connection between the brain and all other organs in the body are interconnected by the vagus nerve, a cranial nerve in our body, that extends from our cerebellum in the brain to the intestinal track. The vagus nerve branches sensory and motor neuronal fibers that spread to all parts of our body relaying information to and from the heart and brain. The outreach of the vagus nerve extends to and from the brain, heart and lungs, digestive system, energy production system, sensory system, integumentary system (skin, hair etc.) regulating body temperature, respiratory system, muscular system, controlling emotions, the fight or flight responses infectious disease, pain and physical growth, (11)

The body consists of several nervous systems. Among the most important is the Central Nervous System (CNS), responsible for thought, learning, memory decision making, and maintaining homeostasis (a complex self-regulating system of all chemical functions in the body that maintains balance, equilibrium, and proper health), The CNS is a major part of the body's nervous system, made up of nerves, blood, and connecting tissues, whose primary functions are sensory (sensing, sensations) motor (movement). and integrative (connecting sensations to motor impulses). There are millions of neuron connectors which continually relay information in the nervous system. These neuronal connections and sensors in the body are controlled by electrical and chemical signals which are stimulated by continuous, familiar, and varying concentrations of chemical and electrical impulses that are generated by the body’s reactions to its environment. These chemical and electrical signals are transmitted through nerve fibers with varying intensity, and if the intensity is strong enough, the neuronal interactions are recorded and keep track in the CNS (54), These neuronal interactions create sensitivity in our CNS stimulating dopamine, serotonin, hormones, and other chemicals causing chemical and electrical impulses to be sent to the heart and the brain. These electrical and chemical signals stimulate the sensory and motor neurons in the body laying the framework for all things we do as well as habits, addiction, trauma, (11).

The following videos show how the CNS and brain interact and control our emotions and everything we do. As I have pointed out the neuronal system is continually stimulated, reacts to stimulants be degree of impulse and familiarity, generating sensations, emotions, and thought.

For more information on the brain the reader is encouraged to read Van Der Kolk, M.D., B. (2014). The Body Keeps The Score,

“Knowledge is power”, Francis Bacon was a philosopher, scientist, author, Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England in 1600’s.

For more information on the brain the reader is encouraged to read Van Der Kolk, M.D., B. (2014). The Body Keeps The Score,

What we think is who we are. In this video Dr. Gabor Mate talks about the connection of the mind and body with stress and the environment in disease and healing. Dr. Gabor Mate discusses how stress, and the effect of social environment, can create psychological and prolonged stressors, effecting disease development and our health.

GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS

The following videos show how genetics and epigenetics play a part in human development.

Videos in the section on Relationship also show how genetics may play a part in Personality Disorders and Psychopathy.

The next video is from the University of Oslo, a public research University in Oslo Norway. This video shows a short explanation of how genetics and epigenetics interacts with the environment to form a personality

The following video presented by the University of Pittsburgh, the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, is about the survivors of the Dutch Hunger Winter famine of 1944 to 1945 in the Netherlands near the end of WW11. This video depicts the genetics and epigenetic development of how trauma and hunger effects the survivors and their offspring for generations. There are also other depictions of genetics and epigenetics effects that prevail in society,

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

"Everything good is costly, and the development of personality is one of the most costly of all things. It is a matter of saying yes to oneself, of taking oneself as the most serious of tasks, of being conscious of everything one does, and keeping it constantly before one's eyes in all its dubious aspects."

C. G. Jung

A personality is a combination of characteristics and qualities that form an individual's distinctive identity. Our personalities reflect our reactions to different situations, motivations, desires, and interests that are consistent and unique. Genetics and epigenetics play a part in personality development along with relationships, and life styles. Personalities can be thought of in two categories, The first is the social skills or adroitness that we exhibit showing negative or positive response to a situation. The second use is what impression the person makes on others. The two categories reflect the person’s attitude toward others, i.e., angry, friendly, complimentary or argumentative, etc., and how that attitude is perceived by others. (73).

As our personality develops through chid-hood, our teens, and as an adult, we have contact with a vast number of influences. These influences shape our behavior, thoughts, goals, interactions with our environment, as well as resilience (discussed in an upcoming sections entitled NATURE VS NURTURE, GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND RESILIENCE.

As we communicate with others, we also make an impression on them and in turn they make infunces on us, consequently affecting our acceptance into society. Through our life we have many different influences that affect us. These influences stay with us through our life. Although these influences might not directly effect us in later life they have influenced our developing decisions.

Our personality can be divided into 5 broad categories or traits called the Big 5. These traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. known as OCEAN. In 2000, Kibeom Lee and Michael C. Ashton developed an addition trait category to the BIG 5 model, The HEXACO model of Honesty-Humility which is divided into four subtypes, sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and modesty (76).

The Big 5 and HEXACO are the traits that cause our impressions on society. Some researchers attribute other traits or a different variety of trait combinations to our behavior. Variations of these personality traits can cause differences in personality development. A dysfunctional environment i.e. child abuse, aggressiveness in childhood, lack of family support, poor choice of friends or a combination of environment and genetics can lead to problems in personality development leading to personality disorders. However, as there are multitudinous amounts of factors both negative or positive, we cannot predict the future of child development. Resilience is also a factor. Resilience is the ability to recover from a adverse events, negative or positive. Resilience is the process of where the mind assimilates and processes experiences (60,a).

The personality is formed by genetics from our mother and father as well as distant relatives. Epigenetics also plays a significant part of shaping the personality after we are born. Epigenetics is the intervention of the environment with genetics. Simply put it is above genetics. Part of the epigenetics shaping is the emphasis we put on our own life long decisions that form the day to day patterns of our life.

Nature vs Nurture has been a long standing discussion. Recent studies by Dr. Adrian Raine, a psychiatrist and research professor in Neurocriminology at the University of Pennsylvania, shows that certain personality traits (a tendencies or dispositions toward a specific behavior) are passed on by genes, (35). Traits also play a role in shaping personality.
As we discussed earlier, resilience is key to recovery from negative or positive experiences. Michael Rutter was a child psychiatrist in United Kingdom, who was an author and researcher. His work includes his work on Attachment Theory, https://lifengoal.com/michael-rutters-attachment-theory/. Rutter postulates that there are a numerous amount of influences that form trait expression (outcomes) he calls environmental influences. These influences are transferred by interactions of a large number of alleles (two or more genes that affect expression of trait) (60,b). Rutter defines three types of reactions between genes and environment developing pattens of influence that affect behavior. Passive Gene-Environment interplay involves behavior of others i.e. family involved genetics. Active Gene-Environment Interplay involves the genetic effects of Children's behavior shaping environment through choices they make. And, Evocative Gene-Environment Interplay, involves inheritable traits which elicit reactions from others i.e. negative bullying or antisocial behavior, (60,b). Further discussion in the section, "The Science of Resilience", will discus the Complexity Theory and a relatively new outlook on developing personalities.
In addition to traits, which are mostly a result of developmental life experiences, children are also born with temperaments which they exhibit over childhood and become a characteristic of their behavior. Temperament also reflects variations in behavior that are inherited, being observed from birth. Temperament is represented by four characteristics and combinations of these characteristics, sanguine (extraverted), choleric (extraverted), melancholic (quality orientated), phlegmatic (cooperative, service orientated). These temperaments can change or be stable over time, (60, c).
Personality Traits are also heritable, but can change with environmental interactions. (60,d). Traits continue to develop by a multiple of experience and help shape our personality with some heritable traits reflecting mental illness in families. Thus, temperament and heritability of traits refers to what we are born with, while trait personality reflect developmental interactions in the environment.
Genetics and epigenetics (environmental influence) play a large part in developing of temperament and personality traits. In his book "Nature and Nurture in Personality and Psychopathology", Joel Paris, M.D. points to many studies showing the effects of genetics, family environment, and social structures on developing personalities. Dr. Paris is a psychiatrist, a research associate at the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital in Montreal, Canada, and emeritus professor of Psychiatry at McGill University (60,e).

During early childhood personality development is a key part of individual growth. As we have discussed personalities develop from genetic and environmental interactions. Genetics forms the blueprint for personality development but epigenetics shapes the personality. As children are born with a unique temperament which shapes the personality but does not always determine the outcome. Temperament can be stable throughout life or it can change due to environmental interactions, sometimes personalities develop in dysfunctional ways, usually. It is estimated that 40% to% 50% of traits are inherited (widiger, 2011: Plomin, 1018), ( 60,f).

Personality development sometimes lead to a personality disorder. These patterns are manifested and continue to develop during the child’s growth. This personality development can cause people to veer from societal norms and standards, as well as look at situations from a rigid, fixed view that appears to be unalterable, stable, and unchanging over time, causing the person to have continual problems in society. Another prominent characteristic of a personality disorder, is that the person in question does not recognize their view as a problem. This person may have problems with others or society, but feel that the other person or situation is to blame, not taking responsibility or scrutiny for their own actions, with little or no desire to make changes.

Personality disorders may have a heritable contribution, although the environment influences the traits that ultimately shape our personality and behavior. There are many interactions that shape the personality and those with a personality disorders. Some cases of personality disorders reflect a predatory nature, i.e. stalking, abusiveness, psychopathic, suspicious, manipulative etc. The more we learn about personalities and human development the more we find out that cause and effect solutions are increasing unreliable for predictors (73). We cannot look at personality development from a linear perspective. there are multitudinous factors in a persons personality development, (60, g), Alternatively, what makes these characteristics a disorder is that they affect the person that exhibits them negatively in their lives. Some of these characteristics also affect people positively, and allow them to perform favorably, in relationships, or other aspects of their life. Positive interactions and communications can lessen the negative effects of these personality developments leading to more positive interactions and relationships.

There are 10 Personality Disorders in the DSM-5-TRTM grouped into three clusters. Cluster A, is odd and eccentric i.e., Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders, Cluster B is dramatic, erratic, and emotional, i.e., Anti-Social, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders, and Cluster C is fearful and anxious, i.e., Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive Personality disorders, (56b). The reader is urged to see the DSM-5-TRTM clarification of these personality disorders.

Personality development is critical to children, adolescents, and adults’ growth. As we grow, we react to our environment with understandings that we have perceived through our experiences and conscientiousness. This conscious understanding of what is going on depends on our environment i.e., our health, genetics, epigenetics, family relationships, friends, what we see, and our reactions to our environment which is also affected by the reactions of the people around us (73).

The following videos show the development of Psychology forming the outgrowth of modern theories and practices. The foundation of psychology was firmly set with the following psychologists and psychiatrists Sigmund Freud, Erik Erickson, Carl G. Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney. As history has progressed, other psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health therapist have used these ideas as their basis of understanding human interactions.

SIGMUND FREUD AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

Sigmund Freud was a 19th century Psychologist, and was the first noted psychologist that uncovered the unconscious mind, the foundations of the human thinking, and began a new way of looking at psychology. Freud was born in Vienna, Austria, May 6, 1865, growing up in a Jewish family and culture. Freud grew up during the victorian era where the society was very conservative in the late 1800’s. Austria was resistant to Freud’s theories. However, Freuds determination has changed our lives forever. With the publication of his book, "Interpretation of Deems" in 1899 Freud began his theory of psychoanalysis. Freud died on September 29, 1939. As The following video describes the early life of Freud, the lifestyle of 19th century Austria, and his ultimate development of psychoanalysis.

ERIC ERICKSON'S 8 STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

The next video describes Erickson’s 8 stages of personality development. These states go from Trust and Mistrust, through Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Industry vs. Inferiority. (building skills), Generative vs. Stagnation (building life skills) and Ego Integrity vs. Despair (usually at the end stages of our lives over 65 years of age to death, where we contemplate our accomplishments, and reflect on our successes of life). Each stage of Erickson’s 8 stages of development spans certain time frames our lives where we meet challenges, address problems, conflicts, successes, or failures that develop in our character and self-worth.

CARL GUSTAV JUNG AND HIS THEORY OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Carl G. Jung was born on July 28, 1875 in Kesswil Switzerland, and died June 6, 1961 in Kusnacht, Switzerland. His parents were Protenant Clergy. Jung grew up with a religious background and family conflicts with religion, choosing the medical profession and psychiatry for his profession as his lifetime endeavor, graduating from the University of Basel, in Basel Switzerland, and in 1900 graduated with his M.D. from the University of Zurich. While attending the University of Zurich, he worked at the Burgholzli Asylum with Eugene Bleuler treating schizophrenic and other psychotic patients. It was during this period that Jung established friendship with Freud. During this time Jung became a protege of Freud eventually becoming president of the Psychoanalytic Society in 1910, at the second Congress of the Psychoanalytic Society in Nuremberg (81).

https://www.simplypsychology.org/sigmund-freud.html,

As Jung continued his career and studies, he published the “Psychology of the Unconscious” in 1912, which severely separated Jung with Freud’s theories. Jung resigned from his professorship at the University of Zurich and presidency of the Psychoanalytic Society, further developing his theory of Analytic Psychology. Jung’s major difference with Freud was the idea of libido. Freud viewed libido as sexual energy. Jung viewed libido as comprised of different energies in which the sex drive was only a part. Jung developed his theory studding the eastern philosophies as well as spending many years studding alchemy and its relation to the psyche. Jung also met with Albert Einstein, and Wolfgang Pauli, a noted physicist who pioneered quantum mechanics (82). These relationships with Einstein and Pauli as well as his studies of eastern philosophy and his religious upbringing led to his development of individuation, archetypes and eventually synchronicity (81).

Jung's theories differed from Freud considerably. Significant differences were Jung's ideas of the unconscious mind. While Freuds theory of unconscious mind dealt with id (instincts), ego (a balance between instinct and social norms), and superego, (consciousness pushing us toward ethical standards). Jung’s unconscious mind was about relationships of what had been, is now, and perceived future happenings in our surroundings. Jung’s theory revolves around analytical psychology which differed from psychoanalysis with the concepts of the unconscious mind, individualization, collective unconscious and synchronicity. The unconscious mind is where past memories of events, repression, traumas, and anxiety are stored in the brain and the body, Individuation is the concept that the individual can realize individuality, completeness and self-gratification (81).

Collective unconscious gives references to past ancestral experiences, and shapes the formation of who we are as individuals. Jung collective unconscious is governed by overlapping archetypes, (inherited patterns of thinking as overcoming evil, masking of our inner self, right and wrong, etc.). Jung's idea of the collective unconscious parallels the ideas of Pauli and quantum theory, in that quantum theory and Jung’s thoughts of our universe are depicted in the mind as psychic energy observations representing thoughts instead of physical forms. Jung proposed that the psychic energy in the mind was guided by a system of forms or archetypes, occurring in collative universe where individual forms appear in our mind. Quantium Theory postulates that objects don't become reality until they are observed, the observer effect.

https://medium.com/@quantumglyphs1/the-observer-effect-how-observing-changes-reality-0202abadcaf8

Another similarity in Jung’s theory on Synchronicity that correlates with quantum entanglement, described by Rupert Sheldrake, and in a paper written by Igor V. Limar "C.G. Jung’s Synchronicity and Quantum Entanglement".

There are several theories of quantum entanglement. These theories will be discussed in the subsequent section on Conscientiousness: And It’s Relationship To Our Daily Lives. During the time of C.G. Jung’s relationship with Wolf Gang Pauli (prominent Swiss theoretical physicist), the Copenhagen Interpretation, of which Pauli was part, was prevalent. The Copenhagen Interpretation, although disputed, postulated that particle (energy forces) traveled in waves and as they entangled with other energy forces they formed new energy forces that even at a distance possessed the same qualities. This process was called "superposition"' meaning that the particles were in many positions at once, as they traveled in waves. It was only when these waves were measured or observed they “collapsed’, meaning that they would no longer be in a wave configuration but identifiable as an object of element, still an energy force. The Copenhagen interpretation is what C. G. Jung based his theories on, (82). We can see this affect in our own lives. When we meet someone (entanglement) even for a very short time, they continually affect us. These effects large or small, positive, or negative are with us forever. Similarly, to the description of the Copenhagen Interpretation.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2089541

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-collective-unconscious-2671571.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4217602/.

According to Jung, a person’s thoughts feelings, memories and instincts make up their personality development and are centered around the Ego, Personal Unconscious, and the Collective Unconscious. While the Ego involves the conscious mind, the personal unconscious involves memories feelings and past experiences, ( 79)

The ego, according to Jung, consists of thoughts, memories, and emotions in the conscious thoughts and awareness of our environment. Self-awareness involves knowing how the ego and conscious interactions blend with the personal and collective unconscious, (79)

The personal unconscious shapes our behavior, and fosters a link with our past experiences and current feelings about ourselves, i.e., forgotten experiences, repressed memories, family experiences, successes, or traumas that shape our experiences, (79).

Collective unconscious is an inherited phenomenon that is shared by all humans and involves universal experiences and symbolic meanings known as Archetypes. The collective unconscious closely parallels quantum theory (described in a upcoming section) in that it is inherited symbolism created by the mind and represent a feeling or belief, yet they are not material. Jung differentiates the term inherited as meaning a “mode of functioning” not an inherited idea (79). Jung’s theory of collective unconscious and archetypes also parallels quantum theory in the idea of synchronicity, one event happening in two different locations simultaneously, i.e., one person thinking of another person and then receiving a call from that person. The architypes represent common aspects of human beliefs as mother, hero, wise old man, persona, and shadow to name a few. represent common aspects of human existence. Jung’s view of archetypes reflect inherited universal signs and symbols that appear to all of us at similar times regardless of location. Quantum Theory also suggests that one an event happens quantum particles can sense the event, and is felt in another location, no matter how far. This principal in Quantum mechanics is called “Nonlocality”, and postulated that a quantum particle can know the states of other quantum particles and correlate their behavior regardless of distance and location. This phenomenon occurs in a process called Quantum Entanglement, An example of this is wave particle duality where light is past through a split screen to another surface, and the light waves are split into different images. Wave Particle Duality is also experiences in the same light images seen at defend locations, Wave-Particle Duality: The Dual Nature of Light and Matter - Science Teacher Stuff. Jung’s theory of archetypes postulates that archetypes are heritable, universal symbols that represent feelings in the person, and can be felt by all people regardless of time and location, (80,a) ,

Simply put synchronicity involves different things happening at different times that connect with some idea. Webster defines synchronicity as “The coincidental occurrence of events and especially psychic events (such as similar thoughts in widely separated persons or a mental image of an unexpected event before it happens) that seem related but are not explained by conventional mechanisms of causality -used especially in the psychology of Carl Gustav Jung”, Synchronicity is a major concept of Jung's Analytical Psychology. Synchronicity combines Jung's theories of the Ego, Self, Shadow, Conscious, Unconscious, Archetypes. Unus Mundus (one world concept), and Non Locality (actions by one particle can affect another particle even at distance), with quantum physics, i.e. wave theory and superpositions.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synchronicity

When we think of things happening in a synchronistic manor, we think of related events that have happened or that we relate them happening. A common thought of synchronicity is when we think of something happening and it happens in a similar time period. Another example is when we think of someone i.e., a friend, and the friend calls or someone mentions the friend.

C.G. Jung and Wolfgang Pauli, a Nobel Prize winning psychiatrist, developed the idea of synchronicity through the years of 1929 to 1951. Jung presented the idea of synchronicity in his 1951 Eranos lecture in Ascona, Switzerland entitled “An Acausal Connecting Principle”. Synchronicity according to Jung involves events that have happened in the past brought to the present through unconscious to conscious thoughts in dreams or events or a combination of dreams and events that reflect past events. In Jungian Psychology, these events are brough into consciousness through the unconscious by symbols, known as archetypes (95).

Jung's theory of psychological types and individuation also play a large part in personality development. Jung's definition of Libido differed from his mentor Freud. Freud proposed that libido revolved around sexual energy that drives human thoughts and actions. Jung saw libido not only as sexual energy but also as psychic energy influencing intellectualism, creativity, individuation, mental health, spiritual and personal growth, (80,b).

Significant differences between Jung and Freud slowly emerged. Freud’s theory postulates that there were two instance Eros and Thanatos. Eros is the life drive, sexual development and procreation. Thanatos is the depth instinct which involves aggression to others, as well as revisiting our past and resorting our thoughts toward death at the end of life. Eros and Thanatos are Greek mythological gods of life and death.

Jung postulates that there 5 instincts, nutrition or hunger, Sex, activity, creativity, and reflection. It is this theory of instincts that split Jung from Freud. Jung’s focus on creativity and reflection opposed Freuds theory of the death instinct, Thanatos.

Jung’s theory of life and death is further represented in his interview at his home in Kusnacht, Switzerland, at age 84, with BBC journalist john Freeman in 1959. In this interview, “Face to Face: Carl Jung”, Jung described his philosophy on aging as “ life behaves as if it were going on… …is better for old people to live on, to look forward to the next day, as if he had to spend centuries. and then he lives properly". If man “ is afraid, he doesn’t look forward, looks back, he petrifies, he gets stiff, and he dies before his time. But only if he’s the living one looking forward to the great adventure, then he lives” (83).

The following video discusses the life of Carl Jung, growing up in the highlight of victorian era in Switzerland, his relation to Sigmund Freud, and the development of his theory of Analytical Psychology. This video also discussed Jung's developing personality types, the process of archetypes, collective Unconscious, Individuation, and the development of the self, who we are as a person. Note that Carl Jung focuses on the development of being an individual encompasses all experiences, mistakes and failures, positive or negative. This process involves developing our ability to adapt, working through these circumstances to achieve the best results for ourself. The process of individuation also encompasses not being a victim of life's circumstances, but working through the acceptance of reality.

The following videos describe the relationship between C.G.Jung and Wolfgang Pauli and the union of quantum theory and psychology. Pauli sought out Jung for therapy because he was having disturbing dreams. This relationship led to the union of the two in developing jung's understanding of how the world worked according to quantum theory, and thus Jung's monumental theory of Synchronicity.

The "Hero's Journey" is a term made popular by Dr. Joseph Campbell, author of "The Hero With A Thousand Faces", has deep origins in mythology, and has also been characterized by many philosophers as Otto Rank, a Freudian Psychologist, who in 1909 wrote about the concept of the Mystic Hero in his book, "The Myth of the Birth of the Hero", (64). Freud also used mythology in his Psychoanalytic Theory, the Oedipus Complex, in reference to the son's sexual urges to ward his mother and killing of his father in his book "Totem and Taboo", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo.

Dr. Peterson is a Canadian clinical psychologist, having degrees from University of Alberta, and McDill University, both in Canada. Dr. Peterson also taught and did research at Harvard University and currently professor emeritus at the University of Toronto after retiring in 2021, Dr. Peterson is the author of books as "Beyond Order" and "Maps of Meaning" and now engages in public speaking (64).

Dr. Peterson explains the history and some changes in Psychoanalytic theory between Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. The reader is encouraged to research their areas of interest on this subject and to view other videos on this website some of which are Peter Fonagy, Susan Moore, Peter Levine. In addition, the reader should look up other articles on Psychoanalysis to broaden their view of Psychoanalytic theory.

There is a direct connection between Jungian theory, Psychoanalysis, Genetics, Epigenetics, and Heart Rate Variability. All these modalities use emotions, reactions, and thought process to engage with human psyche. Likewise, all these modalities use the past as building blocks for human growth in the present and the future. Dr. Peterson points out that Freud postulated personalities were inherent in our interactions and behavior. Numerous recent studies in neuroscience and a 2014 study by the Institute of Rational Harm Reduction and Perdue University, the first large college study on the personality traits of survivors of Pathological Relationships (65), confirm the developing framework of personality disorders connecting them with behavior. Prior in 1970 Dr. Robert Hare developed the psychopathy check list used by law enforcement to detect the trait of psychopathy in criminals, government, businesses, and relationships, also confirm Freud’s theory. This will be discussed in a further section under Relationships and Psychopathy.

Joseph Campbell was an American Author and teacher at Sarah Lawrence College in Brownsville, NY from 1937 to the 1970's. He published "The Hero With A Thousand Faces", in 1949. Although his ideas followed Carl jung's ideas about archetypes, he did not meet Jung until the 1940's just prior to his death. Campbell was influenced by Jung as well as Freud, and Heinrich Zimmer (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Heinrich-Zimmer), and a student of various cultures and eastern philosophies (94). Although Campbell's writings reflected Jung's ideas of archetypes, he was not an advocate for Jung. Campbell writings are reflected in such movies as the "Star Wars" series.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campbell).

The Hero's Journey involves all of us, male and female, and is continuous throughout our lives. As Dr. Campbell points out, Mythological stories involve similar story lines in the adventure of life, the journey, meeting obstacles, achieving some temporary successes or failures, the death of an idea, working with others, exchanging ideas with mentors and friends, and transitioning to a new person with new ideas. Successes and failures are only temporary, superseded by the next success or failure. The goal is not the failure or success but implanted in the dedication and love for the journey. The hero's journey is the beginning step of becoming a women or man. It is a process that we all need in developing, Individuality, harmony, and unity in our lives, free of anger, resentment, conflict, disharmony, and prejudice. The Hero's Journey is a process that takes place in every endeavor we undertake. This process is meant to active what Jung defined as "Individuation". For more information on individuation,

https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/issues/individuation.

For further information on "The Hero's Journey" and "Individuation", the book "Kings, Warriors, Magicians, Lover", by Robert Moore & Douglas Gillette is recommended.

In the next video Johnathan Young, Phd., a psychologist who worked with Joseph Campbell, explains "The Hero's Journey" and details each phase of the journey, developing what Jung calls Individuation, the transformation to a complete person. The phases of the Hero's Journey appear in the following chart, showing the ranges working through what is known (normal world, conscious) with what is unknown (unconscious) progressing through different stages of the transformation process transforming to a new beginning, Individuation.

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=Awrhcgj0IohpUrMBQKAPxQt.;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Nj?hspart=trp&hsimp=y 011c&grd=true&type=Y243_F281_232609_011425&param1=011425&p=the+hero%27s+journey+chart&fr=yhs-trp-011c

In the following video Dr. Peterson discuses Freud and his relationship to Jung, describing Jung as a visionary with his development of the unconsciousness, dreams, mythology, syncronisity, and archetypes. He also discusses Freuds initially theorizing of the unconscious, and its effects on our lives. In addition, he explains how the hero's myth develops from the relationship between the unconsciousness and conscious, comparing Freud' theory to Jung's, in development of relationships between males and females. Dr. Peterson further discusses the split between Freud and Jung as it was described by Erich Neumann.

LACK OF MOVEMNT CAN CAUSE CHANGES IN BRAIN CIRCUITRY

In the next video, Dr. Kelly Lambert discusses imbalances in our system, and our tendencies to take a pill to relieve the negative tendencies and to decrease this imbalance. Dr. Lambert discusses how movement is a habit we have lost in our daily routines and changing lifestyles. We may have become more complacent in our lives that do not lead to sustained health. Have we decreased our intrinsic tendencies to use our body’s as intended by subsuming behavior changes to become less active?

Dr. Lambert describes habits that we form that reflect our dependence in medications. These habits revolve around epigenetic influences, and are shaped by the environment. We are born with certain dominant temperaments, i.e., non-aggressive, aggressive, having control, positive, sensitive, and empathetic, (60c). However, it the daily interactions and experiences from birth that shapes these temperaments, and can lead to certain personalities, behaviors, and even mental illnesses. These influences can be thought of as energy fields that shape our personality. As we grow we have an exorbitant amounts of influences or energy fields that shape our personality and behaviors. Quantum Theory and the Akashic Field Theory are explanations of how these influences transform our personality. Patterns of the habits we form are shaped by and shape our entanglement with other aspects of society, leading to positive or negative interactions.

Lack of movement may also contribute to Internet Addiction, talked about in the section on Addiction. This interference contributes to the desire for instant gratification, causing the TV, video games, scrolling on the computer or cell phone to replace tasks that take longer to accomplish i.e. reading a book, physical exercises, school work, learning new skills, or employment, as well as other aspects of learning. These habits can shape the personality, and may contribute to decreased motivation and possible future difficulties in learning new tasks, possibly disabling us from achieving a satisfactory or productive life,

VICTIMIZATION AND A VICTIM MENTALITY

There are many people who feel victimized by different situation. Others having similar experiences develop a victim mentality, or a victim mentality may have also developed from their childhood. According to Sigmond Freud, “that the entire direction of lives was largely determined quite unconsciously by the parental association, and that although adults, the emotional side of their nature was still infantile in type” (78).

A victim Mentality as defined by Marion Webster is, “the belief that one is always a victim : the idea that bad things will always happen to one”. Feeling victimized in a particular situation is not uncommon, and is not the same as hiving a victim mentality. Experiencing a trauma or being a victim of a traumatic requires resilience, and may also require medical, psychiatric or psychological intervention. Changing the view from a being a victim to taking responsibility for one’s actions, developing self-confidence, and acknowledge your ability to change your thinking from negative to positive, (75b).

People who experience stress also feel victimized. People who have experienced trauma and have been victimized by stress or trauma are able to recover from the stress or trauma with appropriate coping mechanisms. Sometimes those people can develop a victim mentality when they have not learned to cope with adverse experiences. Some examples of people who can develop victim mentality are those that experience repeated sexual, physical, and psychological abuse where they have been held hostage for a period of time, developing Stockholm Syndrome or victimization by Narcissistic/Psychopathic abuser.

Also, there are those that through child or adult development have developed a dependent personality and do not feel that they can take responsibility for their own actions or the actions or others. and shift blame to another person or happening. In addition people wih a victim mentality may have little sympathy or empathy for others, have rigid thinking, isolate themselves, live an unhealthy lifestyle, and expect other's to take care of them i.e. friends, famly or government subsidies. The people that have a victim mentality also view every experience as an attack on them that happened to them through no fault of their own, and has little or no resolution.

There is also a strong link between victim mentality, narcissism, and psychopath. The connection arrises in the nature of the person with a victim mentally, narcissism, and psychopath, a constant reference fo self and being self absorbed, not take responsibility for one's own actions, blaming someone or something else for what has happened in their lives, manipulating others to sway attention to what they want, and continually talking about how they have been abused. These characteristics can cause some people to have sympathy toward the individual, and be over powered by the constant barge of their victimhood (84). This constant feelings of victimization can also lead to a personification of lack of empathy, indifference, callousness, and insensitivity.

In the following video Dr. Ramani discussed Victim Mentality and Narcissism.

The following video is by Kristen Jacobsen, LCPC. licensed therapist in Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Florida.

https://www.catharticspacecounseling.com/

Dr, Tracy Marks is a psychiatrist, Educator, and Corporate speaker who prides herself on bringing brain science to the real world through therapy. In the next video Dr. Marks discussed vitum mentality and 5 ways to change victim mentalityhttps://markspsychiatry.com/about-dr-marks/

QUANTUM THEORY SHAPES PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

An Introduction

Quantum theory has replaced traditional physics with a new physics, quantum physics/mechanics. Quantum mechanics is the most accurate form of physics we have. We use quantum mechanics in cell phones, computer screens, leisure’s, MRI’s, GPS, the atomic clock, NIST-F1, in Bolder Colorado, and other devices. The study of quantum mechanics has taken technology into the 21st century. The quantum computer is among the newest changes in technology. Many new fields and opportunities have opened up because of quantum mechanic. With the increasing advancement in science and intricacy of quantum mechanic technology, a new learning paradigm is also being generated.

Quantum theory or quantum mechanics deals with measurements and probability of measurements explaining the nature and behavior of mater and energy at a subatomic level, a level that is smaller than an atom. Matter is made up of atoms and elements. Atoms are made up of protons and electrons, some atoms have the same number of protons in their nucellus other atoms have an odd number of protons. Elements are made of all the same type of atoms. Energy refers to the transmission of electromagnetism of quantum waves and particles based on the magnetic energy of the earth's magnetic field as well as the spin of electrons in an atom, explained in the section discussing Pauli exclusion principal.

Quantum theory has been postulated in many different form of energy transferences as particles, strings, waves, and bands. These theories are still being disputed today. The basic properties of quantum theory is entanglement and superposition. Entanglement is when two energy particles (quantum states or electromagnetic waves) meet and form a new quantum state. These quantum states or electromagnetic waves, are said to be in a superposition (they are superposed on each other), meaning they occupy two or more locations at the same time. They can form linier electromagnetic waves and seen as a sum of multiple electromagnetic waves. Imagine an electromagnetic wave made up of particles. These particles occupy many different positions at once throughout the wave. When the wave is observed, it is said to "collapse". The term collapsed means that is is visible as a single particle and shape. Actually the particle is captured in time when it collapses (is observed). The question is an energy state a wave or a particle. Thomas Young, (1801) showed in the double slit experiment how quantum particles when passed through two slits form superpositions configuring as wave patterns and when they hit a surface they are measured differently, (https://www.quantum-inspire.com/kbase/superposition-and-entanglement/)

There are several probability theories that govern quantum therapy and quantum mechanics. One probability theory is Bayesian Integration, which makes an estimate about the property of an energy force using current information about the particular subject (84). Bayesian Integration is a formula based on Bayes' Theorem, developed by Thomas Bayes, a minister, statistician, and philosopher, in a 1763 paper entitled " An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chance",

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem).

These questions and more were discussed in the Copenhagen Interpretation, and the Solvay Conference (1911, 1925 to 1927}. A brief history of the main characters of quantum theory and quantum mechanics prior to the Copenhagen Interpretation and Solvay Conference and beyond will be discussed in the following accounting.

A brief history of quantum theory

In quantum mechanics the focus is on atoms and the parts of atoms; electrons, protons, and the nucleus. These parts of the atom travel as particles or waves. Some of the waves are very small, others are larger. Remember we are talking about microscopic particles and waves. These particles are part of atoms, photons or electrons. The properties of these wave-particles cause energy of atoms and provide the basic structure of our existence.

Understanding the importance of determining what the particles of matter on earth are made of has proven necessary to construct knowledge to build advanced technologies. The exploration, intricacy, perseverance, determination, and discoveries that the physicists of the 1900's exhibited is responsible for the innovations of quantum mechanics in the 20th century.

Issac Newton, in 1671, presented to the Royal Society of London, "A Letter of Mr Isaac Newton, Mathematics Professor in the University of Cambridge, containing his new theory about light and colors". Newtons theorized that light traveled in particles.

(https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf

Although controversy had developed between Issac Newton and Robert Hooks as to who developed the wave theory first. Newton is credited with discovering light.

In 1665, physicists as Robert Hooks developed the wave theory and in 1678 Christiaan Huygens modified Hooks theory showing that light spread by reflection and refraction, when passing through a medium, telling indicating the future motion of the wave. The advent of light by Issac Newton, has let to the development of quantum theory and new forms of physics, quantum mechanics, new forms of lighting i.e laser technology, computers, space travel, and more (86).

Since 1671. many physicists tried to discover how lighting really worked. It was not until 1905 when Albert Einstein postulated the theory of light. Prior to Einstein, light had been thought of as waves. Einstein said that light was made up of tiny particles, quantum particles, called photons. These photon particles when they hit a surface bounced back forming a light pattern. Others prior to that time, also witnessed similar phenomenon. Einstein worked form the format set up by Max Plank who coined the term quantum in his study of Blackbody Radiation, simply put the color of light transmitted from an object at different frequencies and the object being at different temperatures. The colors range from Red, orange, yellow, white, and blue. These colors are also reflected depicting the heat of the stars. The more light reflected depends on the heat of the body emitting the light. Blackbody Radiation derives it's name when a black body is subject to beams of different heat and frequency. When the black object reaches a temperature of about 500 degrees celsius, the frequencies changes and colors are omitted, depending on the increase in temperature and frequency. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHG61XPuWyk&t=225s. Max Plank develop a formula, in 1900, which is used today called the Plank Constant, used measure energy and action of light and quantum energy (86), https://www.sciencing.com/use-plancks-constant-2378/.

Einstein had theorized that light traveled in particles instead of waves. Prior to that, in 1801, Thomas Young demonstrated that light split into waves when it passed thought slits, the double slit experiment. In 1871, Jams Clark Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann proposed the kenotic theory of gas, which claims that gas was a series of moving microscopic particles. John Dalton and Amedeo Avogadro incorporated this theory into the atomic theory of matter, postulating that matter was made up of tiny particles. During this time period there was much discussion as to heat and frequency of an atom and light given off by the atom. There was also controversy about how atoms and light traveled, particles or waves. However, it was in 1913 that Niels Bohr postulated that in a hydrogen atom, a positively charged nebulous orbited a negatively charged electron. At this point all these theories were speculation about atoms emitting energy, light, velocity and behavior (86).

https://www.thoughtco.com/copenhagen-interpretation-of-quantum-mechanics-2699346.

The conflict between light having waves and particles continued. In the period between 1925 and 1927 in Copenhagen, Denmark home of Niels Bohr there was a series of studies and a conference, referred to as the Copenhagen Interpretation, attending, i.e. Albert Einstein, Wold-gang Pauli, Niels Bohr, Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Borglie and others. It was here that quantum mechanics was developed, and some of the findings are still vlid today. The main finding of the Copenhagen Interpretation was the change of physics from classical physics to to the study of autonomic energy, and setting up patterns of behavior. Neils Bohr and Louis de Borglie, Albert Einstein and others were prominent in the discussion.

One of the other major conferences is the Solvay Conference on Physics in 1927, taking place in Brussels Belgium. Some of those attending the Solvay Conference were Louis de Broglie, Albert Einstein, Wolf-Gang Pauli, Max Born and many others. These conferences, as was the conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, were attended by the world''s top physicists. At the Solvay Conference the main topic of discussion centered around Louis de Broglie's hidden variable of quantum theory, which theorizes and measures hidden variable on quantum mechanics. Louis de Broglie also proposed that on a subatomic level, there is no difference between the make up and behavior matter and energy. The theory became known as the principle of wave-particle duality, suggesting that particles as electrons and protons can exhibit behaviors of waves and particles, measurable by mathematic probability distribution of location depicting the behavior of the particles, (84). lIkewise, Albert Einstein, Wolf-Gang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, and others had similar ideas and were skeptical of the Copenhagen Interpretation (87). These theories led to future development and built the framework of quantum mechanics as we know it today.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0303264723002459

During the early 20th century physicists wanted to know how matter and energy worked. In this process there were several theories and ideas. As with all decision making, ideas collided in defining what properties composed matter and how they acted in mass, structure, momentum, and velocity. These physicists, through their observations, were trying to figure out what the atom and molecules were doing and how they were doing it. The Copenhagen Interpretation advocated that an object i.e., atoms and molecules did not exist until they were observed. These objects existed in waves or particles in a duality, and when observed collapsed, and were measured by probability, existing in a complementary aspect of a single reality as wave or particle, and could not be measured at the same time.

Several physicists disagreed with that assumption of observation. Einstein said that objects did exist even if not observed and pointed out that the moon was there even though it was not observed. He also made the analogy that if someone took two gloves, left and right handed, and put them in different boxes that if one box revealed the right hand glove the other would be the left hand. This presented the idea of predetermined outcomes.

Werner Heisenberg, 1925, introduced the Heisenberg uncertainty principal. The uncertainty principal pointed out several discrepancies with the Copenhagen Interpretation. Some of the discrepancies were that the electrons didn't travel in precise orbits, and there was not enough knowledge. In quantum mechanics, parties travel in waves. Some of the waves are very small, others are larger. Remember we are talking about microscopic parties and waves. The uncertainty principal is based on the balance between the position and momentum of a particle. The principal postulates that both the position or momentum of a particle cannot be known at the same time when we measure one or the other. A measurement interferes with the position or momentum of the particle, so we can only know either the position or momentum, (87).

Grete Herman, a PhD. In Mathematics and philosophy, was also influential in the quantum theory. She postulated, in an article she wrote in a philosophy journal, 1935, that hidden variables need not be connected to the measurements of the momentum or position of the “quantum mechanical quantities”, but may come from other hidden variables not easily measured. Grete Herman was also a believer in Kant’s philosophy. Heisenberg wrote about Grete Herman in his 1971 book, "Psychics and Beyond”. Heisenberg had tried to persuade her to take the side of the Copenhagen Interpretation, which at the end of her article she did, (82).

In 1925 Pauli introduced the exclusion principle. The Pauli exclusion principle declares that there can only be a maximum of two electrons for every one orientation (atom), and the two electrons must be opposite in spin direction, meaning one electron spins in one direction and the other electron spins the other direction. The spin is measured in ½ spins because the electron returns to its original configuration in ½ spin. Preceding Pauli’s discovery, in 1920 Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach showed that electrons had their own spins. Pauli defined the spin characteristics and umber of electrons in an atom. The spin of the atom provides an electrical charge in the atom. Opposite half spins cancel each other out producing no magnetic field. The left over atom in the configuration produced the electrical charge. The following video explains Pauli Exclusion Principle, (90). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNcMbOhO78M&t=29s. The next video will explain the ½ spin property of an electron. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6qPRHYpSNA&t=6s. It was in the 1950's that Pauli and jung developed what Jung termed synchronicity, when subconscious or consciences related events coincide at similar times in different locations.

In 1926 Erwin Schrodinger postulated Schrodinger’s Equation that complimented Newton’s second law of quantum mechanics which states a mathematical prediction of what path a wave or percale will take. Schrodinger equation gives an evaluation over time of the wave function. He was awarded Nobel Laurete in 1933. In 1935, Erwin Schrodinger proposed an imaginary experiment about a cat in a box that represented the cat in superposition to depict the cat as either alive or dead because of the decay of a radioactive substance in the box that could be detonated by the laws of quantum mechanics. Schoenberg was showing the absurdity of the Copenhagen interpretation. Schrodinger also proposed time dependent equation, that gives the position of a system of particles according to time (87). In 1945 Schrodinger wrote "What is Life". In this book he outlined his ideas on the connection of atoms and human organisms and set the blueprint for DNA discovery by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. See Quantum Biology this section. Schrodinger also had a close relationship with Einstein, in developing many of his theories.

Also, in 1935 Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) introduced entanglement showing the in incompleteness of quantum theory of the Copenhagen interpretation. Einstein also proposed the hidden variable theory proposing that there was not enough known about quantum physics, and there were hidden variables that were not considered in formulating the structures and motion of atoms. Einstein and his colleges (EPR)) argued against Niels Bohr's complementary theory of 1928, stating that Bohr's theories were not complete and lacked hidden variables not measured in quantum mechanics (91).

Discrepancies and more theories emerged. It is not the purpoe of this accounting of quntum theory history to cover every theory. What I am trying to show is that much education, analyzing, cooperation, and time went into the development of quantum theory leding to quantum mechanics as has been used in the inventions of IBM, Google, Amazon, and Microsoft to name a few. For more information companies that use quantum theory, read Forbes, "Top 10 Quantum Computing Companies Making Change", published December, 11, 2023.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/technology/article/top-quantum-computing-companies/.

The following video is published by New Scientist, and features the top 5 physicists in the world. Vlatko Vedral is a Professor of Quantum Information Science at the University of Oxford in England, Claudia de Rham Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Empirical College in London, England, Ruediger Schack, professor of Mathematics at Royal Holloway a public research institution at The University of London, and Jonathan Oppenheim is a professor of physics at the University College of London. Chiara Marletto is a research fellow in Theoretical Physics at the University of Oxford, England. This video explains a brief history of quantum mechanics and the intercsies in presents in our every day lifes.

The following video is published by the Big Scientific Question video series, and discussed the history of quantum Physics.

How quantum theory affects our every day lives

At this point the reader may wonder what quantum theory is doing in an explanation of personality development on a mental health website. As we have seen, all objects including the human body are made of atoms, and are subject to quantum theory. Our behavior, actions, emotions, and feelings, conscious and unconscious are transmitted through energy fields that we incorporate and extend through ourselves to others and the outside world. It is through these energy fields that we communicate.

Even here there are discrepancies as to how we transfer these energy fields through ourselves to others. This perplexing question is known as the "hard problem of consciousness". The hard problem of consciousness asks how we can see colors, objects, think, perceive, reason, and relate with ourselves and to others. https://philosophyalevel.com/posts/what-is-the-hard-problem-of-consciousness/. Quantum theory and quantum mechanics may be able to led us to the answer. In the section "Consciousness and it's affect on or Daily Lives", Dr. Hameroff a Professor at the University of Arizona and Dr. Robert Penrose, an mathematician at the University of Oxford, in England, explin how microtubule can orchestrate our thoughts, emotions, and expressions.

Dr. Hameroff postulated that microtubules help with establishing consciousness in all living beings, i.e., plants, ameba, animals, humans. Dr. Hameroff uses quantum mechanics to describe the interactions of Microtubule in developing his theory on consciousness. Microtubules are tube shaped structures in cells that give the cells structures and are responsible for changes in cell shape. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9932,

Dr. Hameroff and Sir Roger Penrose postulated the theory of Orchestrated Objective Reduction (ORCH OR). Sir Roger Penrose, an English author, mathematician, physicist, and 2020 Nobel Laureate in Physics, with others, discovered the relationship between the black hole formation and the general theory of relativity.

ORCH OR is a process theorizing that conscientiousness is created and stored as energy fields in the universe and when viewed by the observer is processed by cellular reduction creating an oscillating patten, orchestrated rhythm, sensed by the microtubules in the brain and or mechanoreceptors of the observer or in the all living organism, i.e., photo synthesis or sunlight on plants or animals. These energy fields function at a quantum level, and travel by entanglement with other energy fields and have superpositions that are numerous. The energy fields that are observed are processed through the microtubule to form consciousness. The theory ORCH OR is based on quantum theory and is similar to that of Jung’s Collective Unconscious, Lazaro’s Akashic Fields as well as Dr. Sheldrake’s theory of Morphic Resonance, (92). In the section on "CONSCIOUSNESS AND IT'S AFFECTS ON OUR DAILY LIVES", Dr. Hameroff and Dr Penrose discuss what consciousness is, the effects of consciousness, and the intricacies of ORCH OR.

In the next video Dr. Hameroff discuses ORCH OR and the Copenhagen interpretation, Schrodinger’s theory, the many worlds theory as well as the theory proposed by Sir Roger Penrose.

In their production of movie filming, Marvel Cinematic Universe they uses quantum mechanics in their films, Anti-Man movies. https://magazine.utdallas.edu/2023/02/15/physics-expert-how-quantumania-realm-fits-into-reality/. British film maker, Christopher Nolan, has produced several movies reflecting quantum mechanics, Oppenheimer, Interstellar, etc. https://techannouncer.com/beyond-the-screen-unpacking-the-best-films-about-quantum-physics/. Star Trek movies also used quantum physics in their productions.

Quantum theory suggests that each of the multitudinous influences in our lives can be called energy particles (quantum). A quantum is the smallest part of energy that is transmitted and has a frequency. Similar, influences either small or large can affect us with energy either negative or positive. In quantum theory these influences or energy (quantum) form fields of energy that develop a life of their own taking on distinctive and similar patterns, much like the influences in our lives having an effect on us. There is also an influence of unknown variables in our environment. Although we may sometimes change the influences these energy (quantum) fields still stay with us becoming part of our personality make up. We can identify these influences as different people, negative or positive happenings, motivations or accomplishments which entwine or entangle with other parts of our experiences enhancing our development, and personality. This entanglement of influences is called quantum field entanglement which stays with us as long as we live regardless of whether we separate from the situation. This influence also takes on a life or energy (quantum) field of its own. Quantum theory also suggests that there are many different quantum fields that influence us and form entanglements that continue with us for life. This quantum entanglement continues with us and forms a collective memory that further forms our personality. Quantum theory further suggests that there is a process in this quantum entanglement (74). Quantum entanglement unites two or more energy forces that now are connected however far they go apart. Have we ever had an unexpected situation that at first felt out of place, but eventually helped us work through a particular situation. This is what quantum theory entanglement may be describing. If we accept situations instead of resist changes in our lives we can easily work through situations and come up with an alternative and satisfactory solution to our problems. Many questions had arisen during the early 20th century, as to what energy, behavior and shape the particle were in before and after it was observed, as well as the shapes, energy, velocity, frequency, and behavior of other particles in the specific configuration. Remember we are measuring subatomic particles. In addition to the energy particles, quantum theory and quantum mechanics act in different ways, and their behavior occurs sometimes exact and sometimes at random.

Quantum Biology

All matter including our bodies is made from atoms. Quantum mechanics is involved in every living organism i.e. aspects of health, wellness, and conscious functioning. Dr. Hameroff's and Dr. Penrose's developed ORCH OR theorizing the origins of consciousness through the transfer of energy fields in microtubule in the brains of larger animals or mechanoreceptors in plants and animals that do not have a brain or nervous system. The ORCH OR process is further explained in the section "CONSCIOUSNESS AND IT'S AFFECTS ON OUR DAILY LIVES". Quantum mechanics is also beginning to define the use of medication and other modes of treatment for medical and psychological problems.

Quantum biology is a new field of biology that explores DNA, molecular structures, enzymes, and other biological particles on a quantum level. Quantum biology uses quantum theory and quantum mechanics to understand and measure how coherence affects chemicals in the body, and how photosynthesis affects plants as well as people by transferring light as energy. Quantum coherence is also used to detect behavior of DNA and other biochemicals. Quantum coherence is the process where a system (two or more particles i.e., enzymes and molecules in a state of entanglement), affects the different states at the same time. Quantum biology also examined quantum decoherence as particles are negatively affected by its environment. Other examples of the use of quantum mechanics in biology is entanglement may be demonstrated when in bird migration at different times of the year, or birds or fish traveling in a certain pattern (flocks and schools). Entanglement is also demonstrated in enzyme catalyst reactions. The use of quantum mechanics analyzes all particles on a quantum level to determine the effects on other particles. For more information on Quantum Biology read, Quantum Biology: Exploring Life Through Quantum Mechanics.,https://quantumzeitgeist.com/quantum-biology-exploring-life-through-quantum-mechanics

Dr. Erwin Schrodinger already a Nobel Laurette in physics,1933, continued to explore the nature of atoms and how they atoms interacted with the physical and chemical process of biology, and how human biology developed consciousness. In this quest Schrodinger outlined a blueprint for DNA. He postulated that “aperiodic crystal.” having complexity, non-repeating arrangements of atoms, unlike traditional Crystal whose atomic patterns were uniform and predictable. Schrodinger believed hereditary information needed to be stored in a system that is stable enough to continue over time but flexible enough to allow for mutation. In the book “What is Live”. 1944, he outlined his ideas of the stability of “aperiodic crystal” which formulating a physical pattern for storing information, linking physics to biological functioning, outlining his theory of how genetic molecules maintained their stability in evolution. This theory later formed the blueprint that was used by James Watson and Francis Crick, 1953, in their discovery of the double helix and storage of information in the DNA. This discovery led to the understanding of how genetic information was stored in the double helix, formed the structure of how genes transforming in living organisms, and led to the set the foundation for molecular biology.

Schrodinger also coined the term negentropy, as the ability of living organisms to feed of other living organisms to maintain their existence. This concept opposed the second law of thermodynamics, entropy, which simply states that closed organisms, organisms that are enclosed and do not interact with other organism. Schrodinger believed living organisms were more complex and needed to develop though the interactions with others, growing, and reproducing by exchanging energy with their environment. For more informant visit https://en.dialektika.org/science-technology/science/what-is-life-negative-entropy-and-gap-between-physics-biology/.

Schrodinger’s innovation led to theories and discoveries that are still used today, as well as instrumental in linking physics , biology, chemistry, philosophy, and existence (consciousness). Schrodinger believed that matter, energy, and consciousness are past of the same makeup of the cosmos (universe), the observer and the observed are part of the same system being observed, and the self and cosmos (universe) are one. He also believed that ideas of conscious as being one mind, similar to jung’s Unus Mundus and Laszlo's Akashic Field Theory.

Physicist Jim Al-Khalili is an English professor of theoretical physics at the University of Surrey, UK. Professor Al-Khalil discusses biological interactions of animals, and their use of quantum mechanics in adaptation and migration in their environment.

In the second video Professor Al-Khalili discusses quantum biology, and the evidence of quantum mechanics interacting with biology.

Quantum theory in our lives and our psychology

With the advent of quantum biology, quantum theory also affects our behaviors and thought patterns through transferences of energy fields. The quantum behaviors depicted by observation, entanglement, superposition, coherence, tunneling etc. effect each one of us. Inheritance is the beginning of entanglement forming genes. But epigenetics, our interactions with the environment, is the unknown variable that entangles and shapes our behavior. Yet even if there are unknown variable that we may be aware of, Dr. Grete Herman pointed out that there may be unknown variables beyond our present understanding.

Life's situations and unknown variables can present themselves in many different formats. Stress is one of the key factors that if prolonged, can lead to multiple illnesses. Reducing stress is a key factor in achieving success in one's life. Sometimes there is certainty and other times there is uncertainty. As with quantum mechanic there are underlying basic principles that prevail that promote harmony in life. A key factor in reducing stress or disharmony in ones life is to realize that stressful situations happen. It is not that stress happen, but one's ability to work through the stressful situations to achieve a desired goal.

The founders of quantum theory advocated that the particles or waves change when they are observed. Observation changes reality. As with quantum theory when we observe our actions through ourselves and others, this observation indicates how our behavior affects ourselves and others. This observation is critical to either changing or modifying our behavior.

The make up of our behavior is governed, by genetics, epigenetics, and traits that may act at the quantum level. Traits positive or negative affect gene expression and may also be analyzed by quantum mechanics (89). Behavior can be exhibited with many different characteristics. Care needs to be taken that we understand all aspects of what is going on with ourselves and others, and avoid labels i.e. diagnoses. Many times these labels stick with a person and they become the label and not their true self.

One’s self, the characteristics we exhibit and transfer to others, is governed by our interactions with the environment as well as the feelings we have about who we are, i.e., studious, confident, aggressive, heroic, a care taker, etc. These feeling about who we are, both conscious and unconscious, form a characteristic that identifies us to ourselves and others. This identification we have about who we are, should also evolve or transition as we learn, developing into the person we are meant to be according to our inner thoughts, beliefs in a higher spiritual power, and laws of nature, while learning new tasks, and communicating with others. As quantum theory points out there are certain laws of nature that govern electromagnetic energy. Likewise, there are laws of nature, and society that we would benefit from following. These guidelines of society and conduct permeate most religions and societal beliefs, i.e., feelings of decency, goodness, honesty, knowing the difference between right and wrong, empathy, harmony, cooperation, communication, ambition, continuously learning new skills, and developing principles and standards of conduct (a moral compass), to name a few. Developing and maintaining these sociatal guidelines is extremely important to maintaining a health life style. Another aspect of maintaining a healthy life style is physical health, i.e. proper diet, proper nutrition, exercising, and sleep, https://www.mcmillenhealth.org/tamtalks/physical-health. Positive transitioning in this process is critical to maintaining a healthy life style. If transitioning is minimized or does not take place, we get stuck in certain characteristics. We begin to have problems adapting to our environment and society. These problems may become pervasive throughout our lives until we begin to transform to cultural norms.

Analytical Psychology, introduced by psychiatrist C,G. Jung M.D., early 20th century, incorporates many theories of quantum mechanics based on his relationships with physicists Wolfgang Pauli, Einstein, and others. Jung's theory on personality development the evolution of consciousness, the collective unconsciousness, synchronicity, as well as other aspects of Jungian psychology derive much of their basis from quantum theory. Jungian analytic psychology also uses quantum theories to shape the understanding of the person’s psyche and it relationship to our ideas of ourselves.

Quantum theory and quantum mechanics also have permeated every aspect of our life. Every one of us is affected by quantum theory and quantum mechanics. Quantum theory gives us the means of infinite accomplishments. It is important to point out that accomplishing different tasks, successes, and self-satisfaction begins with motivation, the willingness, and drive to engage in a process we are interested in, goal directed behavior. However, the successful completion of the process is governed by our love for the particular task, effort we put into the task, and process of our endeavor.

It is also impotent to point out the intricacy and analysis that went into each aspect of the development of quantum theory and quantum mechanics. We can contribute our surroundings and current technologies, different modes of transportation, and our qualities and intricacies of life to the scientists that have proceeded us. Quantum physics was new to the physicists of the early 20th century. However, there were those that thought there was nothing new to discover. A quote from Lord Kelvin in 1900, a British mathematician, mathematical physicist, and engineer, depicted this attitude toward new discoveries, "there is nothing to be discovered in physics now; all that remains is more and more precise measurements" (88). We all face new tasks and challenges to overcome in the future, nothing is final, there is always new discoveries and adventures to challenge us.

As we have seen there were many discussions and experiments that led to the development of quantum theory, as well as the many dissuasions of differences in these developments. One take away from the history and development of quantum theory is that maybe we could benefit from devoting more preparation, educator, discussions, consideration of unknown variables, and effort with the ability to modify our choices in our futuristic decisions. One part of quantum theory is that quantum theory is a process which reflects definite laws or nature that interact with each particle to set up different building blocks in our lives, I.e., light, time, computer technology, transportation, and space travel. Likewise, we can achieve growth from developing a healthy life style, and career goal. If we follow the guidelines of the laws of nature we can succeed in completion of the process of our endeavors. If we do not, we may have problems adjusting to life. Tom Chi, in the video, “Everything is Connected”, describes a “Pallet of Being”, that gives us a choose of possibilities, and pursuits that we can achieve and add to. It is incumbent that the reader understand that the only limitations they have for personal growth and success is their own thinking. The willingness to pursue the process of their goals.

In subsequent videos in this section and in all subject areas of "Life Style Changes...", there are parallels to the quantum theory in that we are victims of our own actions and that unity and harmony between us and the environment control our destinations. See section under Consciousness creates Reality and Controls Hallucinations for more explanation of quantum theory's explanation of perception and reality.

The following video, Decoding the Universe: Quantum | Full Documentary | NOVA | PBS, published 2024 by WGBH Educational Foundation, is an introduction to quantum mechanics and quantum theory as to its origin and present use in the world today. The video explains the origin, understanding and use quantum theory and quantum mechanics in the development and use of time, clocks, leisures and leisure lights, GPS calculations, computers, quantum entanglement, and superpositions.

Quantum Theory and Quantum Mechanics has made possible a universe that before the 20th century was only imagined. The development of light in the 1660's marked the beginning of Quantum theory. Issac Newton, in 1671, presented to the Royal Society of London, "A Letter of Mr Isaac Newton, Mathematics Professor in the University of Cambridge, containing his new theory about light and colors". Newtons theorized that light traveled in particles. Quantum mechanics has made possible the development of the internet, Google, IBM, levels of transportation, our financial systems, and the intrecacies of our daily lives are all made possible through the advent of quantum theory and quantum mechanics.

(https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf)

In the following video, by James P. Dowling, a British molecular biologist turned psychologist and Jungian podcaster, discusses C.G. Jung, and his relationship to Wolf-Gang Pauli and the development of Analytical Psychology. In specific he discuses Jung's development of archetypes, the theory of synchronicity, and Unus Mundus (The one world concept of everything being connected. All reality, matter, consciousness and unconsciousness is unified, and derive from a single source). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiZcZ2avTog&t=3s

Morphic Fields and morphic resonance are terms coined by Rupert Sheldrake, PhD. in his 1981 hypothesis of An Experimental Test of the Hypothesis of Formative Causation. Rupert Sheldrak, PhD, is a British biologist and author who is best known for his hypothesis of Morphic Resonance. Sheldrak postulates that all living organisms inherit memories from past living organisms in their species as collective memories. These collective memories form Morphic Field that develop with habitual formation of similar processes.

Morphic fields are energy formations that come into existence forming fields at certain frequencies characterized by similar developing habits. These fields generates a pattern of behavior that continuously evolve in living organisms which unite their reactions with the environment, i.e., birds flying in flocks, fish swimming in schools, as well as characteristic of plant development. These energy fields also govern patterns of animals when they react to different situations in resonance. Similar ideas are entanglement in quantum physics, where objects, once entangled, have the same characterizes even at a distance, or collective unconscious that is derived from ancestral memory. and experiences, or even archetypical patterns of thoughts. The Akashic Field Theory by Ervin Laszlo, PhD. in an upcoming section, also reflects similar energy field transferences.

These energy fields also represent areas of our life that we have experienced, as well as our goals, desires and fears. These energy fields are also accessible to us as we live, and control our actions, causing us to be content, happy, agreeable, contentious, fearful, or angry. These energy fields are also an outgrowth of our genetics, and epigenetics and contribute to our mental health. We can see the results of these energy fields in our daily lives with self-satisfaction, relationship, and daily integrations.

Thomas Hubl discussed collective memory in his discussion of "Cultural Trauma", Inherent memories can also be seen physical sensations as the phantom limb syndrome, morphic fields also formed in coherent breathing discussed in the Science of the Heart section, and other habitual actions that reoccur in different species. Dr. Sheldrak, once criticized for his ideas, is now recognized as main stream. Dr. Sheldrak has written books that describe his hypothesis, “The Presents of the Past” in 1988, “A new Science of life” in 1981 (updated in 2009), "The Hill Effect As A Test for Morphic Resonance", 2021.

https://www.sheldrake.org/research/morphic-resonance/an-experimental-test-of-the-hypothesis-of-formative-causation

https://www.sheldrake.org/research/morphic-resonance/introduction

https://spiritualmeditations.org/mindful-awareness-and-morphogenetic-field.

In the next video Dr. Sheldrak explains that morphogenesis is the act of fields of energy coming together as a continuous collection of like information are attracted together. Morphogenesis is responsible for birds that fly in flocks and turn together, fish that swim in schools, and people that believe certain things as the effect of a medication, or the ability to achieve.

The following videos discuss Dr. Rupert Sheldrack’s Morphic fields and how they make up our personality, and effect our actions.

Subsequent videos reflect different though processes we are faced with as we grow.

Dr. Ervin Laszlo was born in Hungry in 1932. Received an Honorable Doctorate fron the university of pecs in Hungry, moving to the U.S. during WW11. Dr. Laszlo played the piano when he was young, and played in concerts from age 9. He has leading advocate with Ludwig von Bertalanffy system theory, and has developed the Akashic Field Theory with his publication in 2004. Dr. Laszlo was also nominated for for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Dr. Laszlo explains the Akashic Field Theory in the following video.

https://worldbusiness.org/fellows/ervin-laszlo-ph-d/

Akashic Field Theory postulates that all harmony and happenings in our lives and the universe are stored in electrical fields that are accessible to us. Akasha is of Hindu spiritual origin meaning “older thought”. The Akashic Field Theory was postulated by Ervin Laszlo in his 2004 book, Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything that contends that that energy fields of the past are stored in Akashic Fields, and are accessible to everyone. These fields reflect our ambitions, spiritual connections, family unity, or other interest groups. We can experience this for our daily lives when we have coherence in our lives, we experience happiness and are able to strive for our endeavors. In section The Science of the Heart, Heartmath discusses the state of coherence and world coherence as a field connection to establish happiness and contentment in the world. When we have discontent, disharmony, and contention in our lives our lives reflect discontent and interruptions to a coherent life. This may also reflect causes for mental health problems. In the later cases we are not in harmony with the Akashic Fields. What make us different and gives us various degrees of purpose are values we poses. Values can generate harmony and coherence, of disharmony and kayos. Values form a synchronicity in our lives that is consistent with achieving like relationships, coherence, consistency, health, and a better life. Likewise, individual values shape social and cultural values and in turn social and cultural values shape individua values. In her book, Global Values, A new Paradigm for a New World, by Karin Miller, 2015, she describes the connection of individuals and society through values and how we can generate a better life. Dr. Miller is an attorney, author, entrainer, and researcher. Through global values she tells the story of how people are all connected, and describes how people become connected to each other. Dr. Miller sets up a new paradigm of values that are connective, bringinge people together, i.e., “unity conscientiousness”, shifting our thinking to our similarities instead of differences. Dr. Miller describes 10 values and how we live life through these values, Unity, Community, Life, Freedom, Connection, Sustainability, Creativity, Empowerment, Choice, and Integrity, In these values she discribes how our lives can change for the better, (77a).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjsnSwT_Xgk

The following video explains Akashic Field Theory and Morphic Fields, and shows how they link together to form our understanding of a cohesive world.

CONSCIOUSNESS AND IT'S AFFECTS ON OUR DAILY LIVES

Conscientiousness simply defined as the state of being awake and aware of one’s surrounding. Consciousness involves awakenings, perception, making decisions, discussions and reasoning as well as talking and reasoning with oneself and others.

Conscientious is experience we are having ourselves reflecting on our environment. perceptual experiences. Dr. Anil Seth, a Professor of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience at the University of Sussex Centre for Consciousness Science in Sussex, England, describes consciousness as an hallucination which is decoded in the brain as perception. Perception is an active construction of reality, based on prior expectations that are based on experience. The brain is predicting what information is coming, minimize perception and giving a best guess of what is happening in the world “controlled hallucination”, tied to the world by minimization of perdition error. If we are with others we have a social contentiousness, experienced indirectly through a sensory veil and our experiences. We all live in subjectively divers worlds. We see thigs slightly differently. Our experiences are kind of construction of what is happening, i.e. first person perceptive or watching a movie. The brain is making predictions and connecting with our sensory abilities. All experiences are brain based construction, (85), i.e., meditation, hallucinogens, awareness, and understanding something.

Our conscientiousness tells us what is perceived, what we are aware of, and what is possible. What we see is not necessarily reality. We may disagree on reality, and what we see may change as we investigate it. Our perceptions are guided by many known and unknown variable which will appear to us as reality and may alter our reality. As this happens we intemperate our sense of reality as to what we are familiar with and what is collectively perceived by others. The following NOVA video discusses perception and our sense on conscientiousness.

An interesting problems concerning consciousness is how we (humans) and other living organisms experience and perceive feelings. These feelings can be divided into two parts, objective and subjective. Objective feelings are mostly mechanical, and are our senses of touch or sight in relationship to assimilating information, accounting for different happenings, or understandings. Subjective feelings are having experience in the first person referred to as qualia visual sensations and interpretations, as colors and their affects, In the 1900’s David Chalmers, a professor of philosophy and neural sciences at the New York University coined the term “Hard Problem of Conscientiousness”. He divided conscientiousness into two parts objective and subjective described above. Conscientiousness is fundamental to our existence, and is universal in all living organisms. Although all living organisms do not have the same conscious awareness all living organisms can sense heat and cold, light and different reflections of light, as well as anger, fear, and pleasure. The “Hard Problem of Conscientiousness", as Chalmers describes, is how from material particles of atoms and waves we can experience and communicate these feelings in ourselves and others, (93).

Professor Mark Solms, a professor in neuropsychology at University of Cape Town, South Africa, a lecturer in Neurosurgery at St Bartholomew’s, the Royal London School of Medicine, and director of the Neuropsychoanalysis Center of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute. In the following video Dr. Solms at his lecture at the Freud Museum of London, explains the brains neurocircuitry in consciousness and “Hard Problems of consciousness”. He also links consciousness to Freuds view of unconscious, as well as discusses neuroscience, consciousness, as well as experiences and responses of consciousness. https://www.uct.ac.za/nrf/mark-solms

Dr. Stewart Hameroff and Dr. Roger Penrose's Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch OR), a theory postulating that the brain contains thousands of microtubules which react and transfer environmental energy fields to sensations in the brain creating consciousness, and enabling us to feel, think, react to others, observe different things and situations as well as perceive different events and communicate with others.

Dr. Hameroff is an American anesthesiologist, professor. researcher, as well as Co-founder and Director at the Center for Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona. The next video Dr. Mishlove, a licensed psychologist and radio host at "New Thinking Allowed", discussed Orch OR and the "Hard Problem of Consciousness" with Dr. Hameroff. Dr. Hameroff and Dr. Roger Penrose used quantum mechanics in their development of Orch OR. In the second video Dr. Hameroff discusses Orch OR and his development of Orch OR with Dr. Roger Penrose.

Dr. Roger Penrose is an English mathematician, mathematical physicist, philosopher of science and Nobel Laureate in Physics. He is also an Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England, a researcher, and author i.e, "Emperor's New Mind", and "Shadows Of The Mind" among others.

EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED

Tom Chi is one of the cofounders of Google X, and instrumental in the development of self-driving cars. Tom Chi explains how we are all connected from the beginning of the first molecule to our present life. In this video, Tom Chi explains the "Palette of Being", which is the ability to function with new information we inherit through our ancestry. Similar to Jung's Collective Unconscious. Tom Chu shows how all organisms are alive and have a specific purpose. The structure of the brain changes as our society changes, leading to growth and availability of new inventions. This phenomenon shows how people continue to grow with new ideas, and innovations. If we consider the development of the telephone, automobile, airplane, piano and other inventions, our ability to make, adopt, and use these different inventions is instilled in all of us as the invention is implemented. In turn everyone of us has the ability to adapt and maybe develop a new idea, and invention that will further help our society. We aslso have the ability to develop coherent or incoherent lives for ourselves and our surroundings.

Pygmalion Effect

In Greek Mythology, Pygmalion was a King of Cypress who was also a sculpture. He had sculpted a statue of a women out of Ivory, who he fell in love with. According to mythology, Pygmalion prayed to Aphrodite, the goddess of love, to have the statue come to life so he could marry her. His wish was granted and Pygmalion married the Ivory statue.

The Pygmalion Effect reflects that if we treat people in a certain way, with love or graciousness, the feelings will be reciprocated. In other words, our expectations of others are reflected in other actions toward us. The opposite of this can also be true.

In 1960 psychologist Dr. Robert Rosenthal and a group college students from the University of North Dakota were given experiment on Rats. Some of the students were told that their rats were dumb and other students were told that their rats were smart. As the experiment continued the students trained the rats with e preconized ideas of the rats. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the rats that the trainers were told were smart preformed much better that those where the trainers were told were dumb.

In 1968 Dr. Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson preformed a study giving teachers of a group of high school students from Spruce Elementary School in San Francisco positive motivations about some random students. All the students took an IQ test at the beginning of the study. At the end of the study, the students that the teachers coached thinking that the students were very intelligent improved their IQ test score over the scores of the other students. The Rosenthal-Jacobson Study demonstrated the effects of the self fulfilling prophesy of teachers expectations of their students, (64).

https://www.drrobertbrooks.com/pygmalion-effect/.

The following video discusses the Pygmalion Effect and some of the history

THE SCIENCE OF RESILIENCE

Glasgow Center for Population Health (GCPH) is a health research orgnization, originating in 2004 Glasgow, Scotland, UK., that has a wide range of partners which include The University of Glasgow. GCPH focuses on creating evidenced based models investigating poor health and improvements through the processes of fresh thinking, debate, improving health education, and stimulating an exchange of new ideas on resilience and world health, as well as global networking for increased resilience.

https://www.gcph.co.uk/

The next video, explaining Resilience, is from the University of Oslo, a public research University in Oslo Norway. The University of Oslo, UIO, is a public research University in Oslo Norway and is one of the leading research universities in the world.
https://www.uio.no/english/about/facts/

https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-oslo

“Persistence and resilience only come from having been given the chance to work through difficult problems.”

– Gever Tulley

And,

“Life throws challenges but with patience and resilience you can convert every challenge into a new opportunity to grow.”

– Amit Ray

Resilience is the power we have to change and adapt to a new environment, modify, and complete our goals. Stress, failure, and determination are a big part of resilience. If we do not have stress and failure we do not see a need to change, and thus stay stagnant. Along with stress, failure, determination, and adaptation, communication and building a support network is a big part of resilience.

Resilience builds a framework on social bonding as well as improved physical health. Resilience is responsible for building coherence, lower stress, calmer heart rates, better digestion, and sustained health. On the other hand, lack of resilience is responsible for added stress, lack of coping, high heart-rate, and poor health. Psychologist Viktor Frankl proposed in the 1930s: “Our response to unavoidable suffering is one of the primary sources in our lives of meaning and purpose and self-efficacy. Suffering and difficulty must never be hidden from us. Instead, show them to us honestly and clearly and we will reveal — to ourselves and to you — our greatest strength”

The article, What Really Makes Us Resilient?

in The Harvard Business Review, September 20, 2020, by Marcus summarizes studies on resilience by proposing there are two propellants that characterize resilience.

1. “Resilience is a reactive state of mind created by exposure to suffering.”

2. "The more tangible the threat, the more resilient we become," (63).

Resilience also plays a key role as an instinct characteristic of the individual, giving them the ability to "bounce back from the impacts of adverse live events" (60,a). Discussed earlier was Rutter's ideas on attachment theory and his gene-environmental interactions, (60, f).
DR. Paris refers to the developmental process of the creation of evolving characteristics such as resilience, sensations, and phenomena from a multivariate systems as "Emergence". A multivariate system involves, how environmental interactions, as different happenings, role models, coaches, teachers, supports, traumas, parental and social influences interact with genetics. The process, known as the Complexity Theory refers to "the development of new properties in a system that the system could not produce alone", and that the complexity in a multivariate system can lead to new properties (behaviors), https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01668-w. This means that behaviors cannot always be predicted by known events, and treatment should be based on patterns of pervasive trait characteristics instead of symptoms (60,g). As Complexity Theory introduces a multivariate system of thinking, it also raises the question explains human behavior in its smallest or initial energy source. Although genetically people are not born equally, we have the ability to develop or modify temperament, traits, and resilience that allow us to react to life’s situations, positive or negative, and shape our future. We are influenced by a multitudinous array of facets including but not limited to genetics, parental or caregiver interactions, social interactions and every day happenings. In spite of our heritable temperment differences, we are the authors of our own destination giving each of us the ability to shape our own future.
The process of the Complexity Theory is very similar to the process outlined in Quantum Theory and Entanglement Theory. All attributes of trait expression, interactions of numerous alleles, along with environmental factors, are involved in neurodevelopment and entangle with other trait influences to form aspects of our personality.

Resilience and Post Traumatic Growth shape our ability to recover from negative events or trauma. These two factors give us the ability to recover and increase our understanding of events from situations that may otherwise be devastating. We have a choice when faced with trauma. We can succumb to the traumatic effects, recover, or rise above the devastation of the event or events to shape a new environment and vision of life for ourselves.

Resilience derives from genetics and epigenetics, temperament and trait, interactions. Children born with temperaments and predispositions sensitive to the environment can grow up to be challenging and can develop hostilities. Although resilience is established in early years, organization, planned growth patterns, consistency in living patterns, and not reacting impulsively, has shown to lead to an increased development of positive resilience even later in life. We are born with certain temperaments but it is life experiences and trait development that guides our behavior and resilience. Studies have shown us that negative life experiences can be changed by the complexity of interactions with different people as extended family, friends, teachers, coaches, positive interactions, as well as social engagements. It is the constant interaction with positive events that shape our recovery from negative happenings or trauma, (60a).

Post Traumatic Growth

Post Traumatic Growth, PTG, (60a), was developed by psychologist Richard Tedesci Phd. and Lawrence Calhoun, PHd. at the University of North Caroline, in the 1990's. PTG is a person’s ability to rise above or transform their lives to an elevated level of interactions and understanding about life's expectations after a traumatic situation. Post Traumatic Growth involves empathy and connection with others, an understanding of ones self and others, an ability to relate to other, and friendships.

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/11/growth-trauma

Sonja Lyubomirsky, PhD. is a researcher, author, and professor at the University California Riverside. Dr. Lyubomirsky explains Post Traumatic Growth in the following video. Resilience and post traumatic growth play a key role in shaping out personalities.

The following video is about Post Traumatic Growth, hosted by The Recovery Village. The Recovery Village is a physician-led nationwide drug and alcohol rehab treatment center.

In the next two videos, Doctor's from Harvard University's Center for the Developing Child, discussed the Science of Resilience and some obstacles children are exposed to that shift the scale of resilience.

THE BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

Dr. Amen is a leading pioneer of brain SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) imaging and functional brain scans. He has shown that the body functions according to brain functioning caused by situations in one’s life and effecting lifestyle. Dr. Amen is the founder of Amen Clinic with offices in California, New York, Georgia, Washington, Illinois, and Virginia. Dr. Amen’s clinics address emotional, behavioral, and learning problems through brain imaging, showing clients the effect of life events on their brain, helping clients improve their lives.

THE SCIENCE OF THE HEART

Dr. Bruce Wilson, a cardiologist in Milwaukee WI, and former Medical Director at HeartMath Institute, https://www.heartmath.org/postulates, that the heart and the brain function together to maintain a Coherence between beat to beat rhythm of the heart and our breathing (1). Coherence also relates to thought process of having an understanding, meaning, and manageability of different situations. When we have this understanding, meaning, and manageability of different situations we have less stress, more coherence, as well as a balance in heart rate rhythm and breathing (2). We can also achieve coherence by practicing proper breathing techniques which will help us achieve this understanding, meaning, and manageability of different situations that have previously caused stress.

As science has discovered our feelings and emotions are generated by the physiology of the heart and the heart’s connections to the brain, and the rest of the body. These connections drive our reactions, behavior in everyday life, and are driven by what our past experiences have led us to believe (4). Heart Rate Variability (HRV) gives us the control to regulate our emotions, stress, anxiety, and depression, reaching a healthier outlook to our lives as well as derive some understanding of how past experiences have shaped our behavior. HRV also teaches us how to have a happier, and healthier life that promotes a higher coherence in our daily interactions (19).

In the following videos Rollin McCraty PhD., the director of research at the Heart Math Institute as well as a professor at Florida Atlantic University, discusses how positive thinking and coherence can change the pattern of the heart beat decreasing stress and anxiety, consequently leading us to a happier and more complete life style.

This video talks about The Heartmath Institute, the development of the institute, coherence, stress, relaxation, and the science behind Heart Rate Variability.

HEART RATE COHERENCE AND DAILY LIFE

In the following video Rollin McCraty PhD., the director of research at the Heart Math Institute as well as a professor at Florida Atlantic University, discusses how positive thinking and coherence can change the pattern of the heart beat decreasing stress and anxiety, consequently leading us to a happier and more complete life style.

The following video explains coherent breathing, and the process of Heart Rate Variability (HRV).

HRV and sports performance

Ben Greenfield was voted as NSCA’s top personal trainer of the year in 2008, and in 2013 and 2014, by "Greatist", a health care organization, https://greatist.com/about/about-us. Greatist voted Greenfield as top 100 in fitness, health, and happiness media startup Internet site, and most Influential People in Health and Fitness. He is an advocate of the interactions of the human body, brain performance, and Heart Rate Variability in athletics. He is currently a human body and brain performance coach, ex-bodybuilder, Ironman triathlete, professional Spartan athlete, anti-aging consultant, speaker and author of the New York Times Bestseller “Beyond Training: Mastering Endurance, Health and Life”

Ben Greenfield is a USA Olympic ironman triathlon, gold medal winner, and sports trainer. In 2013 and 2014, Mr. Greenfield was named one of the world’s top 100 most influential people in health and fitness, and by 2015, Mr. Greenfield was coaching professional athletes from the UFC, the NHL, the NBA, the NFL and beyond. In this video, Greenfield explains how to maximize your mental performance by using heart rate variability testing (HRV), (3).

In subsequent videos, Ben Greenfield talks about HRV and coherence in workouts, fitness, and preparation for workouts, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYhqOq-nGYY.

What is Heart Rate Vaariability (HRV)

When the heart is not functioning properly the rest of the body is prone to illness.

Symptoms of PTSD, Trauma, Depression, ADHD, Anxiety as well as other mental illnesses can be treated by Heartrate Variability (HRV) which can show the balance between the heart rate and breathing by measuring the variability of the heartbeat (4).

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a key physical and mental illnesses. Therapeutic use of HRV can be administered to regain a coherence or balance between breathing and heart rate, thus increasing emotional regulation, foster a calmness in thinking, and a decrease or even eliminate symptoms of physical and mental illness (5).

The following video, presented by Mark Stern HRV BSC, of the biofeedback Society of California, explains how heart rate variability (HRV) helps in monitoring and analyzing the Autonomic Nervous System possibly leading to improvements in our health and wellness.

Global Coherence is a program initiated by HeartMath. This program measures coherence globally. It has long been known and now science that living beings emit a wave approximately 3 foot out. These waves, sometimes called vits, can transmit love, happiness, comfort or friendliness, or they can transmit hate, fear, and trauma. Global Coherence measures these waves globally. The purpose is to generate positive coherence worldwide.

In the next video, Jason Moore, Founder at Elite HRV, explains how the heart connects to the rest of the body to regulate emotions and how Global Coherence has an efffect on our lives.

The following videos describe Global Coherence and the effect Global Coherence will eventually have on the world.

BREATHING TECHNIQUES TO MAINTAIN PROPER COHERENCE

Healthy breathing is very important. The development of coherence between the breathing and heart rate is dependent in part on Pranayama breathing, a type of breathing in Yoga that we breathe through the diaphragm and not through our chest. This type of breathing increase health and improves lifestyle, because it allows oxygen from the lungs, when we inhale, to enter all parts of the body including our brains. When we breathe through our diaphragm in slow rhythmic breathing rate, we enhance our health, and ability to live a health and happier life, (4).

The following videos show how proper breathing can improve our health. Heart Rate Variability is a scientific method in which we can see our breathing rate in relationship to our heart rate. HRV allows us to see the development of problem areas in our lifestyle as well as to increase our mental and physical proficiency. Through developing a healthy coherence between the heart rate and breathing we can we can life a healthier, calmer, more proficient, and happier lifestyle.

Max Storm is an Arthur, international lecturer, teacher, and yoga instructor that has dedicated his life to helping people reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and sleeplessness. He has written several books breathing techniques and yoga.

Dr. Herbert Benson, a Harvard Faculty and Psychiatrist, explains the relaxation technique described in his book, “Relaxation Revolution”

Heart rate (HR) is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) comprised of two main branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. These two branches of the ANS are stimulated by stress and our ability to control stressful events. In the previous video, “Heart Rate Variability and Biofeedback”, Mark Stern explains the function of HRV and health.

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a way to detect and subsequently help us examine and control our breathing. Our breathing is a key indicator of our ability to control our health, fitness, moods and eventually our dreams and desires. Breathing is a key index of oxygen getting to the brain and the rest of the body, letting us think more clearly, live a healthier and happier life, as well a improve performance. When we breathe, our lungs pump our heart, thus pushing oxygen and blood to the rest of the body. A good heart rate (HR) is between 60 to 90 beats per minute (BPM). Slower or faster HR are signs of stress or sickness. There are some exceptions to lower HR as in Yogis and Buddhist Monks. That is because people who practice yoga or meditation learn to breathe slower. However, very slow breathing takes a lot of practice and complete lifestyle change.

The heart rate is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, which is stimulated by stress and our ability to control stressful events. The sympathetic nervous system is sympathetic to pain and stress and reacts to pain and stress. The parasympathetic nervous system is a built-in system in the body that puts the breaks on stress and allows our bodies to relax. Our bodies have the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system to manage our daily lives and detect stressful events and be able to react positively to these events. However, controlling these nervous systems takes learning and practice which can adapts our way of life to be more fulfilling. Substance abuse, or anger can cause an increased HR and lead to an unhealthy way of life.

We can control our breathing and HR by practicing controlled breathing, and mindfulness. Controlled breathing and mindfulness are major component in Yoga, Meditation, sports performance, and healthy living. Another component of controlled breathing is coherence. Coherence is the relationship between the heart rate and our breathing. Dr. Bruce Wilson, former Medical Director at HeartMath Institute explains HR and coherence in a previous video in the section of The Science of the Heart. When we breathe in our HR increases and when be breathe out our HR decreases. When the breathing and HR increase and decrease simultaneously there is coherence. Coherence is a major part of controlled breathing and a healthy lifestyle. Changes in our thought process from stressful thoughts to calming consistent thoughts or back to more active and stressful thoughts are indicated by a change in coherence. This can be seen with HRV monitors that measure coherence. This change in coherence can also be felt the more we become aware of our breathing habits and feelings that result from these habits.

In the following video, Richard Gevirtz, Ph.D. discussed and demonstrates how HRV is used to create calmness and as a detector of stress and anxiety. Dr. Gevirtz also explains coherence and how Yogis and Buddhist monks can control their HR.

EPIGENETICS

Epigenetics is a new field of scientific study that researches how genes can be turned on or off by their interaction with the environment. These environmental influences can be triggered by climate, personal contact, and relationships, what we eat or drink, exercises or changes in lifestyle. The ability to change gene expression allows scientists and even individuals to change the direction of people’s lives, improve health, and allowing people to live a happier lifestyle for themselves and their children.

The Food and Drug Administration is currently in the process of approving the development drugs that will counter genetic expression to change this genetic pattern leading to a healthier life. One such drug is Azacitidine, approved in 2004 to treat Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) a bone marrow disease Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are drugs that treat lymphoma or multiple myeloma, blood cancers, were approved by the FDA in 2006. Research continues to isolate the epigenetic structures and focus on the cures. In addition, new evidence is showing that stress reducing techniques as exercise, mindfulness, proper breathing, and yoga can reduce altered histone acetylation levels (HDAC2), which are involved in gene expression and the aging process.

A 2018 study by Andre Fischer at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease showed a contrast in mice which were given a regime of being more active and physically fit to those who were placed in an empty cage and given no challenges, allowed to become unfit and lazy. This study showed how mice that were more active and physically fit were able to learn faster and were able to do higher level activities then the mice that were unfit and lazy. Also, the offspring of the more physically fit mice were able to demonstrate smarter abilities and improved communication, (15).

The following videos explain the intricacies of genetics and epigenetics, and show how are genetic coding is influenced by the environment and every day actions.

Dr. Bruce Lipton is a stem cell biologist, researcher, lecturer, and an internationally recognized leader in bridging science and spirit. Dr. Lipton is on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin’s School of Medicine. He had performed groundbreaking stem cell research at Stanford Medical School in i987 and 1992 Dr. Lipton linked cell membranes to the environment and behavior. Dr. Lipton authored numerous books including the Biology of Belief and the Honeymoon Effect, and co-authored Spontaneous Evolution with Steve Bhaerman. His work with cell biology and epigenetics has earned him numerous awards including the GOI Pease Award (Japan). In the following video Dr. Lipton discussed how we become our thoughts by change our gene expression through epigenetics. For more information on Dr. Bruce Lipton go to https://www.brucelipton.com/about/, (71)

BEHAVIOR AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT FROM BIRTH TO THE ELDERLY

As we grow our brain develops an interaction with the environment. These experiences are etched and saved in our memory much like a computer recognizes sites we have visited before. These memories control what we think, do, and envision in the future. Bessel van der Kolk, is a trauma researcher, psychiatrist, and author. In this video Dr. Van der Kolk describes the relationship between life experiences, stress, trauma, lifestyles, and how people can make changes in their lives, (10).

As science has discovered our feelings and emotions are generated by the physiology of the heart and the heart’s connections to the brain, and the rest of the body (12). These connections drive our reactions, behavior in everyday life, and are driven by what our past experiences have led us to believe. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) gives us the control to regulate our emotions, stress, anxiety, and depression, reaching a healthier outlook to our lives as well as derive some understanding of how past experiences have shaped our behavior. HRV also teaches us how to have a happier, and healthier life that promotes a higher coherence in our daily interactions (4).

Bruce Wilson, MD., former Medical Director of HeartMath, LLC. explains how the heart and the brain function together to maintain a Coherence between beat to beat rhythm of the heart and our breathing. Coherence also relates to thought process of having an understanding, meaning, and manageability of different situations. When we have this understanding, meaning, and manageability of different situations we have less stress, more coherence, as well as a balance in heart rate rhythm and breathing. We can also achieve coherence by practicing proper breathing techniques which will help us achieve this understanding, meaning, and manageability of different situations that have previously caused stress, (1).

Dr. Stephen Porges is an Autor, and distinguished University Scientist at the Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, and Professor of psychiatry the University of North Carolina. He has published the book “The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment” which describes how the brain works with the Vegas Nerve to form emotions as empathy, joy and fear. Dr. Porges is also a current member of Unyte, a scientific research group based in Rochester, New York, and provides biofeedback information to colleges and hospitals, (6).

CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE

Attachments are very important to babies, children, as well as set growth patterns for teens and adults. Positive attachment of children to their parents or caregiver, relatives, and friends is crucial to proper development of the child's brain and thus behavior. As the child grows, the child mirrors their environment including stressors, and reacts according to their interaction with their environment as well as any obstacles the child encounter, (8).

The video on Child Development, “The Secret Life of the Brain, The Baby’s Brain”, talks about the neurons of the brain interacting with the stimuli that is created by the child's environment. Other videos also show the brain neurodevelopment. These neurons bind together to form connections and mold patterns of behavior and personality traits as well as physical characteristics and health.

John Bowlby, a British Psychologist, Psychiatrist and Psychoanalyst, was noted for his studies in child development and attachment theory. With his book, "A Review of General Psychology", published in 2002, Bowlby became the 49 most influential psychologist in the 20th century (7).

Bowlby describes three forms of child attachments and reactions between the child and the parents or caregiver.

1. Secure attachment

A child shows stress when the parents or caregiver leaves the room but shows happiness and comfort when the parents or caregiver returns, (9).

2. Anxious-Resistant Attachment

The child would show stress, when the parents or caregiver leaves the room but shows mixed emotions of happiness and some stress when the parents or caregiver returns, possibly in an effort to show discontent with the parents or caregiver, (9)

3. Avoidant Attachment

The child would show stress when the parents or caregiver leaves the room and avoids the parents or caregiver when the parents or caregiver returns, (9)

Theorists later added a fourth theory of Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment, which signified a child with no distinguishable pattern of behavior, (9).

All these forms of attachment are mirrored through the child’s environmental interaction. This mirroring forms the child's neuronal connection setting the child's attachment and reactions to his or her environment.

Dr. Dan Siegel explains child's attachment to the parents or caregiver, and how the child mirrors the parents or caregiver’s emotions. This mirroring can mold the reactions of the child in future situations and could shape the child's future.

The following services of videos, PBS, “The Secret Life of the Brain”, originally published January 31, 2002, and updated December 29, 2016. This series comprises the “Babies Brain, Child’s brain, Teen age Brain,” and the “Aging Brin”. This series describes how the brain develops from the womb to old age and some of the problems the brain encounters as well as the resiliency of the Brain to function with life’s challenges.

THE BABY’S BRAIN, "The Secret Life of the Brain", Dr. Richard Restak

THE CHILD'S BRAIN, "The Secret Life of the Brain", Dr. Richard Restak

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a devastating diagnosis for his children, and parents, causing frustration and guilt. However, science has discovered how children with Autism prosper in a daily life. Children with Autism can be very intelligent; however, they have difficulty with social engagements, which leads to frustration and lack of ability to socially engage. At the University of Chicago, Dr. Steven Porges works with Autistic children. Dr. Porges engages the children with consistent increased social engagement, which shows an increases the child’s social awareness, communication, and learning ability (17).

Autistic childrencan exhibit a variety of symptoms. It is because of the exhibition of symptoms that Autism is discribed as a spectrum disorder. The skills can range fron lack of speech, to sensory issues as touch or sensitive, certain sounds, or light sensitivity, repetitive movements, and delayed social interactions.

The following videos talk about Autism as described in the Diagnostic Statistical Manuel, 5th Addition.

For more information visit Autism Diagnostic Criteria; DSM-5,

https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-diagnostic-criteria-dsm-5.

Dr. Temple Grandin was born with Autism. Dr. Grandin is featured in videos that she talks about her childhood development, and education as well as her encouragement for children with Autism. I have provided two videos that feature Dr. Grandin and child development of Autism. The reader is encouraged to look at other videos on the internet.

THE TEENAGE BRAIN, "The Secret Life of the Brain", Dr. Richard Restak

THE AGING BRAIN, "The Secret Life of the Brain", Dr. Richard Restak

“ life behaves as if it were going on… …is better for old people to live on, to look forward to the next day, as if he had to spend centuries. and then he lives properly". If man “ is afraid, he doesn’t look forward, looks back, he petrifies, he gets stiff, and he dies before his time. But only if he’s the living one looking forward to the great adventure, then he lives”. C. G. Jung, then 84, in his interview “Face to Face: Carl Jung” at his home in Kusnacht, Switzerland, with BBC journalist john Freeman in 1959, (83).

The brain has surprising rejuvenating features. Becoming older is not necessarily a part of life that is to be dreaded or feel restricted. Science has given us new hope in discovering the powers and resilience of the brain. The video, "The Secret Life of the Brain; The Aging Brain’ shows how psychology and brain research, has added a new dimension to life. These findings can help rejuvenate lives and elderly enjoyment.

STRESS AND LIFESTYLE PLAY A PART IN MEMORY LOSS, DEMENTIA, AND ALZHEIMER'S

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms are symptoms of is a broad range of conditions that range from neurology to psychiatry. These conditions range from Dementia, Alzheimers, ADHD, Anxiety, Psychosis, Depression, irritability, and sleeping or eating disorders. For more information visit Alzheimers Foundation of America, https://alzfdn.org/neuropsychiatric-symptoms-a-caregivers-guide/

Dimentia, Alzheimres and Stress

Alzheimers Society

https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/blog/can-stress-cause-dementia

Can stress cause dementia?

Many people wonder whether stress is linked to a risk of dementia, and the news often reports a link between the two. Current research indicates that stress may play a role in the development or progression of dementia, but does not necessarily cause dementia.

21 May 2024

What is stress?

Stress occurs when the body has to respond to a situation that could be dangerous. Symptoms include a pounding heart, sweating, and tense muscles.

These symptoms usually fade away once the danger passes, but some people may find that these stressed feelings continue. This prolonged – or chronic – stress can be very serious and have severe effects on a person emotionally, mentally and physically.

Why has stress been linked to dementia?

There are many reasons why stress could be linked to dementia. Stress affects the immune system, which is known to play an important role in the development of dementia.

A key hormone released when you’re stressed, cortisol, has been linked to problems with memory. Stress is also closely linked to conditions such as depression and anxiety. These have also been suggested as factors that could increase the risk of dementia.

Some research in animal models has found that stress appears to have a direct impact on some of the mechanisms underlying dementia.

However, as with many things in the research world, understanding whether any of these theories are correct has turned out to be a long and winding road.

A complicated situation

It is very hard for researchers to investigate stress. We all experience stress in different ways and our ability to cope with stress varies widely from person to person. It is also very difficult to measure exactly how stressed someone is.

There are also other factors that could be playing a role, which are difficult to separate out. Anxiety, depression, and lack of sleep are all associated with stress, but also with dementia risk. These complications mean that it is very difficult to do high-quality research into the role that stress has in dementia risk.

However, a few studies have attempted to untangle this mystery.

A review of the scientific literature on stress and dementia risk concluded that stress could play a role in dementia development but is unlikely to be the only factor that causes the condition. There is still much to be understood about what mechanisms could underlie any links between stress and dementia risk.

A study funded by Alzheimer’s Society has examined whether long-term stress plays a role in development of Alzheimer’s disease.

Lead researcher Clive Holmes said: “Understanding the role of the immune system in the risk of Alzheimer’s disease is of great importance to researchers. As prolonged stress can cause changes in the immune system, we wanted to find out if this was linked to progression to dementia from mild cognitive impairment.”

The study tested people at the start of the trial and then tracked their thinking skills and whether any participants had developed dementia. At the start of the study, people with memory and thinking problems had higher stress levels compared to healthy individuals.

However, the level of stress a person felt did not correspond to how much their thinking abilities declined, or whether they developed Alzheimer’s disease. This was thought to be because cortisol levels in the brain seemed to diminish as participants thinking abilities declined.

Some researchers looking into long-term stress and dementia have focused on people who are affected by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This is a diagnosed condition that occurs when a person has been through a life-changing or distressing event.

Alzheimer’s Society-funded research has also analysed the literature related to the link between PTSD and dementia. They found that people with PTSD have up to twice the risk of developing dementia.

However, this increased risk isn’t fully understood and it is important to note that having PTSD does not mean you will definitely develop dementia.

If I am affected by stress, should I worry about getting dementia?

The current evidence indicates that while chronic stress may play a role in the development or progression of dementia, it does not necessarily cause dementia.

Hopefully, further research can begin to uncover what role stress plays in a person’s risk of developing dementia.

Having long-term stress does cause a number of health issues so if you are experiencing stress, it is a good idea to see your doctor, especially if you might be affected by PTSD.

This article was first published in 2017 and updated in May 2024.

The following video is from the Alzherimers Research UK, showing the causes and effects of Dementia. The brain circuitry is complex, intricate, and very sensitive to daily experiences. This video discribes the 4 types of Dementia.

https://www.youtube.com/@AlzheimersResearchUK

The previous videos discussed how stress can cause memory los leading to Alzheimer's disease and Dementia. Retirement can also lead to a risk of memory loss. Retirement involves less scheduling, planning, and activity. Retirement also leads to less activity in the brain which can cause memory loss.

Retirement and inactivity may lead to memory loss, Alzheimer's disease and Dementia. Ross Andel, director of the School of Aging Studies at the University of South Florida describes the risk of inactivity and lack of keeping our brain active may lead to memory loss. In his research in Canberra, Australia, Ross Andel did a research study of people in their 60’s. He found out that memory loss of words was more in people that were not working that those that were.

The following videos talk about the risk people take by going on retirement and thinking they can quit working.

LIFESTYLE CHANGES CAN INCREASE MEMORY

The following video is by Dr. Andrew Huberman, premiered July 7, 2024. Dr. Huberman is an American Neuroscientist and Podcaster. He is also a Professor of neurology at Sandford University School of Medicine. This video discussed healthy lifestyle habits that will enrich our physical and mental health.

In a July 7, 2024 CNN documentary “The Last Alzheimer’s Patient”, Dr. Sanjay Gupta advocates a vegetarian diet, yoga & meditation, light exercising, social support. Things that are good for the heart are good for the brain. Dr. Sanjay Gupta cites Dr. Dean Ornish’s studies and findings that life style changes have substantial benefits of improving and reversing Dementia, Alzheimer’s and other memory diseases. Dr. Dean Ornish released his findings in 2024. Some Alzheimer patients reversed some of symptoms within 5 months. Dr. Sanjay Gupta also cites Dr. Richard Isaacson’s, most recent renowned progress with Alzheimer’s patients at Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, FAU.

The following Video describes how Simon Nicholl’s early signs of Alzheimer’s Disease disappear. Preventive Neurologist Dr. Richard Isaacson witnessed his patient completely diminish the signs of Alzheimer’s in his blood bio markers in 14 months. Dr. Isakson’s patient had followed his recommendation of live style changes as diet, exercise, sleep and some supplements and medications. As the video discribes, motivation and desire played a key role in the recovery.

Dr. Isaacson is a world-renowned Neurologist at Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, FAU. The FAU center of Brain Health does research on Alzheimer’s and other diseases, (68). Dr. Isaacson sites that Dementia actually begins almost 20 years before it is detected, and can be addressed with early life style changes.

Dr. Dean Ornish, an American Physician, known as the father of live style changes, former doctor of people as President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton. In 2011, Dr. Ornish was appointed to the Advisory Group on Prevention, Health Promotion by President Obama. Dr. Ornish is a proponent of plant based diet, discusses how changing eating habits and exercise can reverse chronic diseases as Heart Disease, Prostrate Cancer, and even Alzheimer. He is the Author of the book, "Undo It", Dr. Ornish discusses how diseases can be reversed by a healthy plant based diet as well as life stye change, and finding causes of diseases instead of treating symptoms with medication, (64).

BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR

"We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them."

-Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Albert Einstein, born in 1979 in Ulm, Germany, of Jewish descent, becoming a famous theoretical physicist. As a child he could not speak until he was 4 years of age. Einstein would subsequently grow up to be a physicist, and is responsible for developing the Theory of Light and the Photo Electric Effect of light particles hitting metal and being divided into electrons, dividing light into quantum, depending on the intensity of light frequency. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921 for his work with photo electricity. He developed The Theory of Relativity in 2015. His research spanned from 1905 to include quantum mechanics to theories about gravity and motion. He died in Princeton, N.J. in 1955, (72)

In the following video, Rebecca Brachman, a neuroscientist, discusses barriers to cures for diseases as “functional fixedness” or preconceived ideas and methods of how we approach problems. Much of our medical and psychological treatments have been to address symptoms instead of developing treatments that will prevent the particular disease or diagnosis. Success has been made in preventing and curing such medical diseases as polio, measles, tuberculous, etc. Much of the cures for these diseases have been life style changes, as becoming aware of how our daily habits can contaminate our physiology, along with proper use of medications. Life style changes can also decrease or eliminate mental illnesses. Learning how to cope with stressors is the key. There is increasing awareness that hygiene, proper diets, positive thinking, exercise, continues learning, and proper breathing are essential to healthy life styles that can help decrease or eliminate mental health problems. Developing these habits help our heart and immune system become more resilient against stressors. Ms. Brachman discusses medication as preventative treatment for stressors, however, many of these drugs that have been developed so far have side effects that can be detrimental to our health. Scientists are still working on medications and ways to decrease mental illnesses. As with overcoming physical health problems, life style changes are key to decreasing or eliminating stressors and mental illnesses.

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT FORMS NEUROPLASTICITY

During early childhood brain development trillions of neurons form connections or neural networks in the brain. Through pruning, the brain sets up dominant connections called circuits that activate habits. Pruning is simply the disconnections of neuron pathways that are not used or used less. Consequently, there are 100 billion neurons at birth. forming neuronal connections that shape with learned skills. The activation of these pathways in the brain involve the environment, experiences, habits, repetition, and memory.

In the second video, Dr. Lara Boyd talks about how the brain can change, called “neuroplasticity’. Dr. Boyd is a research professor and neurobiologist at The University of British Columbia, Canada. All the pathways that are formed in the brain are interconnected throughout the entire brain. This means that the entire brain is involved in every new learned activity. The learning process involves intensity of neuron activation, as well as continuous, and repeated activation of these pathways, stimulated by repeated practice of skills.

The brain continues genetic neurological development for several months after birth. The baby’s reactions continue being set by the genetic pattern from the parents and relatives as well as through the environment. During this time the baby is forming attachments to the primary care giver, and the environment, cells are also developing, and continue to grow and die, known as synaptic pruning. This process of cell communication is called neuronal firing, and is enhanced by synaptic pruning. This process involves millions of neurons and cells which are electrically connected to communicate with other cells by synapses. As these cells are not used they die, leaving way for the active cells to live and grow through their electrical connections. This process cause neuronal development to adapt the cells to the child’s lifestyle. These cells continue to re-produce, and interact with other cells Neuronal Firing, which is describes as "cells that wire together fire together". Other cells that do not interact, loose potency and die.

Relationships cause cell production, and chemical stimulation, gene expression, and neuron development. Attachment is forming, and the personality is developing with secure attachments, bonding, and high self-esteem. Similarly, if there is little or no interactions, domestic violence, or hostility in the baby’s environment, cell connections do not form, and the baby may develop personality pathology characterized by hostility, distrust, lack of empathy, lack of conscience, and disunity. In this case, the baby’s environment is being neglected and the baby’s life can be put at risk causing a possible future of the child’s development problems, and criminality.

Dr. Allan Schore explains how the child’ brain develops from birth with the interactions of the mother, father, or caregiver. This attachment can shape a person’s personality and life for the future.

Alberts Family Wellness Institute AFWI is an education and research company in Alberta, Canada which focuses on building a knowledge base in early Brain Science, Mental Health, and Addiction treatment, and applies this research that support positive lifelong health outcomes.

This video from AFWI explain how the environment can shape the brain functioning and personality. Stress is a big factor in brain development. Positive and negative stress can affect the child as he or she grows into adulthood and can affect the child and adult personality as well as future interactions.

AFWI developed this video with the Harvard Center for the Developing Child.

In the following video, Dr. Wayne Dyer gives ways that our decisions we make reflect how we get along in the world. It is not necessarily our genetics, environment we are born into, or our life experiences that shape our destiny, it is also our decisions we make that determine our destination. Our brain is able to be continuously shaped by what we think irregardless of genetics, environment, or past experiences. The habits we have shape the outcomes of our lives.

HEALTHY DIET

Dr. Heather Tick discusses how diet and health eating habits can change the body chemistry to help prevent a sore and achy body, control blood pressure, breathing, heart problems, as well as prevent chronic illnesses.

DOES OUR MEDICAL PROFESSION TREAT SYMPTOMS, CURE DISEASES, OR PREVENT MENTAL AND PHYSICAL ILLNESSES?

Julia J Rucklidge, PhD is a Professor of Clinical Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Her interests in nutrition and mental illness grew out of her own research showing poor outcomes for children with significant psychiatric illness despite receiving conventional treatments for their conditions.

In this video Dr. Rucklidge, talks about how prescribed medicament for mental or physical illness show an increase of the illness. However, proper nutrition and micronutrients has changed how people are addicted to drugs, decrease mental and physical illnesses.

THE ANGER RESPONSE

Anger is a natural response to situations that are confusing and appear hostile. The expression of anger can either be calm and focused or hostile, aggressive, and violent. While anger can be controlled by relaxation and calming techniques, anger can easily get out of control. Some causes of having an anger response can be drug induced or by brain damage, both causing distortion to the frontal cortex, the executive part of the brain, and the hypothalamus. Substance abuse restricts blood and oxygen to the brain causing the pleasure response to decrease and changing moods, (33). These changes can result in depression, anxiety, fear, panic, and anger. Prolonged consistent use of drugs can lead to psychosis.

The hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus are located in the limbic system structure, which is located in the brain stem under the cortex. The major function of the limbic system is feeling of pleasure, fear or anger, emotional regulation and retaining memory. The limbic system is also involved with the endocrine system, and the nervous system outside of the central nervous system i.e. skin, optic nerves, etc., (32).

The hippocampus is a part of the brain that regulates memory and sends input and output to and from the brain. The hippocampus is also involved in mood regulation, avoidance and conflict, and regulating emotional behavior. There are two hippocampi located on each side of the brain in the limbic system. The hippocampus regulates the limbic system through the hypothalamus which can regulate emotions and both defensive and reactive aggression as well as predatory attack. Problems in child development as broken homes, fetal alcohol exposure, instability, and substance abuse are environmental factors of hippocampal abnormalities, that can lead to violent behavior (35).

The endocrine system hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact with the body’s nervous system and glands regulating emotional disorders as well as anger and aggression, (37). Damage or chemical influence in these areas cause medical problems in the brain, often misdiagnosed as bad attitudes (36).

In addition to environmental interaction the food we eat, sickness, tumors, lack of Omega-3 fatty acids, and an over exposure to led can also cause anger and aggression. In addition, low levels of Omega-3 fatty acid has been linked to anger and aggression. In 2015, Adrian Rain, at the University of Pennsylvania showed a reduction in behavior problems with Omega-3 supplements. Numerous studies of children living in cities, closer to the highways showing higher levels of led, are more likely to commit violent crimes. These studies have identified, gasoline, led pipes and led paint chips, especially in older buildings. Exposure to led has been linked to violence in Flint Michigan in 2014, and more recently in Chicago. Exposure to led can short circuit the brain and interferes in gene development. In addition, exposure to toxins in childhood during brain development has also been linked to behavior problems. Also, obesity and an overabundance of sugar, salt, fats as well as lack of an appropriate diet leads to behavior problems and aggression. Deficiencies in zinc and iron have been found in many juvenile offenders. Brain injuries and Tumors cause pressure on areas of the brain as the amygdala which can also lead to anger and aggression from lack of blood flow, (38).

The part of the brain that controls our responses to emotions, executive functioning, and decision making is the prefrontal cortex. The following videos show how damage to the prefrontal cortex can increase the emotional response of anger. In addition to the prefrontal cortex controlling our responses to anger are habits we form while growing up. As mentioned earlier, environmental interactions as trauma, domestic violence, poor eating habits, poor weight control, consistent improper sleep and stress, as well as drugs use and exposure to complex chemicals, can alter habit formation leading to a more aggressive behavior. As the prefrontal cortex doesn’t fully develop until we are about 25, children are particularly vulnerable to aggressive behavior. Parents and schools would benefit from being attentive to anger in children, fostering proper education in stress and emotional control.

Dr. Reggie Wright, Jr. is a motivational speaker, life coach as well as a career development coach, encouraging youth to achieve their dreams. He was a professional basketball player in Europe. Achieved his masters from Cairn University and is currently in the Liberty University Doctoral program. He is a mentor to black males as well as a 5th grade teacher in Social-Emotional Learning, and Character Development Curriculum

CONSCIOUSNESS CREATES REALITY AND CONTROLS HALLUCINATIONS: A QUANTUM THEORY CONSTRUCTION

“We don’t see things as they are, we see things as we are”, Anaïs Nin,

Anaïs Nin, was a 21st century writer and author, born in France, 1903, and educated in the U.S. and Europe. Nin was also a student of psychoanalysis and studied under Otto Rank, a noted Austrian Psychologist, Psychoanalyst, and author who postulated that “the basis of anxiety neurosis is a psychological trauma occurring during the birth of the individual,” (62). Nin wrote several books as Children of the Albatross (1947), The Four-Chambered Heart (1950), A Spy in the House of Love (1954), (61).

The brain interprets our consciousness awareness. We live in a reality of controlled hallucinations through our understanding of reality that is based on our past experience and learning. Neuroscientist Anil Seth, discusses how we are hallucinating all the time, and when we agree about our hallucinations, we call it "reality." As we have learned in past videos our perception of our current environment is shaped by our neuronal development, molded, and revitalized by our past attachments, interactions, environment, and future expectations.

Our perceptions of our environment and future expectations shape our reality. Consequently, emotions are shaped by the emotional brain circuitry, which is a function between the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the limbic system, and prefrontal cortex as well as other parts of the brain. The VTA is stimulated by wishes, attractions, desires, and circumstances releasing different levels of dopamine, reward neurons, to the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex. These levels of dopamine that are released by the VTA depend on the intensity of the attraction to the thoughts or ideas of item being observed. The limbic system is the immediate gratification system, and controls urges and impulses. This is how memory creation are formed. This is also the way habits and addictions develop.

The prefrontal cortex is the decision-making part of the brain and controls long term positive goals and motivations. Other parts of the brain store information allowing us to repeat the same emotion and task at a later time. The limbic system dominates the decision making, instant gratification and negative behavior predominates. Likewise, the prefrontal cortex dominates, positive decision and long-term goals prevail. The prefrontal cortex is also influenced by continuous stimulation of positive goals as well as lifestyle, and is the last part of the brain to develop at approximately age 25. Negative emotions, and emotional dysregulation can affect the emotional brain circuitry. Suppressing or holding back emotions isolates emotions setting up a pattern in our emotional brain circuitry so that we cannot feel positive emotions either. Likewise, continuous negative emotions also direct our emotional brain circuitry to foster increasing negative thoughts, behavior, and future negative reality. Happiness, positive attitudes, a quest for knowledge, the ability to communicate effectively with others as well as a healthy lifestyle creates a positive reality shaping who we are and our future, (52). Consensiousness reflects the functioning of the brain and neurocortex. Roger Sperry was an American Neuropsychologist. He was a Nobel Laurette who together with David Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Sperry demonstrated that conscientiousness interacted with the entire nervous system through the neocortex. (77b).

Pain, sickness, mental health, and other problems can be reduced or overcome by the understanding of the negative features of the disease, discomfort, or problems and changing the focus to positive outcomes and goals. This endeavor requires a continuous thought process of mindfulness, and an habitual focus on positive feelings. In this situation, consciousness creates a reality of being aware of a positive self and environment thus controlling the hallucination of the disease, discomfort, or problem areas.

We have not yet truly tapped into our ultimate potential and abilities to learn and achieve. Many times, we limit ourselves by societal norms and expectations, as well as our perception of the process of idealization and hopes, which ultimately shape our lives and control our behavior. The only true limitations we have are those we put on ourselves.

The following video is a presentation by Dr. Seth. In this video, Dr. Seth uses the phantom limb syndrome to show how a fake arm being stroked can create false reality.

Consciousness is the state of being aware of one’s surroundings. Conscientiousness is experiencing events as they happen and relating to them as past or present experiences as well as future expectation. Consciousness is also based on one’s perception and knowledge. We can all look at certain images, have a different interpretation or observation to what we see. This phenomenon has a direct bearing on our past experiences.

Conscientiousness is a function of the brain and neurocircuits. Conscientiousness involves seeing, herring, smell, and teste. Much of our contentiousness is based on one’s past experiences, which may be patterns of life we have adopted from one’s ancestors as well as family, friends, or acquaintances. Consciousness also relates to our ides of there is beginning ad end, relationship to the world, our society, and surroundings.

Quantum theory postulates that reality is based on one’s perception of what is happening. Our anatomy tells us that we see with the occipital Cortex, in the back of our head located in the brain. Our eyes are lenses which allows uf to have vsion, but the mages pass through different neuro circuts to the occipital cortex where an image entangles with other past viewed images generating a new image. This image which is generated is based or our past experiences, education, knowledge giving us a perception of what we see. We call this reality. This is why a group of people can look at an object and give a different interpretation of what they see. This is also why some people experience trauma is a particular situation and others don’t. The individual’s perception of a traumatic event is based on their past experiences, traumas, resilience, and relationships.

As conscientiousness is based on one’s perception, it is also based on what society or groups see as reality. Different ideas of individuals make up conscious realties that influence other realities and relationships with others in different groups. We can see this in deferent religions and cultures as well as societal or political groups. We all look at things a little defiantly

The following videos by Rupert Sheldrake (see personality development) and Gary Lite, a website host, reflect of ideas of consensuses and the quantum theory idea of conciseness. The reader is encouraged to see these ideas as opinions that may or may not influence their ideas, but encourage further exploration into the field of conscientiousness and reality.

In the next video Rupert Sheldrak, PhD. discussed atoms and energy forces having reactive memory. We know that humans have memories that cause their actions and reactions to different events. We also know that electrical energy has different reactions when i.e., encounters other electrical energies, conductive or now conductive material. We can also see different energy forces react differently to obstacles in their path, i.e., wind force of the Double Split Experiment referred to in several of the videos. Our brains through conscious and subconscious mind also reacts to different events through past encounters, education, and future expectations. The brain appears to react differently to stimuli because of atom configuration (energy fields) entanglement with the environment similar to other entanglements of energy fields.

In the next video Gary Lite explains Quantum Theory and how our patterns of life are habitually engrained in our behavior

The Brain shapes our reality by its expectation and interpretation of our knowledge. Consciousness shapes reality.

In this video Anil Seth talks about visual perceptions being interpreted by our expectations and past knowledge. Sometimes hallucinations are interpreted as reality.

C.G. Jung advocated that people’s repeated beliefs about themselves formed unconscious representations of their ability and person. He called this Archetypes. Archetypes can be positive or negative. Negative archetypes, i.e. shadow or villain, reflect a victim mentality, and positive archetypes, i.e. hero, form a feeling of harmony and feeling good about one self.

Negative thoughts about oneself are caused by negative feelings usually transferred by others in childhood, and reflected later in life. These negative thoughts Jung called the shadows. The shadow is a feeling of not being good enough or deficient, and caused by repeatedly being criticized or judged as a child or even as an adult.

The following video discusses Jung’s idea of beliefs about one’s self and how these beliefs can change to be a positive influenced in our lives. This video discribes Jung's ideas on the relationship of thought, both conscious and unconscious, to ego, individuation, archetypes, and synchronicity.

Sean Stevenson was born in Chicago, Illinois, (1979-2019), with Osteogenesis imperfecta, brittle bone disease. When he was born, most of his bones were broken during birth.

Sean Stevenson went to college at De Paul University earning his doctorate degree in Clinical Hypnotherapy. While at De Paul University he served as an intern for Bill Clinton, and Bill Lipinski, a U.S. Representative from Chicago, 1983-2005. In addition, Sean Stevenson was a certified therapist, author, and motivational speaker, (57).

In the following video, Sean Stevenson, describes how we are prisoners of our own mind and negative self-talk, showing how positive thinking can shape our future.

HEALTH, FITNESS, AND LIFE STYLE CHANGES

“The moment you change your perception is the moment you rewrite the chemistry of your body.”
Bruce Lipton, PHD.

The link between physiology and psychology is increasingly, becoming a focus of mental health. Increasingly we are seeing the link between, psychoanalysis, cognitive therapy, biofeedback, cand behavior. Cognitive therapy deals with what is known as a top down approach to therapy, i.e., solving the problems through conversation and discussion of past life situations, behavior, and goals, discussing relationship to the desired outcomes. Psychoanalysis also approaches the client with discussions of emotions and the origin of emotions, the direction of one’s life style, and relationship to the goals. Biofeedback uses a bottom up approach, which focuses on heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), skin Conductance responses, neural activity, and physical health in relationship to healthy life style. Healthy life styles involve diet, exercise, and HRV, and is now becoming the focus.

New scientific evidence is emerging supporting a link between the foods we eat, exercising, relationships, social bonding, stress reduction, and mental health. The following article from the Observer “Bipolar Disorder”, explains new scientific research that links diet and exercise to mental Health. Subsequent videos about Ben Greenfield’s book, “Boundless”, as well as videos by Dan Ornish, MD. founder of Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, and professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Fransisco, California, Michael Roizen, MD, Chief Wellness Officer at the Ohio Cleveland Clinic, Chris Palmer MD. Founder and Director of the Metabolic Health Program, and the DANA Foundation explain the link between living a healthy lifestyle and mental health

METABOLISM AND DIET ARE LINKED TO ROOT OF BIPOLAR DEPRESSION, SAY RESEARCHERS

Metabolism and diet are linked to root of bipolar depression, say researchers

Illness could be treated as a physical, rather than mood, disorder, according to scientists in Edinburgh

The Observer

Bipolar disorder

Robin McKie Science editor

Sat 21 Sep 2024 07.00 EDT

Iain Campbell, a researcher based at Edinburgh University, has a special perspective on bipolar depression. He lives with the condition and has lost family members who have taken their own lives because of their depression. It remains an intractable, devastating health problem, he says.

More than a million people in the UK have bipolar depression, of whom a third are likely to attempt suicide. Yet the condition’s roots remain unknown – despite significant efforts to understand them.

However, a major new approach to the illness has recently been adopted by psychiatrists to uncover its causes and highlight possible treatments. Rather than viewing bipolar depression as a mood disorder, it should be seen as a metabolic disturbance that can be tackled through diets and other interventions that can change bodily processes.

“We should be thinking of bipolar depression, not as a primary emotional problem, but as a malfunctioning of energy regulation in the body,” said Campbell, who has played a key role in setting up Edinburgh University’s Hub for Metabolic Psychiatry, which opened last week. “It is a very different way of thinking about mental illness.”

Backed by the Baszucki Foundation, a Canadian charity, and UK Research and Innovation, the national funding agency, the hub will investigate bipolar depression’s links to metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, and will also investigate how it is affected by disruptions to circadian rhythms.

“Systems involving energy, metabolism and light are all interlinked in our bodies and one outcome to their disruption is bipolar depression, we believe,” said Professor Danny Smith, head of the new Hub for Metabolic Psychiatry.

Bipolar depression was originally known as manic depression, a label that catches its progression, Smith added. “At times, people have no energy. At others, they simply have too much. They are manic. They don’t need sleep. They are really active and do things that are out of character. Psychiatrists will say to them: how are you feeling? In fact, they should be asking: what are you doing?”

One approach is developing metabolic treatments that could curtail their bouts of mania and lethargic depression, said Campbell. “Ketogenic diets, in which a person eats no carbohydrates but lots of fats, are quite common. They are used to cut weight but also to treat epilepsy in some cases. However, it is now becoming clear they can help alleviate bipolar depression.”

A recent study carried out at Edinburgh University involved 27 individuals with bipolar depression who were put on a keto diet for eight weeks.

“A third of them did very well. Their mood was more stable, they were less impulsive, and their depression lifted,” said Smith. “[Finding] out why some responded and others did not will be one of the first undertakings for researchers at the new hub.”

Other research will focus on the fact that many bipolar individuals suffer depressive episodes that peak in autumn and winter, while their mania increases in spring and autumn. “We all feel a bit gloomy in winter compared with summer but it is a very intense experience for bipolar people and it is a problem that emanates from disruptions to the circadian rhythms that control their internal body clocks,” said Smith.

“One patient told me that she knew she was becoming manic because she experienced a heightened sensitivity to colour and light. In other words, bipolar individuals appear to be more sensitive to light at certain times of the year. But why?”

One attempt to answer this question will involve the Edinburgh-led group in growing retinal cells – derived from bipolar people – in the laboratory. Scientists will then use them to see if they respond differently to light shone through them and impact on how they perceive and respond to light and changing seasons.

Other technological approaches will involve using radar sleep technology. These devices measure a person’s breathing, movement and heart rate and can tell when someone is awake or not and what stages of sleep they are going through.

“We are going to use these for very long periods, for 18 months or so, in bipolar people’s bedrooms. Whenever they become unwell, we can then look at how their sleep patterns were changing and so find ways that we might use to predict them becoming unwell in future – based on changes in their sleep patterns.

“In fact, there are a host of different approaches we can take to measure how sleep, circadian and metabolic factors might affect a person’s mental health – and we aim to track down the most important over the next few years.”

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NOURISHING FOOD AND EXERCISE SERVES AS MEDICATION FOR OUR BODY

In the next video Dr. Wendy Suzuki, a professor and researcher of neuroscience at New York University Center for Neural Science discussed her personal realization of how exercise is linked to increased brain functioning. Through HRV research we know that oxygen is transmitted to the brain via our berthing and heart rate. Exercise allows us to vary our heart rate to a wider variability allowing us to better cope with stress. Exercise also leads to optimal body functioning by reducing visceral fat around stomach, heart, and intestines transforming it to muscle. Lessening the fat around the internal organs, allowing us optimal physical functioning in our every day lives. Too much visceral fat can lead to diabetes, heart problems as well other diseases. This optimal physical functioning leads to better cognitive functioning. The next two videos show the relationship of Heart Rate Variability, (HRV) to optimal physical and mental functioning. The developing research of HeartMath Institute shows how breathing, calmness, focus, positive thinking, and Heart Rate can positively influence cognitive functioning. In turn, HRV, exercise, and optimum coherence can lead to a more fulfilling life.

Dr. Patrick is a graduate in biochemistry from Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute in Oakland California, (66). In this video Dr. Patrick describes how exercise, meditation, and Vitamin D can change gene expression through neurogenesis. This gene expression can change the quality of life, add years to your live, and increase cognitive functioning. These changes can transfer through epigenetics. For more information visit Dr. Rhonda Patrick at https://foundmyfitness.com.

What we eat and our daily actives can determine the quality of our lives. Exercise builds our muscles, supports our internal body organs as well as allows us to do daily activities. What we eat gives nourishment and vitamins to the body. What we eat as well as a lack of exercise can also cripple the bodily functions and cause severe susceptibility to disease and even death, as has been pointed out previously by Dr. Dean Ornish, Dr. Rhonda Patrick, Dr. Wendy Suzuki, and others.

The following videos explain that eating health and exercising can lead to positive life style changes.

PILOT STYDY SHOWS KETOGENIC DIET IMPROVED SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS

https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2024/04/keto-diet-mental-illness.html

A small clinical trial led by Stanford Medicine found that the metabolic effects of a ketogenic diet may help stabilize the brain.

April 1, 2024 - By Nina Ba

For people living with serious mental illness like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, standard treatment with antipsychotic medications can be a double-edged sword. While these drugs help regulate brain chemistry, they often cause metabolic side effects such as insulin resistance and obesity, which are distressing enough that many patients stop taking the medications.

Now, a pilot study led by Stanford Medicine researchers has found that a ketogenic diet not only restores metabolic health in these patients as they continue their medications, but it further improves their psychiatric conditions. The results, published March 27 in Psychiatry Research, suggest that a dietary intervention can be a powerful aid in treating mental illness.

“It’s very promising and very encouraging that you can take back control of your illness in some way, aside from the usual standard of care,” said Shebani Sethi, MD, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and the first author of the new paper.

Making the connection

Sethi, who is board certified in obesity and psychiatry, remembers when she first noticed the connection. As a medical student working in an obesity clinic, she saw a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia whose auditory hallucinations quieted on a ketogenic diet.

That prompted her to dig into the medical literature. There were only a few, decades-old case reports on using the ketogenic diet to treat schizophrenia, but there was a long track record of success in using ketogenic diets to treat epileptic seizures.

“The ketogenic diet has been proven to be effective for treatment-resistant epileptic seizures by reducing the excitability of neurons in the brain,” Sethi said. “We thought it would be worth exploring this treatment in psychiatric conditions.”

A few years later, Sethi coined the term metabolic psychiatry, a new field that approaches mental health from an energy conversion perspective.

In the four-month pilot trial, Sethi’s team followed 21 adult participants who were diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, taking antipsychotic medications, and had a metabolic abnormality — such as weight gain, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia or impaired glucose tolerance. The participants were instructed to follow a ketogenic diet, with approximately 10% of the calories from carbohydrates, 30% from protein and 60% from fat. They were not told to count calories.

“The focus of eating is on whole non-processed foods including protein and non-starchy vegetables, and not restricting fats,” said Sethi, who shared keto-friendly meal ideas with the participants. They were also given keto cookbooks and access to a health coach.

The research team tracked how well the participants followed the diet through weekly measures of blood ketone levels. (Ketones are acids produced when the body breaks down fat — instead of glucose — for energy.) By the end of the trial, 14 patients had been fully adherent, six were semi-adherent and only one was non-adherent.

The participants underwent a variety of psychiatric and metabolic assessments throughout the trial.

Before the trial, 29% of the participants met the criteria for metabolic syndrome, defined as having at least three of five conditions: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting glucose levels. After four months on a ketogenic diet, none of the participants had metabolic syndrome.

On average, the participants lost 10% of their body weight; reduced their waist circumference by 11% percent; and had lower blood pressure, body mass index, triglycerides, blood sugar levels and insulin resistance.

“We’re seeing huge changes,” Sethi said. “Even if you’re on antipsychotic drugs, we can still reverse the obesity, the metabolic syndrome, the insulin resistance. I think that’s very encouraging for patients.”

The participants reported improvements in their energy, sleep, mood and quality of life.

The psychiatric benefits were also striking. On average, the participants improved 31% on a psychiatrist rating of mental illness known as the clinical global impressions scale, with three-quarters of the group showing clinically meaningful improvement. Overall, the participants also reported better sleep and greater life satisfaction.

“The participants reported improvements in their energy, sleep, mood and quality of life,” Sethi said. “They feel healthier and more hopeful.”

The researchers were impressed that most of the participants stuck with the diet. “We saw more benefit with the adherent group compared with the semi-adherent group, indicating a potential dose-response relationship,” Sethi said.

There is increasing evidence that psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder stem from metabolic deficits in the brain, which affect the excitability of neurons, Sethi said.

The researchers hypothesize that just as a ketogenic diet improves the rest of the body’s metabolism, it also improves the brain’s metabolism.

“Anything that improves metabolic health in general is probably going to improve brain health anyway,” Sethi said. “But the ketogenic diet can provide ketones as an alternative fuel to glucose for a brain with energy dysfunction.”

Likely there are multiple mechanisms at work, she added, and the main purpose of the small pilot trial is to help researchers detect signals that will guide the design of larger, more robust studies.

As a physician, Sethi cares for many patients with both serious mental illness and obesity or metabolic syndrome, but few studies have focused on this undertreated population.

She is the founder and director of the metabolic psychiatry clinic at Stanford Medicine.

“Many of my patients suffer from both illnesses, so my desire was to see if metabolic interventions could help them,” she said. “They are seeking more help. They are looking to just feel better.”

Researchers from the University of Michigan; the University of California, San Francisco; and Duke University contributed to the study.

The study was supported by Baszucki Group Research Fund, the Kuen Lau Fund and the Obesity Treatment Foundation.

Nina Bai
Nina Bai is a science writer in the Office of Communications. Email her at nina.bai@stanford.edu.

PSYCHOANALYSIS

In the next video, Dr. Susan Moor, a graduate of the of the Toronto Institute of Psychoanalysis interviews Professor Dr. Carveth a training and supervising analyst, and former director of the Toronto Institute of Psychoanalysis. Dr. Moore and Dr. Carveth discuss what Psychoanalysis is.

ATTACHMENT AND MENTALIZATION

Attachment theory is a psychological, evolutional, and an ethological behavior theory involving relationships. Attachment theory was developed by John Bowlby published the theory in a trilogy “Attachment and Loss“ between 1969–82,(64).

Attachment Theory is based on a relationship, familiarity and continued trust of a person or environment. The motivator of attachment is fear, fear of losing the person or environment the person has become familiar with. When the person looses contact with their attachments they become fearful, and begin seeking that attachment again. There are several stages of attachment, which create different physical attributes of the infant and baby. The following video was made by McMaster Demystifying Medicine Program students Arthiga Arumugarasan, Kruti Bhakta and Divya Tamilselvan in collaboration with the McMaster Demystifying Medicine Program. They describe Bowlby’s attachment theory and the stages of attachment.

Dr. Peter Fonagy is Professor of Contemporary Psychoanalysis and Developmental Science Head of the Division of Psychology and Language Sciences at University College London, as well as Chief Executive of the Anna Freud Center in London, England (64).

Metallization is the ability to understand the mental states of ourselves and others. This process of Metallization is partially imaginative because we perceive, imagine, interpret and mirror the mental states of others with ourselves. This mirroring process allows us to communication and interact, linking the mental states of ourselves and others to achieve mutual desires, needs, goals and purpose, as well as friendship and relationship.

Metallization is based on understanding and relating to others state of mind, interactions and behavior. The ability to trust, understand, and communicate with parents and others play a key role in the child development. Positive effects of mentalization foster loving and harmonious communication, attachment with parents, friends and the environment, resilience, as well as a desire to lean and grow. Abuse both physical and mental as well as domestic violence and a hostile environment, cause a lack of positive development and communication, affecting the child’s mental health, resilience, attachment, and behavior, possibly forming defecates in the developing personality. Although heredity plays a role in personality development it is influenced by either a positive and coherent environment or environmental deficiencies as abuse, domestic violence and an adverse environment. As we learned from previous videos gene expression is linked to environmental interactions thus changing behavior, (67), As we interact with the environment from birth, we change our gene expression, turning off some genes and turning on other genes. Gene expression is also linked to Heart Rate Variability through our nervous system, which was discussed in the previous section “Science of the Heart”. Coherence between the body and the environment is important in maintaining a positive self-image. Maintaining coherence in heart rate variability is an important indicator of developing positive metallization.
In the next set of videos Dr. Fonagy talks about Metallization and how it affects out behavior.

The following two videos, Dr. Dr. Fonagy explains how children, adolescents, and adults interact with others through Metallization, and how people interprets what others think of them, directly affecting the their own feelings about themselves, their environment, and their behavior. The child, adolescents, and adults, get meaning of their actions from observing the facial expressions and body language of others, and likewise other’s interactions from their expressions and body language. This interpretation between individuals is in a large part based on the persons past experiences with others and their personality.

In the next video Dr. Levin discusses the effects of stress and trauma on our daily lives. Dr. Levin completed his education at the University of California at Berkley and another in Psychology from Berkley’s International University. Dr. Levin has established the Foundation for Human Enrichment in Boulder Colorado and is the founder of Somatic Experiencing (SE).

EFFECT OF STRESS ON OUR DAILY LIVES

STRESS, POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES, AND LEARNING EFFECTS CHILD DEVELOPMENT, AND FUTURE GROWTH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szQnqBEjyg4Center of The Developing Child at Harvard University

"Three Core Concepts in Early Development"

Toxic Stress Derails Healthy,

The basic architecture of the brain is constructed through a process that begins early in life and continues into adulthood. Simpler circuits come first and more complex brain circuits build on them later. Genes provide the basic blueprint, but experiences influence how or whether genes are expressed. Together, they shape the quality of brain architecture and establish either a sturdy or a fragile foundation for all of the learning, health, and behavior that follow. Plasticity, or the ability for the brain to reorganize and adapt, is greatest in the first years of life and decreases with age. This video is part one of a three-part series titled "Three Core Concepts in Early Development" from the Center and the National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. The series depicts how advances in neuroscience, molecular biology, and genomics now give us a much better understanding of how early experiences are built into our bodies and brains, for better or for worse. Healthy development in the early years provides the building blocks for educational achievement, economic productivity, responsible citizenship, lifelong health, strong communities, and successful parenting of the next generation.

The following videos are from "Three Core Concepts in Early Development" Series:

OUR LIFESTYLES DETERMINES OUR ENERGY, FEELINGS AND HEALTH

Kent L. Thornburg, PhD, is the M. Lowell Edwards Chair of Cardiovascular Research, Professor of Medicine, in the Knight Cardiovascular Institute at Oregon Health & Science University. Dr. Thornburg talks about how exercise, diet, and lifestyle changes our life expectancy. Lifestyles cause obesity and diabetes which leads to depression, high blood pressure, heart problems, chronic disease and eventual early death.

STRESS EFFECT ON THE BODY AND MIND

Gregory L. Fricchione, is a director of the Division of Psychiatry and Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Fricchoine talks about how stress affects our daily life and is the main cause of disease.

Stress is a normal body response to different situations. It is the body’s way of telling us that there are concerns that need to be taken care of. Some stress is good, because it motivates us to make changes, hopefully improving our lives. Too much stress, “toxic stress”, can cause physical and behavioral problems. Prolonged “toxic stress” can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems, ulcers, and more as well as mental health problems as anxiety and depression.

Childhood development effects the brain development and has a dramatic bearing on present and future interactions.

HOW YOGA AND MEDITATION CAN EFFECT OUR HEALTH

Dr. Bruce Lipton is an American cell biologist. He is a leading proponent of changing our cell structure through epigenetics and gene expression by changing our environment, beliefs, attitude, and lifestyle. The author of “The Biology of Belief”, how epigenetics and stem cells can be controlled by our beliefs.

Dr. Herbert Benson, at Harvard University, demonstrates with HRV equipment how meditation and the relaxation response affects the body and stressors.

Bir Singh Khalsa, Phd is an Associate Neuroscientist at Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Bir Sigh Khalsa is involved in extensive research with Mind Body Medicine, Yoga, and Meditation and their effects on physical and mental illnesses as well as daily life routines. The following videos reflect some of his findings.

In this video Sat Bir S. Khalsa, PhD talks about meditation and mind wandering, and how Meditation allows the user to control their thought process and concentrate and focus better.

In the next video Dr. Sat Bir S. Khalsa talks about how Yoga in schools can change education and help create an educational system that teaches children to cope effectively with stress

In the following video Dr. Sat Bir S. Khalsa describes how Yoga changes the brain and improves cognitive performance and concentration. Dr. Sat Bir S. Khalsa also talks about how the brain is influenced by daily interactions of worry, anticipation of future events, mind wandering and multitasking, describing how the practice of Yoga can change brain structure increasing the ability to cope with chronic stress, anxiety, depression and medical conditions as obesity, diabetes, as well as other mental health and physical illnesses.

WHAT IS INTEGRATED BEHAVIORAL HEALTH?

Integrated Health Care is the collaboration between doctors, mental health professionals, occupational therapist, as well as other health care professionals. Integrated Health Care uses different forms of therapy such as traditional and scientific based medicine, diet, exercise, acupuncture, biofeedback, HRV, and Yoga to achieve an ultimate health care well-being for the patient. Integrated health care involves looking at all of the patients’ contributions of their lifestyle and making suggestive changes to enhance the patient’s mental health and physical well-being.

The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, a collaboration between Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, focusing on enhancing human health, resilience and quality of life. Integrated medicine looks at the person’s lifestyle, and how it affects our daily life.

Nordic Integrative Medicine (NIM) travelled to Duke Center for Living Campus at Duke University to investigate their program on Integrative Medicine. NIM is a healthcare foundation established in Denmark, January 10,2013 by Shelley Neble-Letort, PhD. to study and provide scientific evidence on Integrative Medicine worldwide. NIM is a leading advocate in scientific evidence-based health care practices providing clinical services, education, and research for the public, patients, and their families.

NIM uses the Green Health Care Model which they describe as 1) working in a healthy facility (or green clinic) 2) advocating for a healthy environment 3) practicing medicine in a sustainable manner

Their findings were published March 24, 2020, in the below video.

For more information visit NIM, http://www.nordicintegrativemedicine.com/.

THE IMPACT OF TRAUMA

"THE BODY KEEPS THE SCORE"

Trauma is a catastrophic happening causing overwhelming stress to individuals sometimes in prenatal development, childhood, or as an adult. Trauma may be experienced through verbal assaults by parent, caregivers, teachers or peers, bullying at school or other areas of the person’s live, repeated physical abuse, sexual molestation, rape, or other negative experiences that cause the child or adult repeated and continuous stress.

This traumatic experience causes life changes, mental health symptom, and sometimes continuing problems throughout live. Trauma in prenatal development as well as through early and later life can lead to mental health symptom of Psychosomatic illness, Substance Abuse, ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, Psychosis, Munchausen's Syndrome (Factitious Disorder), Bipolar Disorder, or Schizophrenia among other problems.

We cannot fully understand the total effects of trauma on child (children & adults) unless we have experienced them. Sure, we have read about them, talked about them, and even analyzed them, but do we really know what has happened and what they mean? What we do know is that the child tries detach from the trauma both physically and emotionally. The child usually does this by detaching from the situation, although they are directly involved in the situation. The child will appear to talk in the third person, because to them they are separating themselves from the trauma. The child will also describe traumatic situations from the station of an observer not the unwilling participant, although the child is the victim of the trauma. The child may also give an unemotional description of the trauma to further detach themselves from the pain of the trauma, yet the pain is ever present. There are also times that the child may engage in self-harm i.e., cutting, biting, burning, head-butting objects, etc. to reflect a physical sensation that have been lost in the detachment from the trauma. Sometimes the child may even reflect happiness or joy when they feel sorrow or guilt. This is because the child cannot confront the pain of the trauma. There are even times when the child will take the blame for a fight or argument, because they are the victim and do not want to blame or antagonize the perpetrator, Sometimes the child will defend the perpetrator or even say that they deserve the abuse. There are also times that the child will fall in love with the perpetrator or kidnaper, Stockholm syndrome.

All the above reactions describe learning disorders and abnormalities to trauma that continue to magnify in the child’s life with added experiences. These learning disorders and abnormalities also reflect the child’s developmental relationship with their caregiver, in which the child has never been given the skills to have healthy relationships, or the love to develop self-care, ingenuity, self-satisfaction, or self-gratification. The child has learned to reflect and live the trauma.

The following videos concern development of trauma, and how trauma, especially child trauma is dealt with in society.

The next video, “Remember my story-Removed part two”, directed by Nathanael Matanick, June 14, 2015, is the story of a girl named Zoe, who tells her childhood experience of trauma and experience in the foster care system. One overwhelming message of the story is that “there are tornadoes in outer space. ..actually how stars are born”. We choose our destinations, (53).

Bessel Van Der Kolk, MD is founder and Medical Director of the Trauma Center at JRI in Brookline, Massachusetts. In this video he discusses the effects of trauma on our bodily functions and behavior. Trauma is directly associated with drug addiction, cutting, and other problems of not being able to adequately cope with stressors and develop relationships in everyday life. Trauma effects every aspect of our lives such as bodily functions, reactions of everyday situations including, isolation, inability to maintain focus, fear, depression, and irritability, affecting communication and satisfying relationships, (23).

The next series of videos discussed the aspects of trauma, stress and effective our physiology interactions in society. The effects of trauma can cause severe changes in our brain structure and bodily functions which in turn cause reactions we exhibit in our behavior and relationships.

Dr. Porges explains how stress and trauma can be stored in the body and relayed through body by the Vagus Nerve to caue pain and emotions.

ACEs, ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES

Trauma during childhood can change the brain structure and thus change a child’s reactions to their environment. Children that experience a lack of parental contact and love, isolation, neglect, physical or sexual abuse, or inadequate nutrition can grow up as untrusting and insecure, bullies, defiant, hyperactivity, and easily lose focus. These children can develop a lack of social adjustment possibly leading to criminal behavior or substance abuse, (30). Children may also develop a predisposition to addiction from the mother experiencing trauma during pregnancy. Mothers who experience stress and trauma during pregnancy secretes high levels of cortisol which transfers to the child. The child's high levels of cortisol increase their cortisol level causing an increase in risk taking behavior and drug use (16).

The next video explains ACEs and the effects on the child and brain development.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Kaiser Permanente conducted the first ACE study from 1995 to 1997 interviewing more than 17,000 adults about childhood experiences including emotional, physical and sexual abuse, neglect, and household challenges of parental separation, substance abuse, incarceration, violence and mental illness. ACEs scores are used to determine the child’s susceptibility for developing life time physical and mental health problems as depression, anxiety, ADHD symptoms, obesity, diabetes, cancer, heart problems, as well as other physical and mental health problems. Neglect and Household dysfunction affecting children’s nervous system, (HRV) Heart Rage Variability, decision making, attention, and behavior. ACEs scores is taken from a test of 10 questions about the child’s adverse experiences during the first 18 years of life. Each answer of yes gets a score of 1. The score is added up. Scores of 4 or more indicate a potential of chronic diseases. However, scores of 1 or more can be also cause devastating results. Thus, these the child affected by high ACEs scores is at risk of a life time of physical and mental problems. Many studies have been done to substantiate ACEs.

The following video is by Dr. Nadine Burke Harris, former Attorney General of California in 2020 and founder of the Adverse Childhood Experience Project, 2012, in San Francisco, leading to development of The Center of Youth Wellness the same year. Dr. Nadine Burke Harris is author of several books and a leading advocate of ACEs.

In the next two videos Bessel Van Der Kolk MD. explains how trauma in early childhood alters the brain structure at a very early age, and ways we can alter this trauma for children.

TRAUMA EFFECTS THE BODY AND THE BRAIN

Jacob Ham, PhD. Is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist in New York. He has authored several books on Trauma and has developed a program Center for Child Trauma and Resilience in New York.

This video shows the difference between the Brain V. Survival Brain depicting how trauma affects the brain and our behavior.

A London trauma Specialists' Psycho-education Video:

The Brain Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), based on Brewin, Dalgleish & Joseph's (1996) Dual Representation Theory.

This video is published by the Veterans’ Health Administration to show how trauma and PTSD affects our lives

Published June 5, 2014

COMPLEX POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER, CPTSD,

CONTINUED UNRESOLVED STRESS. NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES, AND MULTIPLE TRAUMATIC EVENTS

"What if the traumatic event wasn't the cause of trauma? It's time to rethink trauma by looking to the body's memory of the event, not the mind's interpretation of the story." DR. PETER LEVINE

PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, F43.10 is defined in the DSM-5-TR as an event that is traumatic to a person , (56). The event may have happened to the person involved or the person may be a witness or be involved in the event. The diagnostic criteria for PTSD as described in the DSM-5-TRTM. PTSD is centered around a single event that happens to an induvial. Yet, traumas can reoccur at different intervals in a person’s life, and cause a continuation of stress and related traumas. Complex PTSD (CPTSD) arises from repeated or long-term traumas to an individual. As the DSM-5-TR does not define CPTSD, there is no agreed upon definition. According to the Cleveland Clinic additional symptoms of CPTSD to PTSD involve symptoms of emotion regulations, Identity. and sense of self, and relationships, We see these types of multiple traumas and symptoms in relationships, especially Psychopathic Love Relationships, PLR,(described earlier). We also see these types of symptoms in domestic violence, and in children having little or no family attachment, being raised in foster care or by families or repeated severe family disfunction. Also people that have experienced continued governmental chaos and or military presence also display these symptoms. There are many more experiences that can lead to the effects of multiple traumas and CPTSD, when a person has lived a large part of their lives under repeated traumatic stress in various situations. These continued traumas can bring back flashbscks of previous traumas that can lead to reaactions in the briain and nervious system leading to multiple physical complicatons and feelings of loss, self-doubt, and worthlessness.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24881-cptsd-complex-ptsd.

In this short video, Dr. Peter Levine explains how the body holds the energy of trauma and why we can't begin to process the emotional suffering until we first resolve trauma on the physiological level.

In this video Dr. Ramani discusses the complexity of CPTSD

In this video Dr. Arielle Schwartz , a licensed clinical Psychologist in private practice, and trainer for therapist in Bolder, Colorado (64), describes trauma and complex trauma, and how trauma effects the victim's entire life, generating the types of relationships they have and their daily interactions

Cultural Trauma

CPTSD can develop in cultures with repeated subversion from governmental or societal organizations. Cultural traumas develops throughout society as individuals groups, and organizations advocate hate and violence toward others. Many cultures are in repated persecuition through decades by governmental differences. As was discussed in "Science of he Heart", there are also ways to lessen or eliminate the impact of individual and cultural traumas through coherence, unity, and positive thinking.

Dr. Thomas Hubl is an Austrian-born scholar, contemporary spiritual teacher, author, as well as lecturer, on trauma and how it has affected our collective thinking and traumas, and how we can heal the wounds of trauma. He attended medical school in Austria, and moved to Czechoslovakia soon afterward to learn the benefits of meditation. Dr. Hubl founded the Academy of Inner Science in 2008. In 2016 he founded the Pocket Project, a nonprofit global organization to educate and support trauma informed care. He has worked with Universities and is a current visiting scholar at Harvard University where he has presented talks and workshops in healing trauma since 2019. For more information on Thomas Hubl visit, Thomas Hubl, https://thomashuebl.com/. The Pocket Project, Growing a Culture of Trauma Informed Care, https://pocketproject.org/.

The following video by Better Family Relationships, discribes how ethnic and cultural groups can strengthen family and societal ties by practicing cultural rituals.
https://www.youtube.com/@BetterFamilyRelationships/featured,

ADDICTION

The Ouroboros is an ancient Egyptian symbol that depicts a serpent eating its own tail, symbolic of one’s present and future growth shaped and sculpted by their own history. The contrast between the Ouroboros and Tree of Life shows the struggles and captivations that exist in humanity, (31). In addition, as the addict can destroy himself or herself with their addiction so the addict can also destroy the people that are codependent with the addict and their addiction. Likewise, as the relationship continues, the codependent increasingly becomes addicted to the care of the addict. Both the addict and the codependent form a mutual self-satisfying bond of an insatiable quest to fulfill their addictions.

As the Ouroboros signifies the addict and codependency, the Ouroboros eats its own tail and becomes new, transgressing from the beginning through the end to a new beginning. Thus, the Ouroboros also signifies the rehabilitation of the addicts adaption of a new life, (31).

THE SCIENCE OF ADDICTION, ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

The following videos discuss the science of addiction and the behaviors and life styles that lead to addiction. In addition, these videos discuss changes in the brain as well as outcomes these brain changes create.

Stages of Change & Recovery

Stage1:

I walk down the street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I fall in. I am lost. I am helpless. It isn't my fault. It takes forever to find a way out.

Stage2:

I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I pretend I don't see it. I fall in again. I can't believe I am in this same place. But it isn't my fault. It still takes a long time to get out.

Stage3:

I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I see it is there. I fall in... it’s a habit...but my eyes are open. I know where I am. It is my fault. I get out immediately.

Stage4:

I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I walk around it.

Stage5:

I walk down a different street.

Take charge of your life. Set goals. Don’t be a victim.

Hope of making changes in our life results from developing a purpose in life, whether to change our behavior, develop new interests and hobbies, develop new job skills, go back to school, or get a new job. Hope is the conduit that binds the other stages to making changes in our lives.

Stages of change and recovery are effective steps that people can use to change their habits in life. Addictions are habits that we develop, that can cause significant changes in our life. Addictions are usually caused by traumas in our life, usually early childhood. These traumas can repeat themselves several times. These traumas are also accompanied by guilt, feelings of what we did wrong, and repeated feelings of being a victim.

One of the first stages of change is to recognize that there is a habit we have developed that needs changing, and later what led to the continuous habits. It is also helpful to discuss any traumas, establish and maintain a safe place, realizing that we are not to blame for the trauma, and that we are no longer victims of the trauma but now have control of our lives. This step may take time, and we are not always ready for this discussion.

Addictions are not only alcohol or drug related but pertain to any significant habits that have altered our lives. These habits could be, but are not limited to internet and gaming, eating, sex, work, power and control, perfection, defeatist attitude, feelings of insignificance, lack of motivation, or poor job outlook. Many of these stages can coincide with other habits, be interdependent, and lead to significant problems in our lives.

The stages of recovery, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse stages interchange in our life with our different situations of addictions. The most important stage of recovery (change) is the ACTION stage. The action stage involves not only making a decision but follow through leading to maintenance. Walking down a different path involves not only action steps but having hope and developing a purpose in life. Developing a purpose is key to taking and maintaining action and making life changes. Although the relapse stage is prevalent, it only remains significant in that habits are hard to break, and sometimes new situations need to be evaluated. Life changes take continuous effort in setting goals, action steps, and follow through.

The following scenario, along with the 5 previous steps were taken from “positively Present”, https://www.positivelypresent.com/. This scenario talks about a relationship with a client and a therapist in the decision process of change.

Though I didn't realize it right away, my therapist helped me see that these stages are really about hope, about the idea that we can make mistakes, even continue to make the same mistakes, and there is still hope for us to someday walk down a different street. She made me sit there and feel what it was like to have that sense of hope. I was talking to her about my plans for my novel and the excitement in my voice was obvious; I had come a long way from where I was when I'd first come to see her, and it was clear to me that I would not be on the same path if I weren't on my own road to recovery. "What is that feeling?" she asked. It took me a bit of fumbling before I realized, "It's hope." She referenced the piece of paper and I looked down to where it was resting beside me on the couch. And I felt it, just reading over it briefly, that hope. I felt like I really could keep walking around that hole and that someday (someday soon even!) I could walk down a completely different street.

How many times have you done something not good for you (drank too much, eaten too much dessert, slept with someone you should've have) and, after, told yourself you wouldn't do it again? How many times have you done it again? And again? I'd like to say that isn't me, that I'm the kind of person who can make a mistake once, learn from it, and make better choices next time, but that is, unfortunately, not the case.

In my life, I have made bad choices and then I've made them over and over and over again. I've walked down the street, seen the hole, and fallen in over and over and over again. It's happened on purpose. It's happened by accident. It's happened by habit. But, for whatever reason, it's happened. And I bet it's happened to you too. I bet you there's something you do that is unhealthy, but you do it anyway. It could be a small thing or a big thing, but I bet you there is something that you wish you didn't do but you can't seem to stop doing. These steps give me (and, hopefully, you too) hope.

Hope. What a beautiful, wonderful, inspiring word. It's something that I once would have thought of as cheesy or cliché. "Hope," I would have scoffed, "Who believes in that shit?" But now I see things differently. I see that I really do have the ability to change things in my life; I can change the things that lead me down that street and towards that hole. I'm learning that I have the strength to say no, to walk around the hole. I don't know if I've quite found my way down a different street, but I am working on it. I am, like so many things in this world, a work in progress.

No matter what your "deep hole" is in life, there is hope. There is hope that you can get out of the hole once you've fallen in and there is hope that, even if you've made the same mistake over and over again, you can find a new way to live that doesn't involve ever falling into (or walking past) that hole again.

“There are no mistakes in life, only lessons. There is no such thing as a negative experience, only opportunities to grow, learn and advance along the road of self-mastery. From struggle comes strength. Even pain can be a wonderful teacher.” Robin S. Sharma, The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari

Today is the first day of the rest of your life. Live each day with happiness, meaning, and purpose. Continue to strive to be the best you can be and follow your dreams.

This video was published by Alila Medical Media September 2014. The video explains how addiction is a neurological disorder.

Addiction and mental health problems are not always a product of quantity but possibly of function. How is the addiction or mental health problems affecting our lives? Why do some people become more vulnerable to addiction and mental health problems while others don’t?

Psychiatrist Edmund Griffin discusses the vulnerability of addiction and mental health problems, showing the effects of addiction on the brain, body, and behavior. Dr. Griffin also discusses the interaction between epigenetics and addiction. The environment plays a key role in changing gene expression, which can contribute to mental health and addiction problems.

THE SCIENCE OF INTERNET ADDICTION

When we go on the internet, we have certain games or websites we go to. Overuse of the internet, games, or websites, an average of about 3 or more hours a day for children, can lead to continued stimulation of the reward system, leading to internet addiction. Simply put, internet addiction is a continuous use of the internet, cellphone, television, or any other social media, by children and adults, that causes an individual to change their life style to accommodate the stimulation of their reward system.

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that activates the reward system causing pleasure. This chemical interaction in the brain causes the brain to seek out pleasure and repeat plesureable behaviore when stimulated. Internet addiction can cause depression, anxiety, lack of interest in outside activities, extreme anger (especially if the internet source is cut off), not completing obligations, chores or work, changes in sleep patterns, changes in diet, and lack of communication and facial expressions, low self-esteem, and a drop in IQ.

It is not uncommon for people, especially teens and pre-teens to play video game for several hours at a time. Dr. Gentile’s 2009 study in Singapore of 3,000 students, noted that 9% of the students were addicted before the study and 84% of the previously addicted students were still addicted after the 2-year study. The study revealed that the addicted students could not quit playing video games to do other tasks and were more socially awkward. Likewise, students that had overcome the addiction were less anxious, less depressed, and less likely to have problems in school. In the Dr. Gentile's 2011 study, The Multiple Dimensions of Video Game Effects, Dr. Gentile cited 5 dimensions of video effects on players. These are amount of play, content of play, game context, structure of the game, and the mechanics of game play. Dr. Gentile’s research led to United States congressional hearings on violent video games and helped the American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization recognize Gaming Disorder as a medical concern, (25).

The following video is by Thomas Kersting, psychotherapist, former school counselor and therapist, and author of the book “Disconnected”. In this video Mr. Kersting talks about internet addiction and the problems youth face by multitasking. Multitasking is one of the problems created by internet addiction. As Mr. Kersting explains, multitasking for children and adults involves playing video games, texting, reading articles, chatting with friends, while doing homework or employment. Multitasking in this sense takes much longer to complete tasks and assignments causing a lack of understanding in the assignments due to varied tasks during the time spent. Multitasking also shapes the neurotransmitters in the brain to perform the same dysfunctional tasks next time, decreasing the ability to focus on tasks and assignments causing continuous poor school or work performance.

A related problem with internet addiction is FOMO (fear of missing out). FOMO is a key issue for people, especially children, that multitask. Children have a fear of missing out on different situations, which causes anxiety and increased multitasking, (51).

Cam Adair is a speaker, entrepreneur, and pioneer on video game addiction. He is the founder of Game Quitters, the world’s largest support community for video game addiction, serving members in 91 countries.

The video, The Science of Internet Addiction & Willpower, recently republished in 12/15/2020, (50), depicts how addiction affects the neurotransmission in the brain, especially the neurotransmitter Dopamine. The video also compares internet addiction to the addiction to alcohol and other drugs, showing similarities in how these addiction affects the brain and nervous system.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is associated with the reward system. When dopamine is released in the brain, the reward circuitry is activated. Dopamine is released when there is pleasure and a desire to continue an activity. In a series of “Star Trek: The Nest Generation”, in the episode called “The Game”, the crew of the Enterprise is seduced by an alien species with a video game that stimulates the reward system in the brain. When the game was played or anticipated to be played, there would be an excessive amount of dopamine released in the brain, causing a desire of playing the game to continue, (20). This situation depicts video game addiction, and the consequences of the addictions.

The video The Science of Internet Addiction & Willpower, also discribes Dopamine as a neurotransmitter that initially is triggered by the pleasure sensation, but then continues to be triggered not by the pleasure sensation but the anticipation of pleasure. Addiction is about anticipation of a drug of choice or psychological stimulant that has initially generated a desire for a substance or psychological trigger. Gabor Mate, in the video The Power of Addiction, The Addiction of Power, Judson Brewer, A simple way to break a bad habit, and other videos on this website also talk about the trigger of anticipation for the drug of choice. This anticipation of the drug of choice or psychological stimulant, instead of the desire itself is the key phenomenon that is involved in relapse. As the desire for the stimulant, drug, or psychological stimulants decreases, the anticipation for the stimulant increases, which increases the use of the stimulant, thus increasing relapse.

In 2004 the Kaiser Family Foundation did a study on children’s media use. They found that the average eight- to eighteen-year-old spent 61/2 hours a day on electronics media. In 2008 Kaiser found that among the same age group, electronic media use increased to 7 ½ hours per day 7 days per week. As much as an adult full-time worker, (51).

Video games and internet addiction is rapidly becoming an activity in which children, teens, and adults spend ever increasing amounts of their time. Interactions with the environment is a learning mechanism for all ages from birth through adults, (25).

Learning is a process that takes place between physical activity along with interactions with other different activities. Video games do not involve physical activities. However, some video game studies have shown that interaction between parents and children that require teaching and learning between an adult and child can be beneficial. Other studies show that the type of video games along with the time spent daily in front of the screen without outside physical activities, as well as poor eating habits and sleep can have a negative effect on children leading to severe social and behavioral problems in the future, (25)

One problem with video games is that children especially and adults too spend hours in front of games. In study published in PsychCentral in 2018 by Swansea and Milan Universities in Wales, United Kingdom scientists evaluated 144 people, ages 18 to 33. They found that that 40% reported mild internet use. The study further reported that the average use of the internet was 5 hours per day with 20% using 6 or more hours a day. In addition, investigators found increases in physiological arousal on terminating the internet session. Those who self-reported internet-addiction (high internet use), showed an increase in heart rate and blood pressure mirrored by increased feelings of anxiety. These findings were not cited with people who had no internet use problems. (24).

The time spent in front of the games takes time away from work, studying, physical activities, social contact with friends and family, proper eating habit, as well as sleep. The definition of an addiction is when a person becomes so engrossed in their habits that the habit takes over their life causing disfunctions in their daily activities, which can lead to severe problems in the person’s life. Addiction also changes brain circuitry and function causing the person to need to do the particular habit, drugs, alcohol, eating, shopping or video games and the internet, and other addictions, (24).

"GENES TO ADDICTION: HOW RISK UNFOLDS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN"

Danielle Dick is a Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, Director, EDGE Published this video on May 16, 2016, (Examining Development, Genes and Environments) Laboratory, and Co-Director, Spit for Science.

EFFECTS OF CIGARETTES, TOBACCO, NICOTINE

To view the effects of smoking cigarettes on the body visit; https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/effects-on-body#1

Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC)CDC is the nation’s leading science-based, data-driven, service organization that protects the public’s health. For more than 70 years, we’ve put science into action to help children stay healthy so they can grow and learn; to help families, businesses, and communities fight disease and stay strong; and to protect the public’s health (45).

The following websites from CDC discuss the hazards of cigarettes and nicotine.

Smoking and Death

Smoking and Increased Health Risks

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease

Smoking and Respiratory Disease

Smoking and Cancer

Smoking and Other Health Risks

Quitting and Reduced Risks

Smoking and Tobacco use

The following facts on cigarette smoking is taken from the CDC website in the section, "Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking".

Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general.1,2

Quitting smoking lowers your risk for smoking-related diseases and can add years to your life.1,2

Smoking and Death

Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States.1

· Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This is nearly one in five deaths.1,2,3

· Smoking causes more deaths each year than the following causes combined:4

o Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

o Illegal drug use

o Alcohol use

o Motor vehicle injuries

o Firearm-related incidents

· More than 10 times as many U.S. citizens have died prematurely from cigarette smoking than have died in all the wars fought by the United States.1

· Smoking causes about 90% (or 9 out of 10) of all lung cancer deaths.1,2 More women die from lung cancer each year than from breast cancer.5

· Smoking causes about 80% (or 8 out of 10) of all deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).1

· Cigarette smoking increases risk for death from all causes in men and women.1

· The risk of dying from cigarette smoking has increased over the last 50 years in the U.S.1

Smoking and Increased Health Risks

Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer.1

· Estimates show smoking increases the risk:

o For coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times1,6

o For stroke by 2 to 4 times1

o Of men developing lung cancer by 25 times1

o Of women developing lung cancer by 25.7 times1

· Smoking causes diminished overall health, increased absenteeism from work, and increased health care utilization and cost.1

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease

Smokers are at greater risk for diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease).1,2

· Smoking causes stroke and coronary heart disease, which are among the leading causes of death in the United States.1,3

· Even people who smoke fewer than five cigarettes a day can have early signs of cardiovascular disease.1

· Smoking damages blood vessels and can make them thicken and grow narrower. This makes your heart beat faster and your blood pressure go up. Clots can also form.1,2

· A stroke occurs when:

o A clot blocks the blood flow to part of your brain;

o A blood vessel in or around your brain bursts.1,2

· Blockages caused by smoking can also reduce blood flow to your legs and skin.1,2

Smoking and Respiratory Disease

Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs.1,2

· Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.1,2

· Cigarette smoking causes most cases of lung cancer.1,2

· If you have asthma, tobacco smoke can trigger an attack or make an attack worse.1,2

· Smokers are 12 to 13 times more likely to die from COPD than nonsmokers.1

Smoking and Cancer

Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in your body:1,2 (See figure above)

· Bladder

· Blood (acute myeloid leukemia)

· Cervix

· Colon and rectum (colorectal)

· Esophagus

· Kidney and ureter

· Larynx

· Liver

· Oropharynx (includes parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate, and the tonsils)

· Pancreas

· Stomach

· Trachea, bronchus, and lung

Smoking also increases the risk of dying from cancer and other diseases in cancer patients and survivors.1

If nobody smoked, one of every three cancer deaths in the United States would not happen.1,2

Smoking and Other Health Risks

Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affects a person’s overall health.1,2

· Smoking can make it harder for a woman to become pregnant. It can also affect her baby’s health before and after birth. Smoking increases risks for:1,2,5

o Preterm (early) delivery

o Stillbirth (death of the baby before birth)

o Low birth weight

o Sudden infant death syndrome (known as SIDS or crib death)

o Ectopic pregnancy

o Orofacial clefts in infants

· Smoking can also affect men’s sperm, which can reduce fertility and also increase risks for birth defects and miscarriage.2

· Smoking can affect bone health.1,5

o Women past childbearing years who smoke have weaker bones than women who never smoked. They are also at greater risk for broken bones.

· Smoking affects the health of your teeth and gums and can cause tooth loss.1

· Smoking can increase your risk for cataracts (clouding of the eye’s lens that makes it hard for you to see). It can also cause age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is damage to a small spot near the center of the retina, the part of the eye needed for central vision.1

· Smoking is a cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus and can make it harder to control. The risk of developing diabetes is 30–40% higher for active smokers than nonsmokers.1,2

· Smoking causes general adverse effects on the body, including inflammation and decreased immune function.1

· Smoking is a cause of rheumatoid arthritis,1 (45).

Quitting and Reduced Risks

Quitting smoking is one of the most important actions people can take to improve their health. This is true regardless of their age or how long they have been smoking,1 (45). For more informaiton on quitting smoking see CDC website, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/how_to_quit/benefits/index.htm

The following references are are scientific and government agencies that further support the dangers of smoking.

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014 [accessed 2017 Apr 20].

2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: What It Means to You. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010 [accessed 2017 Apr 20].

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. QuickStats: Number of Deaths from 10 Leading Causes—National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2013:62(08);155. [accessed 2017 Apr 20].

4. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual Causes of Death in the United States. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 2004;291(10):1238–45 [cited 2017 Apr 20].

5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2001 [accessed 2017 Apr 20].

6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon GeneralExternal. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1989 [accessed 2017 Apr 20].

For additional Information

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Office on Smoking and Health

E-mail: tobaccoinfo@cdc.gov

Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO

Media Inquiries: Contact CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health press line at 770-488-5493, (45)

Judson Brewer MD PhD is a leader in the field of habit changes and the “science of self-mastery”. Dr. Brewer has been in practice for over 20 years in mindfulness training with his scientific research. He is the Director of Research and Innovation at the Mindfulness Center and associate professor in psychiatry at the School of Medicine at Brown University, (46).

MARIJUANA, USE, FUNCTIONS AND EFFECTS

Marijuana is a popular drug which usage is now becoming political. But what are the effects? The body actually makes its own Marijuana in the form Endocannabinoids. The Endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates the body’s pleasure and reward as well as other body functions that balance our health, (26). Marijuana contains Cannabidiol (CBL) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are part of the 120 other substances found in Marijuana (29).

THC is a mind-altering chemical that acts on brain receptors. THC entering the brain through the blood system can possibly cause mood changes, depression, suicidal thinking, memory issues, and disruption to normal learning abilities. A 2013 report by the Journal of Health Economics reported that children from 10 to 24 experienced suicidal thoughts with several times per week use, leading to an increased transition in suicidal thinking (27). The Mind-altering chemical THC, when taken in excessive amounts, can also cause impaired senses of vision, an altered sense of time, changes in mood, hallucinations, delusion, psychosis and Schizophrenia. In addition, THC affects the heart and blood flow through the body and the brain, and Marijuana use can have the same effects on the lungs as cigarettes. A New Zealand study of people 18 to 38 found an 8-point drop in IQ for those who used Marijuana consistently. Those that started smoking Marijuana as an adult did not have any changes in IQ, (28).

For more information on Marijuana, visit The National Institute on Drug Abuse at, https://www.drugbuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana

A LINK BETWEEN SMOKING MARIJUANA, PSYCHOSIS, AND SCHIZOPHRENIA

Alex Berenson researcher and author for the New York Times, Denver Post, as well as an award-winning novelist, and author of the new book “The Truth About Marijuana, Mental Illness, and Violence”. Alex Berenson talked at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale Michigan, on January 18, 2019 about the linkage between Marijuana, Psychosis, and Schizophrenia. He has other speaking engagements in Florida Leglisature, and other locations to talk about his new book and the hazards of Marijuana smoking.

THE HAZARDS OF VAPING

The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently announced that it is collaborating with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), state and local health departments, and other clinical and public health partners to investigate a recent, multi-state outbreak of severe pulmonary disease that appears to be associated with e-cigarette use. In 33 states and 1 US territory, 450 cases of lung illness and 6 deaths associated with e-cigarette use have been reported as of early September, (44)

The Trump Administration in September 2019 announced a ban on flavored e-cigarettes because of recent deaths, (40).

Michigan becomes first state to ban flavored e-cigarettes on September 4, 2019, (41)

New York becomes the 11th state to enact a statewide ban on public vaping, (42)

California, Michigan, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Washington, Oregon, Montana, all have enacted a whole or partial ban on e-cigarettes due to recent deaths, (43)

For more information on VAPING go to The CDC (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention) see "Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products", (https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html).

HARVARD STUDY CONFIRMS DANGERS OF VAPING

Dec. 09, 2015

Initial investigation

It's been known for years that diacetyl destroys lungs. So why is it still harming coffee workers and allowed in e-cigarettes?

Read the original report by Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reporter Raquel Rutledge on the hazards of diacetyl and other chemicals used in the flavoring industry.

By Raquel Rutledge of the Journal Sentinel

Harvard University scientists are calling for "urgent action" after their federally funded study confirmed dangerous, lung-destroying chemicals are commonly found in the liquids used in electronic cigarettes and other vaping devices.

The study comes in the wake of a Milwaukee Journal Sentinel investigation in October that found high levels of diacetyl and a related chemical in locally made e-liquids and exposed inadequate testing that results in manufacturers claiming their products are diacetyl-free when sometimes they are not.

The Harvard study, which focused on the presence of diacetyl in e-cigarettes, is similar to one done a year ago by a Greek researcher. But it could have more impact because it was funded by a division of the National Institutes of Health and comes as the U.S. government weighs whether to regulate the increasingly popular products.

Harvard researchers found diacetyl in 39 of 51 samples tested, including menthol and other flavors not typically associated with the creamy, butter flavor for which diacetyl is known. The evaluation included all the flavors from three large cigarette companies, as well as selections from e-cigarette distributors and e-liquids in disposable cartridges.

The study also noted that two other flavoring chemicals — 2,3-pentanedione and acetoin — were prevalent in the samples. Studies have found 2,3-pentanedione, the chemical cousin of diacetyl, to be equally toxic when inhaled.

The chemicals destroy the lungs' tiniest airways, leading to scar tissue buildup that blocks airflow. It can result in a permanent, sometimes fatal, lung condition known as bronchiolitis obliterans, perhaps best known for its links to injuries and deaths in microwave popcorn workers.

"Due to the associations between diacetyl, bronchiolitis obliterans and other severe respiratory diseases observed in workers, urgent action is recommended to further evaluate this potentially widespread exposure via flavored e-cigarettes," said the authors of the study, published this week in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.

An earlier Journal Sentinel investigation found potentially dangerous levels of the chemical in coffee roasting facilities and exposed cases of lung disease in commercial coffee roasters and grinders. In the wake of that report, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention posted a warning to coffee industry workers in September.

Little Testing Done

The number of young people using e-cigarettes tripled last year, according to data the CDC published in April. Roughly 2 million high schoolers — about 13% — reported they had used an e-cigarette in the last 30 days, findings from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey show.

It's the first time since 2011, when the survey started collecting data on e-cigarettes, that use among youths has surpassed use of every other tobacco product, including conventional cigarettes, according to the CDC's news release.

There are no requirements that manufacturers test their e-liquids, nor are there any standards to meet. What testing is done is driven largely by the desire of e-liquid makers to market the safety of their products.

Many vapers have turned to e-cigarettes to aid in their effort to stop smoking conventional ones, with nicotine a common ingredient in the products.

In October, several cases of lung problems tied to e-cigarette use emerged, including a 60-year-old Vermont man who suffered an acute lung injury and was diagnosed with hypersensitivity pneumonitis after vaping "red hot cinnamon" flavored e-cigarettes. That case was documented in the journal CHEST.

Joseph G. Allen, the lead author of the Harvard study, stressed the importance of including flavors in the discussion surrounding potential risks and hazards of vaping. People using e-cigarettes as well as physicians need to be aware of diacetyl's ties to serious lung disease, he said.

"It's prudent that we act soon to regulate these e-cigarettes," said Allen, assistant professor at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. "(People) don't know the risks associated with inhaling these chemicals. ... We need to move more quickly."

Following a failed attempt in 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration last year proposed new rules to regulate e-cigarettes. The rule-making process allows for stakeholders, including the public, to weigh in. The comment period ended in August 2014. Regulators received 135,000 remarks and are still sifting through them more than a year later.

Asked Wednesday about the results of the new study, an FDA spokesman said it provides more information on "the important questions being raised about the ingredients in e-cigarettes."

"The FDA values research being conducted to help inform the agency on how best to protect the public, especially youth, from the death and disease caused by tobacco use," said spokesman Michael Felberbaum. "The agency evaluates studies as part of a larger body of evidence aimed at assisting in our mission to protect public health and furthering our understanding on particular issues."

Read The Investigation

To read the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel's "Gasping for Action" investigation into the dangers of the chemical diacetyl in coffee production and e-cigarettes, go to jsonline.com/gaspingforaction.

CHEMICALS' EFFECTS

Diacetyl and other chemicals in vaping devices destroy the lungs' tiniest

airways, leading to scar tissue buildup that blocks airflow.

They can result in a permanent, sometimes fatal, lung condition known as bronchiolitis obliterans, perhaps best known for its links to injuries and deaths in microwave popcorn workers.

About Raquel Rutledge

Raquel Rutledge is an investigative reporter. Her work has been recognized with numerous national awards, including a 2010 Pulitzer Prize for exposing rampant fraud in Wisconsin's child-care subsidy program, (39).

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is a comprehensive cancer center in Houston, Texas. It is one of the original three comprehensive cancer centers in the country. It is both a degree-granting academic institution and a cancer treatment and research center located at the Texas Medical Center in Houston.

Earnest Hawk, MD. is vice president and division head for Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer. Dr. Hawk discussed the hazards of vaping and the effects on children and adults, (47).

THE DANGERS OF DABBING

The dangers of dabbing, and the hazards of using butane hash oil. Butane Hash oil (BHO) is a derivation of marijuana made from extracting THC and terpenes from cannabis flowers using heat and pressure, and can be used by dabbing or vaporized capable of heating over 600 F. The following video talks about the hazards of dabbing BHO.

FOSTERING POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS

Positive relationships are founded on similar values and principals. These relationships take time to develop, and the partners would benefit from having their own set of principles, and seek a partner that he or she will be able to share each other’s values and principles.

Motivation is a key for partners falling in love with each other, and continue the relationship when situations need improvement. Motivation arises from two concepts. The first concept is the desire to achieve a goal because we like the process, Intrinsic motivation. This type of motivation may not be initially comfortable, lucrative, or rewarding, but it is what we love. The second type of motivating is being spurred by what is expected of us, what we can gain, as money, fame and reward or what we have learned. This type of motivation is extrinsic motivation. While extrinsic motivation may initially be, lucrative and rewarding, it is not something we really want to do except for the feelings that we are comfortable by continuing the same lifestyle. Extrinsic motivation can take on many careers or changes while continually chasing something that is just out of reach, and in some cases, is out of reach because we do not want to dedicate the time it takes to make the change. Although we are living in our comfort zone, we are not happy, (18).

Michele Weiner-Davis, MSW is an internationally renowned relationship expert, best-selling author, marriage therapist, and professional speaker. Ms. Weiner-Davis discusses relationships and marriages and maintaining a health relationship. Ms. Weiner-Davis is the Director of The Divorce Busting® Center and the founder of www.divorcebusting.com. Dr. Weiner-Davis stresses communication in relationships both physical and verbal.

Dr. Joanne Davila is a Professor of Psychology and the Director of Clinical Training in the Department of Psychology at Stony Brook University. She received her PhD in Clinical Psychology from UCLA.

In the following video Dr. Davila takes about developing healthy relations with your partner. Dr. Davila discussed the techniques to help people develop skills, incite, mutuality, and emotional regulation, to develop positive relations,

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, MARRIAGE, AND DIVORCE

The human being is meant to have relationship with different people. These relationships involve mutual respect and interests. These relationships also build and sustain interests, skills, and future expectations as well as the ability to compromise.

People also get married to build a loving relationship and sometimes a family. The marriage between two people is meant to enhance each person’s abilities, interests, relationship, and lifestyle. Sometimes, there are arguments between a husband and wife which can escalated into separation and divorce. Although the parents do not go in the relationship to have arguments and a divorce, separation and divorce happens when couple cannot resolve particular situations.

All relationship involves each person’s history and ability to cope with stress. The relationship also encompasses the respect each partner has for their spouse involving love, consideration and compromise vs. control. Those individuals that are controlling develop problems in the couple’s relationship. Sometimes relationships involve physical and or psychological abuse. A divorce also involves children, family, and friends. The following videos describe affects on children and members of the family.

THE NARCISSISTIC PATTERN IN RELATIONSHIPS

In Greed Mythology, Ovid’s version, Narcissus was born to the river god Cephissus, and Liriope, a nymph. Narcissus was a beautiful child. Liriope consulted the blind profit Tiresias, noted for his clairvoyance, and being transformed to a female for 7 years. Liriope asked Tiresias what future Narcissus was going to have. Tiresias replied that Narcissus would have a long life but would never come to know himself. As the story goes Narcissus was a hunter and traveler and was accompanied by a group of hunters. During his travels, Narcissus was followed by Echo, a mountain nymph, who fell in love with him. In later years Echo was proclaimed by the goddess Juno, not to be able to talk, because of deceptive gossip, and only to repeat what had been spoken to her. When Echo became separated from Narcissus, and after Narcissus was separated from the group of hunters Echo eventually becoming infatuated with Narcissus, continuing to follow Narcissus. When Echo approached Narcissus he shouted out, "who's there", with which Echo responded "Who's there".

Eventually Echo was rejected by Narcissus. Heartbroken from rejection, Echo slowly withered away so nothing was left of her but her vice of the ability to “remind”. Another version of the story describes Narcissus as rejecting a young man’s advances, who killed himself because of a failed love (64). After the goddess Nemesis found out about Narcissus’s rejection of others, she proclaimed that Narcissus would never be able to be loved by the one he fell in love with (64).

During Narcissus’s travels he found a body of water which he looked into and instantly saw his reflection witch he immediately fell in love with. Not being able to drink from the water, because each time he looked into the water he yearned for the reflection, he eventually died of thirst (75).

The story of Narcissus reflected in Greek Mythology, Ovid's version, is the story of the narcissist, and the long failed love of Echo, who could only repeat what Narcissus said, eventually dying of a broken heat. The narcissist reflects self-love, and failure to love someone only to inspire his lover to reflect on what the narcissist is saying, eventually dying at least in spirit. The different versions of the story of Narcissus also reflect self love, and failure to fulfill love of his lovers.

The story of Narcissus further reflects that all parts of the story are dependent on other episodes of Greek Mythology and are entangled in each character’s story. All the stories in Greek Mythology are entangled with each other and may reflect a part of human nature that is itself entangled with different influences, experiences and happenings in all of humanity. The entanglement of the Greek Mythological legends are similarly reflected in Sheldrak's Collective Memories, Morphic Fields, and Quantum Field Entanglement, described in the section on Personality Development above.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder is one of ten Personality Disorders listed in the DSM-5-TRTM. Narcissism is characterized by grandiosity, arrogant, thinking one is better than other, entitled to special privileges, thinks they are special, and fanaticizes about a successful future. In addition a Narcissists may understand another persons view on an intellectual level, i.e. the topic of the conversation, but Narcissists do not have emotional empathy. (56b).

Many of us fanaticize about being successful, but the Narcissist combines this characteristic with thinking they are entitled and special. The Narcissist engages in pathological lying to perpetuate their own false beliefs about themselves. What makes the lies more convincing is that the Narcissist believes their own lyes, and is expressive and outspoken in these beliefs. The Narcissist is also very selfish, and does not have feelings for others, only thinking of themselves and their own conceit and superiority.

Narcissism is part of a pattern of behavior known as the “Dark Triad”, Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy. The Dark Triad will be explained in an upcoming section.

Narcissism is a personality disorder as is Antisocial Personality Disorder, Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, Avoidant Personality Disorder, and others. There are ten personality disorders in Section 11 of the DSM-5-TRtm, (56b), although in section 111 of the DSM-5-TRtm under Emerging Measures and Models, there are six personality disorders listed in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders, (AMPD) of the DSM-5-TRtm. These personality disorders are categorized by a pervasive life style of negative trait dominance of Antisocial, Avoidant, Borderline, Narcissistic, and Obsessive-Compulsive, and Schizotypal personalities (56c).

Personality Disorder, as defined in the DSM-5-TR “is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the norm and expectations of the individuals culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment", (56,b). Personality disorders emanate in a person's developing personality either through genetics or throughout childhood so that the person does not develop certain characteristics, such as conscience, empathy, intimacy, instead the negative traits like risk taking, hostility, suspiciousness, attention seeking, and impulsivity as well as other negative traits prevail, and are inherent in the person's behavior. In all there 25 facets of personality trait model listed in the DSM-5, (56c). With a personality disorder, the person does not have any positive characteristics, they have not developed. The person with a Personality Disorder has major difficulties in relationships, friendships, and society, possibly leading to repeated domestic violence, lying, infidelity, and criminal behavior. The DSM-5 lists personality traits and the deficiencies in traits.

The following videos explain how Narcissism affects the affects the lives of the perpetrator and victims.

WHAT IS PSYCHOPATHY AND HOW IS IT MEASURED?

Psychopathy is a cluster of personality traits listed under anti-social personality disorder in the DSM-5, that involves people who have no feelings of empathy for others, do not relate to others in a sympathetic or understanding way, only to continuously express their own view with no regard or understanding of what others are saying. Psychopaths do not take responsibility for their actios, blaiming as well as have a lack of personal planning or goal setting, only living for the moment, seeming like they live in a different reality.

Psychopathy, a trait in anti-social personality disorder has characteristics of failing to follow social norms, deception, a disregard for society and social norms as well as being aggressive. Psychopathy also involves a parasitic lifestyle, as well emotional shallowness, and lack of understanding in others’ ideas or concerns.

In addition to the above characteristics, psychopaths are also very charming, sometimes supercilious, manipulative, cunning, glib, and persuasive. They will mirror what their victims are saying to control and influence a particular situation. This type of behavior is referred to as ego syntonic. This means that the person may behave in a way that is offensive or contrary to what others think, but the person does not feel they acted inappropriately. Ego dystonic behavior contrasts with ego syntonic behavior, in that in ego dystonic behavior, a person sees the errors of his ways and is conscious to change that behavior to adjust to society norms. Psychopathy involves people that are criminals sometimes murderers, sex offenders, swindlers, con artists, that engage in continuous manipulation and deceit.

Dr. Robert Hare a Canadian Psychologist, and the leading forensic psychologist specializing in psychopathic behavior. Dr. Hare describes psychopathy as a characteristic trait that not only exists with criminals, but is prevalent in relationships, businesses, politics, and sometimes members of the clergy. Dr. Hare characterizes psychopathy with 20 predominant traits, in the PCL-R. The traits are divided by 4 major trait categories; Interpersonal, Emotional, Lifestyle, and Antisocial. Some of the 20 traits characterized in the PCL-R describing a psychopath are grandiose, persuasive, romantic, sexual promiscuous, and impulsive, as a pretense for being understanding, sympathetic, charming, and caring, all the while having no remorse for wrong doing, having a parasitic lifestyle, being deceitful, lying, manipulative, lacking conscience and empathy (58).

In the following video, Dr. Grande explains psychopathy.

Dr. Robert Hare is a Canadian forensic psychologist who is Emeritus professor of Psychology at the University of British Columbia. He has studied psychopathy behavior in criminals and society for 30 years, and is a researcher, educator, and author. Among his books are “Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us”, and more recently co authored with Dr. Paul Babiak, “Snakes in Suits, Revised Edition: Understanding and Surviving the Psychopaths in Your Office”.

Dr. Hare has developed the Hare Psychopath Check list, PCL-R, which is the international standard measurement for law enforcement, determining psychopathy in criminal behavior. Dr. Hare has also developed the P-Scan, which was originally developed for partners of psychopathic relationships, but now is also used for people that may be affected by psychopathic relationships. The P-SCAN is used to see if there are any psychopathic characteristics that are present in the relationship by the suspected partner and the degree of risk to the victims.

In the following video, Dr. Hare discusses the criminality of psychopaths, as well as discussing psychopaths in society and business that are not criminals.

Callus and Unemotional (CU) Traits are inherited traits that reflect behavior that can be reinforced by the environment. The characteristics of CU Traits reflect violent behavior, risk taking, callus and unemotional disregard for others feelings, lack of empathy, lack of Consentience and remorse, stealing, and constant disruptive behavior. Children with CU Traits also have parents that reflect harsh discipline, who themselves may have CU Traits, and exhibit self centered behavior, narcissistic and psychopathic tendencies. Children who exhibit these behaviors may have a risk of being juveniles, have poor job performance, frequent job and relational changes and develop narcissistic and psychopathic behavior. The following videos describe children at risk of CU Traits. As the videos point out that CU Traits reflect children with low self esteem, and lack of parental bonding. These traits can be reversed although slowly by parents that are firm but loving in their discipline, and present with firm loving disciplines and consistant consequences for behavior, (70).

The subsequent two videos are by Dr. Russ Curtis and Dr. Frank Ochberg. These videos discuss the risk of children to psychotic behavior.

Dr. Russ Curtis. Is a a professor of counseling at Western Carolina University, researcher, and is a co-author of the book, “Integrated Care: Applying Theory to Practice”. For more information on Dr. Russ Curtis visit, https://www.wcu.edu/faculty/curtis.aspx.

Dr. Frank Ochberg is a clinical professor at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. He is a pioneer of trauma research and the founder of psychotraumatology. He is the founding board member for the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies as well and founder of the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma, a resource network and global center for journalism. Th DART Center for Jorunalism and Trauma is a project of Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York City, with international satellite offices in London and Melbourne. For more information on the DART Center visit, https://dartcenter.org/bio/frank-ochberg.

Dr. Judy HO a triple board certified and licensed clinical and forensic neuropsychologist, a tenured associate professor at Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, television and podcast host, and published author. Author of ‘The New Rules of Attachment”. For more information on Dr. Ho visit her website, Dr. Judy Ho, https://drjudyho.com/.

The subsequent video is by Dr. Ramani who is a clinical psychologist in Santa Monica and professor of Psychology at California State University at Las Angelis, and a published author, TV and pod cast host.

PSYCHOPATHY, PSYCHOPATHIC LOVE RELATIONSHIPS (PLR), AND SOCIAL BONDING

Psychopathy is a trait of Antisocial Personality Disorder, listed in the DSM-5-TRtm, (56b). Psychopathy is a trait that reflects persistent antisocial behavior, lack of empathy, a failure to create intimacy, lack of conscience, and deception using manipulation, often leading to dysfunctional relationships, criminal behavior, violence, or intense control or seduction of others.

Currently it is postulated that 40% to 60% of Personality Disorders have an origin in Genetics (64). The stage may be set with genetics, but personality characteristics, traits, and even psychopathy can continue to develop, or atrophy depending on the child’s future exposure to his or her environment, their ability to make changes in their lives, and their future expectations. Similarly, child development patterns can be created through dysfunctional families, or families that experience problems in divorce.

Another critical factor in child development is use of drugs by the mother during pregnancy, and by the individual after birth. The same regions of the brain, frontal cortex and amygdala, showing decreased brain development with the use of Marijuana and other drugs also show low physiological arousal in criminals and psychopaths.

Psychopathy involves the perpetrator victimizing others with cunning charm, manipulation, conning, grandiosity, deceit, lying, and treachery. The preparator uses enhanced skills of cunning and manipulation to get what they want at the expense of others, the victim. Some perpetrators in society have been the likes of Charles Manson (California serial killer), Ted Bundy (U.S. most notorious serial kidnapper, rapist and killer), Albert DeSalvo (The Boston Strangler), "Jolly Jane" Toppan ( a Massachusetts nurse serial killer, Who tortured and eventually murdered her clients by consistently giving them mediation to revive them and then giving the medications to make their conditions worse). Yet murderers are not the only psychopaths. Psychopaths are also in business, politics, the legal profession, leadership positions, clergy, as well as other segments of society. Some of these psychopaths we have seen in our society are people like Bernie Madoff (The Ponzi Scheme), Elizabeth Holmes (Theranos Inc. a health technology corporation), Jeffrey Epstein (Sex trafficking), Jeff Skilling (Enron Scandal).

Psychopathic Love Relationships (PLR) involves a conflict between the perpetrator and victim, usually a husband or wife or boyfriend and girlfriend, although it may exist in friendships, employment, daily interactions, or in other relationships as well. PLR's are characteristics of the Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy. discussed in the next section. The perpetrator demonstrates symptoms of psychopathy, reviewed above in the videos and descriptions. PLR is a form of stress that can create feelings of Cognitive Dissonance in the victim, which is characterized by emotional instability, and dysregulation as being tired most of the day, not sure of the truth, lack of self-confidence, poor self-image, lack of desire to complete tasks, mind wondering, negative thinking about oneself or our connections, emotional dependence to partner, lack of sleep, and loss of friendships. Cognitive Dissonance can cause physical pain and illness as headaches, neck pain, stomach pain, ulcers, heart problems, cancer, as well as adopting poor eating habits which also creates problems with digestion and negative changes in lifestyle. PLR can also affect other members in the household as children or relatives. The mental and physical problems caused by PLR are generate by stress and cognitive dissonance affecting our thinking and generating to our heart through our breathing affecting our heart rate, and activating stress through our Central Nervous system, which distributes to negative and positive reactions and energy throughout our entire body. PLR can also lead to multiple medication usages, prescribed or nonsubscriber, as well as substance abuse, i.e. alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs.

George Kahlerites is a clinical psychologist, psychotherapist, family therapist & substance abuse counselor in private practice in Athens, Greece. He is Founding Co-director, of the Training & Research Institute for Systemic Psychotherapy, Athens, Greece, where he is also a trainer & clinical supervisor.

The following video is about psychopathy and how it has affected others.

Dr. Adrian Raine is a Professor of Criminology & Psychiatry in the Department of Criminology of the School of Arts and Sciences and in the Department of Psychiatry of the School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Raine is one of the leading scientists in the study of Neuroscience and criminology.

In the following series of videos Dr. Raine discusses the origins of psychopathy, and progression of Psychopathy through childhood and adulthood. Dr. Raine also discusses Brain development of Psychopaths and differences in the Psychopath’s brain, and standard brains.

In the next video Dr. Raine uses Rhesus Monkeys to describe how lack of maternal bonding, empathy, and attachment can create psychopathy in children, affecting future social bonding, experiences, relationships. Dr. Rains says it is thought, by himself and colleagues, that this lack of maternal bonding takes place during the ages of 6 to 18 months.

In the last two videos, Dr. Raine discusses genetics and the environmental influences and how they interact. Genetics may set the stage for the onset of psychopathy, or other personality characteristics, and traits (56b), but parental bonding and epigenetics also plays a very important role in child development. Maintaining a positive live style, the environment, and learning process, also has significance. We cannot look at child development from a linear perspective. Child development is multidimensional. Family life style, schooling, setting goals, developing coherence, and making supportive friendships is very important.

WHAT IS GASLIGHTING?

Gaslighting is a process of manipulation between two people to maintain coltrol and dominance in a relationship. The process of gaslighting is especially dominant in those who have traits of the Dark Triad, Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism.

Love bombing starts with the person in the relationship (victim) is showered with gifts, praises, and compliments, usually in the beginning of the relationship. Love bombing is followed with devaluing, discarding, and hoovering. After the perpetrator in the relationship praises and compliments another person (victim), he or she devalues them by statements of disrespect, criticism, and continued deflation of the victim's worth, followed by discarding them by neglecting their relationship, not maintaining contact, etc. When the victim starts to pull away hoovering takes place. Hoovering, like a vacuum, is when the perpretrator starts to console the victim, pulling them back into the relationship with compliments and love bombing, and the process begings again. Gaslighting, devaluing, discarding, and hoovering.

The process of gaslighting involves the perpetuator love bombing and attempts to convince the victim of his or her inability to achieve a certain task, preform a task, question loyalty to family, or question his or her sanity. This continuous bombardment of positive and negative qualities on the victim is meant for the victim to question their own ability, sanity, and feelings of accomplishment. This manipulation of love bombing, lying, and deceitfulness lead to feelings of stress, self doubt, weakness, queasiness, and confusion, leading to cognitive dissonance, discussed in the next section. Gaslighting can also lead to severe illness from continued stress.

In the following video Dr. Ramani and Dr. Julie discuss gaslighting, its characteristics, and its effects on the victim.

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE, SUPER TRAITS, AND NARCISSISM

Sometimes our ideas on different topics are split. In other words, we are confused about two distinctively different aspects of a situation or situations. An example would be if we were brought up to believe in a certain idea about something and were starting to believe in contradictory ideas about the same topic. In this case our beliefs become ego dystonic. In other words, we have conflicting beliefs about ourselves, ideas, or even our abilities. A belief that there is harmony and consistency between our beliefs, ideas, values about ourselves would be ego syntonic. This process of believing conflicting ideas about ourselves, our self-esteem, an abilities is called Cognitive Dissonance.

In a Narcissistic/Psychopathic relationship the perpetrator imposes conflicting views on the victim causing confusion about themselves, self-doubt, lack of self-esteem, and doubt in ones ability, Cognitive Dissonance. The perpetrator may say you are worthless, react angerly at times, be complementary at other times, tell you that "you" are not sexual, demand that "you" wear certain cloths, degrade you, etc. When the victim experiences Cognitive Dissonance they feel less able to think for themselves and are more influenced by the perpetrator. However, there are conflicting ideas in the victim because they go against the victim's original value system. As we have seen on other videos, the experiencing of Cognitive Dissonance, continued self-doubt, and low self-esteem especially when added to conflicts in ones life can lead to physical illness.

Experiencing Cognitive Dissonance from the perpetrator also may influence the victim to perform poorly in other aspects of their lives i.e., job performance, decision making, friendships, because now they are less confident, and have a low self-esteem. They also are susceptible to give the perpetrator money of possessions that they have accumulated through their life, which continues to build on the aspects of cognitive dissonance, and makes the victim feel worse. Without proper therapeutic intervention Cognitive Dissonance and its effects may last for years.

Cognitive dissonance can also be present in women and men who have experienced trauma for years after the trauma. As cognitive dissonance is shaped by trauma and contrary states of thought it can continue until it is addressed. Talking about trauma or the contrary states of thoughts does not help. Telling the story of trauma or the contrary states of thought that one has experienced crates more trauma for the individual, the cognitive dissonance increases, and the trauma is re-experienced. That could go on for years. In addition, talking about the trauma to individuals who have also experienced trauma and or cognitive dissonance also increases the trauma or cognitive dissonance.

Proper therapy entails understanding that the victim has no blame in the trauma or cognitive dissonance, and that the blame is on the perpetrator of the trauma. People that experience trauma and cognitive dissonance may be those that are super empaths, who want to shape someone’s life and feel that they are responsible for making changes to someone else. Super empaths are more susceptible to reliving the trauma and cognitive dissonance because they feel blame and guilt for not being able to help the perpetrator. This blame, and guilt can continue for years and be present and increase in multiple relationships. Therapy for people that are experiencing trauma and cognitive dissonance should entail understanding the role and mindset of the perpetrator i.e. narcissist and psychopath, as well as the empathic nature that the victim exhibited.

The following video by Dr. Seth Myers explains the intricacy of psychopathic, narcissistic, and abusive relationships, cognitive dissonance, and dealing with he aftermath of cognitive dissonance. Dr. Seth Meyers is an author and TV host that talks about relationships. Dr. Seth Myers has written “Dr. Seth’s Love Perception……”.

The following video by Dr. Ramani explains cognitive dissonance, and how the threads of dissonance spread, are rationalized, and accepted by the victim during the relationship. Constative dissonance can lead to poor health, traumatic relationship in all areas of a person’s life, as well as psychological damage,

Often times the victims’ symptoms of Cognitive Dissonance are confused with Co-dependence, Depression, or Bipolar Disorder. This wrong diagnosis leads to the wrong therapy and Medication. Consequently, the victim is not understood, and the symptom of Cognitive Dissonance continues, (59).

The attraction to the Narcissist is because of the victims characteristic traits known as super traits, that is, they have normal traits as loving, giving, tolerance, empathy, compassion, and conscientiousness, etc., however, these traits are magnified, and the person does not have a filter to distinguish the characteristics of the person with whom they are engaging. Coupled with super traits of the victim, is the narcissistic tendency to look for a person that has these super traits, and mask their narcissistic appearance to deceive the victim, (59).

The following video by Psychology Element describes the “super empath” who has the super traits.

In the following videos Dr. Ramani and MedCircle Host Kyle Kittleson discuss the patterns of behavior in a Narcissistic relationship and how it effects the family. Notice that the patterns of behavior are more related to traits of the Narcissist instead of symptoms. The difference between symptoms and characteristics and traits is that symptoms are relatively short-lived problems that people have, usually subsiding after therapy, medication, or lifestyle changes. Characteristics reflect an engrained lifestyle and personality traits (56b), who the person is, which is extremely harder if not impossible to change. In other words, the person would be trying to change their personality.

Another name for the Narcissistic relationship that Dr. Ramani describes is the Pathological Love Relationship, PLR. PLR is closely linked to the Dark Triad, Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, which will be explained in the following section. The viewer will then be further able to understand the intensity of the pathological characteristics and traits that affect this type of relationship.

Dr. Ramani is a clinical psychologist with a private practice in Santa Monica California. Dr. Ramani is also a professor of psychology at California State University. MedCircle is an internet-based host that brings various psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health professionals, and doctors to provide in depth mental health advice and insight.

THE DARK TRIAD AND THE EFFECTS ON PATHOLOGICAL LOVE RELATIONSHIPS, AND SOCIETY

The Dark Triad is characterized by three negative personality traits. Two are listed in the DSM-5-TRTM. Narcissism is a Personality Disorder, and Psychopath is listed as a trait under Anti-Social Personality Disorder. Machiavellianism is a characteristic that is used in psychiatry and the Mental Health terminology to reflect certain traits of manipulation, deceptiveness, and exploitation of others. Machiavellianism is not listed in the DSM-5-TRTM.

Machiavellianism is a term which originated in the 16th century Italian Renaissance which prior to that time the government ran by ethical standards. Machiavelli was a political advisor who proposed that there were better ways to achieve goals and that the end justified the means. The term Machiavellianism subsequently became synonymous with manipulation, deceit, lying, as well as lack of empty and conscience.

Pathological Love Relationships (PLR) are relationships that are outcomes of the DARK Triad which has developed in at least one of the partners. These relationships are dysfunctional, controlling, manipulative, and deceitful. The partner who has the traits of the Dark Triad or any other combination of Personality Disorders is guilty of lying, deceitfulness, controlling, and does not have remorse or a conscience about what he or she has done.

The following videos explain The Dark Triad.

The next video is by Sprouts (learning videos), Published under Creative Commons, licensed on youtube, https://www.sproutslearning.org/. Sprouts makes videos for teachers and classrooms. This video explains the Dark Triad, and how Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism interact to effect relationships and society.

For more information the viewer is encouraged to read "Women who Love Psychopaths", by Sandra L. Brown and Jennifer R. Young.

Dr. Ramani is a noted psychologist, professor, and author. Dr. Ramani has a practice in California and is a professor at the California State University. Dr. Ramani specializes in narcissism and personality disorders. Some of her books are, “Should I Stay or Should I Go: Surviving A Relationship with a Narcissist” (October 24, 2017), “Mothers, Daughters, and Body Image: Learning to Love Ourselves as We Are” (October 31, 2017) – with Hillary L. McBride, “Don’t You Know Who I Am: Staying Sane in an Era of Narcissism, Entitlement and Incivility” (2019)

In the following video Dr. Grande discussed the Dark Triad, and the problems created by the three characteristics, Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism

In this video Dr. Adrian Raine, one of the leading researches on brain development and criminal behaviors discussed how the Amygdala, the emotional part of the brain, differs in different people. As Dr. Raine discussed this dysfunction in the brain may be caused by genetics, a deformity in the brain structure from birth.

In the next video Dr. Raine discussed how crime is affected by brain development. The behavior of the family and family dynamics may be a contributing factor in early brain development of the child's brain propensity for crime. Dr. Raine discusses how society can prevent criminal factors in early development. Dr. Raine also discusses how the research at the University of Pennsylvania is contributing to how biological factors as well as environment interactions enables a better understand the brain of violent offenders.

MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME/FACTITIOUS DISORDER

The name Munchausen's syndrome comes from a factious character in a book entitled “Baron Munchausen’s Narrative of his Marvelous Travels and Campaigns in Russia”, written in 1786 by Rudolf Erich Raspe a German writer and scientist. The story of Baron Munchausen's resembles the life of Karl Friedrich Hieronymus Freiherr von Munchhausen, known as “the baron of lies”, who lived in Bodenwerder, Hanover in Germany from 1720 to 1797.

Munchausen's syndrome, more recently known as Factitious Disorder, is a Mental Health Illness where a person fakes a physical or mental illness symptoms deceptively, for reasons of attention, sympathy, or assuming the sick role, and can be either conscious or unconscious. The DSM-5-TRtm defines Factitious Disorder, F68.10 criteria 1-A as “Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease associated with identified deception”. Criteria B, C. and D involve presentation of oneself to others as "Impaired or injured", the deception as evident "in the absence of obvious external rewards", and not better evidenced by another mental disorder, (56a).

Deceptive behavior evidenced by Facticious disorder is presented by two criteria. The first criteria is Facticious Disorder Imposed on Self. The second criteria is Facticious Disorder Imposed on Another. See Factitious Disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Text Revision DSM-5-TRtm.

The person exhibiting Factitious Disorder on Self is very familiar with the symptoms of the disease, hospitalization, and operating procedures. Factitious Disorder is not feigned for drugs use or the getting off work. Some current theories suggest that the underlying root cause of Factitious Disorder is early childhood trauma that has not been resolved. Caregivers can also transfer feelings of sickness and emotional needs to vulnerable people as children, elderly, or the disabled. This is known as Factitious Disorder by Proxy.

Sometimes parents, although well intentioned, can transfer feelings of overanxious concerns for health by continuously cautioning children about diet, illness, and fear of injury. Dr. Andrew Court, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Australia, refers to this as a form of Factitious Disorder by Proxy, “Spectrum of Presentation”. These children can grow up feeling fear of certain foods, participation with others in sports etc. as well as dependent on continuous medical attention, (49).

The person imposing a Facticious Disorder on another, i.e. parent to child, is characterized by, parental control, the parent exemplifying the idea of a good parent taking care of a sick chid, as well as the parent living their lives through the child. The perpetuator or parent of the victim may have a mental illness or probably a personality disorder, and expressing this disorder through the victim.

Causes of Factitious Disorder commonly stem from experiences of severe illnesses, trauma or abuse (psychological or physical), low self-esteem, and attention seeking. People that work in healthcare also may be more cognizant of illness and medical treatment, (48).

For a more detailed analysis of Factitious Disorder by Proxy and “Spectrum of Presentation”, by Dr. Court and his team at The Royal Children’s Hospital, Australia, go to;

https://blogs.rch.org.au/grandrounds/2017/04/12/factitious-disorders-by-proxy-when-parents-inappropriately-drive-medical-investigation-and-treatment/

In the following video, Dr. Blotcky gives an uncomplicated explanation of Munchausen’s (Factitious Disorder) by proxy as well as how psychiatric illnesses are diagnosed. Dr. Blotcky also shows how the biopsychosocial model in psychology is used to diagnose Factitious Disorder as well as understand the client’s needs and motivations.

In the next video, Marc Feldman, MD, and Janet Cachill, PHD discuss Munchhausen and Munchausen by proxy, and perpretators and victims of the disease.

"Marc Feldman, MD, is a board-certified psychiatrist, clinical professor of psychiatry, and adjunct professor of psychology at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. A distinguished fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, he is the author of more than 100 peer-reviewed articles in the professional literature. Feldman is an international expert in factitious disorder, Munchausen syndrome, Munchausen by proxy, and malingering. His most recent book is Dying to be Ill: True Stories of Medical Deception", (69).

"Janet Cahill, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and professor emerita in the department of psychology at Rowan University. Her private practice specializes in assessing abused and neglected children and their families, including evaluations and treatments for factitious disorder imposed on another, or Munchausen by proxy. Cahill has consulted with many human services agencies and provides workshops and training to human services professionals", (69).

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