Hardware Based

A voltage detector (voltage tester) is a device that determines the presence/absence of an electrical charge in an object or wire. It detects the changing electric field around AC energized objects which means it does not require direct metallic contact with the circuit.

The moment the antenna of the circuit is taken near a conductor carrying AC, the alternating magnetic field around the conductor is immediately picked up. This magnetic field induces a corresponding current flow into the circuit by disturbing the overall stability of the circuit.

The value of the resistor may be increased or decreased to correspondingly increase or decrease the sensitivity of the circuit.

These input disturbances are instantly amplified by transistor BC547. Here transistor works as a switch also. The output of the transistor seems input of the IC LM324, which is a package of 4 op-amps or quad op-amps that works as a comparator. We set a reference voltage of 0V. So, when the output of the transistor is more than 0V, the op-amp will allow a flowing current. And this current will flow through a LED. For this, the LED will light up and we can detect whether the wire is conducting current or not.

We designed and implemented a microcontroller-based system that can measure the temperature from 20 degree centigrade to 100 degree centigrade. In this project, we used a thermistor as a transducer to convert temperature into voltage by changing it’s resistance due to temperature change. LCD display will show digital value of temperature as the change of output voltage become digital. To implement this system at first, we measured the thermistor’s resistance with different value of temperature for 5-degree centigrade temperature interval. Then, an equation was formed using those values in MATLAB. After that, using that equation, microcontroller was designed and tested for accuracy by varying the temperature and comparing with the actual temperature on analog thermometer. In this project, we got average error of 3.46.

Our team designed and implemented a robot that could track a line and follow. We also designed a RC controlled robot and participated in several competitions where we were quite competitive. In our project, we used a microcontroller board ‘Arduino’ to program and also used ‘HC-05’ as a communication medium between the bot and remote control. Moreover, we used motor driver ‘L298D’ as a controlling the four motors. On the other hand, in line following robot, we used 11 pairs of IR transmitter and Receiver to design the array that can follow a path. Using same RC controlled robot, we participated in different robo-fight competition all over the country organized by different universities

The RF module comprises of a RF Transmitter and a RF Receiver. The transmitter and receiver pair operates at a frequency of 433 MHz An RF transmitter receives serial data transmits it wirelessly through radio frequency through its antenna connected at pin 4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps-10Kbps. The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter. In this RF system, digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave which is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). The transmitter draws no power when transmitting logic zero while fully suppressing the center frequency. When logic one is sent carrier is fully on to about 4.5 mA. The RF module used here along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. A 750-kilo ohm resistor is connected between the oscillator terminals of encoder IC to enable the oscillator. Similarly, a 33K ohm resistor is connected between the oscillator pins of the decoder.