Abstracts

Symbolism of coats of arms awarded during the reign of Maria Theresa

Prof. PhDr. Tomáš Krejčík, CSc.

The Maria Theresa court offices issued a large number of nobility letters, including coat-of-arms (newly awarded, confirmed or improved). Their appearance and content were suggested by applicants for nobilization, apparently in some for the co-worker of a coat-of-arms painter. However, the approval of the co-censor was necessary for approval.

The present section analyzes the synergy of these three components and tries to find period favorites, the use of glamorous pieces and other details that could help answer the question whether heraldic creation at the time of Maria Theresa had its peculiarities.

The Bohemian Sacramental Monuments from the territory of today's Slovakia during the reign of Maria Theresa

Mgr. Martin Besedič, PhD.

The seal played an important role in the life of a guild. The administration connected to the seal forced the guild to choose a specific and unique symbol to represent them. Imprints of guild seals can be found in festive performances of teaching leafs and master sheets. The seal was also used to confirm the services of craftman in his book, to track accounting documents, receipts and obligations. It is quite rare to see the seal on guild statutes.

This part also shows the development of guild sphragistics in the 18th century in the territory of today’s Slovakia with the stasis on the period of reigning of Marie Theresa. In this period, we see the influence of Baroque and rich compositions that are characterized by the deep cut and plasticity which occupied the whole area of seal field.

The seals were at first created by the golden guilds exclusively. They were created by craftsmen that proved their skills and artistic reading while creating their first seals before being accepted in the guild. The seal field featured the symbol of the guild craft or several crafts that were held in a guild, most often it included crafts tools of the particular craftmen.

The Great Signature Seal of Maria Theresa from 1752. The disappearance of the independent Czech Sovereign sigillography

Mgr. Jirí Brnovják, PhD.

The subject of the paper will be the transformation of the sign seals used during the reign of Mary Theresa for the sealing of the "Bohemian" royal papers. Attention will be paid to the process of creating a new large emblem seal in 1752, which replaced the seals used for Croatian lands by the Czech and Austrian hereditary countries. The creation of this seal will be placed in the wider context of the administrative and office reforms of Maria Theresa in 1749 and 1752, which administratively brought about the extinction of the autonomous relations of historic Czech lands, as well as its impact on the issuance of ceremonial privileges to the Czech and Austrian countries ( since 1749 so-called hereditary countries).

The Great Signature Seal of Maria Theresa from 1752. The disappearance of the independent Czech Sovereign sigillography

Ing. Zbyšek Šustek, CSc.

Two issues of non-eligible bonds of the Vienna Municipal Bank were issued under the Maria Theresian government. Generally, they are considered to be the first paper money in the territory of the Habsburg monarchy. The currency function, however, could only be limited and only in the hands of wealthy layers with respect to the then price sessions. The primary function was state borrowing. In 1762 and 1771, two large patents disclosed imperial patents, which, in addition to the economic and legal justification of their editions, included both their technical description and the annexed models of the individual nominals. Since no preserved specimens are known from the 1762 issue and only one piece of 10-gulden bancocetel is known from the 1771 emission, the patterns together with the description are the only source of information about their appearance.

Guilds and their artifacts during the reign of Maria Theresa, on the example of the free royal town of Trnava. Issuing royal privileges for craftsman organisations and tradesmen in the cities of the former Hungary in the years 1740 - 1780

Doc. PhDr. Tomáš Tandlich, PhD.

The free royal city of Trnava changed in crafts and trade in the second half of the 18th century, like other urban settlements in the territory of Slovakia as part of the Hungarian Kingdom in particular, centralizing state intervention in the functioning of economic and administrative fields. Craftsmen and merchants were trying to protect their rights through its guild organizations to practice in Trnava through requests for the issuance of new regulations - Artikel. This process was also related to the unification of rules for masters and journeymen in guilds in 1761 as one of the reforms whose aim was the same as in other areas of the state, to get control over their functioning. It was the process of issuing guild Artikel documents not by the mayor and city council, but by the monarch through its prerogatives deeds through the Hungarian royal offices and the Hungarian royal 'Council as the highest executive organ of the Kingdom, which began during the reign of the father of Mary Theresa‘s Emperor and King Charles VI. (III) in the 20s and 30s of the 18th century. Craft and trade guilds represented the basis of urban economy in Trnava during the 18th century but they had to adapt to modernization measures of the royal court of the Empress and Queen Mary Theresa during the forty years of its rule.

The Coronation of Maria Theresa in Prešporok in the light of medal work

Mgr. Anton Fiala

We remember the 300. Jubilee of the birth Maria Theresa on 25th June 2017. She was the most popular monarch of Austria-Hungary.

Maria Theresa’s coronation was the apogee of accession to the Ugrian throne, which has proprietary crown order. She carefully prepared for the coronation. Besides the invited guests of the indoor and foreign aristocracy, clergy, gave homage to monarch commonalty from all Hungary and other states.

Applicate consuetudes, which the comons prefer, were the lavishment of little gold and silver jettons. These jettons gave round after the coronation in the cchurch of St. Martin. Some few jettons were divided in the bosom of guests, representatives of the town from Hungary, Austria and other states. The most important dignitaries could receive memorial from noble metals, like precious stones, e.g. chiasm.

Crown jetton and medals had deeper acceptation. Beyond the feeling of bounteousness, jetton and medals were presented to monarch’s person. The metals insured illimitable durableness namely. This tangibility confirms a great deal of jetton and medals on the present. Today we know 24 types of medals and 10 types of jetton in 5 manufacturing materials (gold, silver, bronze, brass and tin).

Handwritten folk prayer books in the second half of the 18th century

Mgr. Lenka Horáková, PhD.

The part deals with the status of Catholic manuscript prayer books created in the 2nd half of the 18th century in comparison to their printed templates with emphasis placed on their content analysis.

"Moriamur for king nostro Maria Theresa." Mary Teresa at the Hungarian diet In Pressburg (September 11, 1741), in graphical views from the Gallery collection City of Bratislava

Mgr. Patrícia Ballx

Maria Theresa at the Hungarian Press in Pressburg (September 11, 1741) is one of the portraits of a historical event, from the life of Maria Theresa, which has been linked to legends and myths. This theme was especially popular in the 19th century. In the context of the Austro-Hungarian settlement and in particular the emergence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it moves to a new interpretative plane. Although this type of imagery is created in graphic displays in the 18th century, it is moved from the allegorical plane to the specific romantic portrayal of the young Hungarian queen who came to the throne of Bratislava Castle before the representatives of the Hungarian towns. Dressed in a black, saddened dresses, she held a legend in the hands of her little, half-year-old son, Joseph, who, in appropriate moments, grasped his legs to make him feel compassionate. Whether it was decisiveness, charm or compassion, today we do not know, we can only think romantically that the states have touched by screaming and calling: "Moriamur for the king nostro, Maria Theresia!" Or "Vitam et sanguinem".

The Gallery of the City of Bratislava has in its collections a collection of 11 graphic sheets with this theme. Various techniques, formats, compositions, will make us a fully-fledged collection of images of the queen and warrior.

The symbols of honor. Maria Therese Medal of Grace

Mag. Anna Fabiankowitsch

Medals were one of the most important components of Maria Theresa's displays of power. Their solemn handover demonstrates their princely generosity and contributes to the strengthening of diplomatic relations.

A unique role is played by the so-called pfennig of grace or grace medal, which was rewarded to the deserving subjects who were recognized for loyalty or for an outstanding service. Written requests for receiving a certificate of grace were personally processed and commented on by Maria Theresa. Medals of different sizes and weights were issued - partially lined with diamonds and gems. The ruler could appropriately adapt the value of the medals to the respective addressees. Through the acts of handing out medals of grace a bond formed between the donor and the recipient which was symbolized by the medal. It reflected the position of the wearer, the generosity of Maria Theresa, and at the same time expressed the acknowledgment of the recipient. Receiving such an accolade pointed out the sovereign influence and encouraged other people to work and to honorable service.

Because of the proven personal explanation of Maria Theresa for her mercy medals, these objects became the unique medium of her representation of power.

The foundation and history of the Hungarian royal order of St. Stephen

Prof. Dr. Attila Pandula

Maria Teresa funded the Hungarian St. Stephen order. Count Franz Esterházy, Hungarian chancellor of the royal court took crucial part in the foundation. The foundation ceremony took place at the Burg in Vienna 1765-05-06th of May.

Establishment and the rst knights of the Military Order of Maria Theresa

Dr. Balázs Lázár

The establishment of the Military Order of Maria Theresa on June 18, 1757, on the occasion of the victory at Cologne, represented a radical step in the world of the then Knights' Council, whose members could be only high-class, and usually Catholic, aristocrats. In contrast, the new status of this new order for bidders provided only one condition: significant military performance, without regard to status. This lecture presents mainly the first members of the order in 1757-1763 and investigates whether the granting of the Maria Theresa Military Order was always taking into account the accented meritocratic ideals and whether it corresponded to the statute.

Knights of the Military Order of Maria Theresa in the Bohemian Crown countries

RNDr. Ivan Koláčny

The Military Order of Maria Theresa represented the most prestigious award the army officer could achieve in the armed forces of our monarchy. The Order was founded as a celebration of the victory of the imperial army over Prussia near Cologne on 18 June 1757.

The condition for the award of the order was a personal brave act in the heat of the battle beyond the obligations or a command decision with an extremely positive impact on the result of the fight. Only nine officers were able to get all three classes of the order for life. Three of them were from the Czech lands - FM Jan Kn. Liechtenstein (1790/1796/1801), FM Karel Kn. Schwarzenberg (1794/1806 / 1813-16) and FM Václav hr. Radetzky (1801 / 1809-11 / 1848). By the direct decision of the emperor, the order was given to six imperial marshals and generals as a special tribute with diamonds. The period of World War I brought our soldiers recognition of bravery in the form of 4 great crosses, 9 Commander's and 110 small crosses of the VRMT. Many of those designated for the order did not get to receive it by the end of the war so they were awarded later, with the so called extraordinary, secret promotions. From 7th of March 1758 to 3rd of October 1931, 195 decorations took place. I will pay attention to one of the last graduate officers who received the the Knights of the Small Cross, Lieutenant General Rudolf von Singl. He obtained it as commander of the SMU 4 Navy submarine for the sinking of the Italian cruiser G. Garibaldi on July 18, 1915. During the battle, Singles followed the rules of the Cavalier fight. His life ended in Brno as a true knight when he died on May 2, 1945, in protecting his family's honor from being disgraced by Soviet soldiers. The Military Order of Maria Theresa ended with the death of the last orderly knight, Gottfried St. Mr Banfield in 1986.

Career of Nobility in Hungary during the reign of Maria Theresa

Anett Ogoljuk-Berzsenyi

The 18th century brought significant changes to Hungarian society. With the end of the rule of the Turks, a new period began which meant a great opportunity for career development, a new level of wealth and social prestige for a group of nobles that started under the reign of Charles III and became even more relevant in Maria Theresa's era. This period will be presented through several examples from the Hungarian nobility, such as the Grassalkovich, Niczky or Somssich families.

Stabbing and cutting weapons during the reign of Maria Theresa

Martin Böhm

During the reign of Maria Theresa, various artillery and weapons were used in the army. Cavalry used for example heavy swords and hussars sabers. Officers usually used daggers. In 1764, typical bayonets appeared for the Engineering division. At this time, the principle of systematization was also observable.

Change of the religious life under the reign of Maria Theresa. Pilgrim traditions and their characteristic features

Prof. Dr. Gábor Barna

The 18th century was the flourishing time of Baroque religious culture in the Hungarian Kingdom. After the long Osman occupation and the Kuruc uprising and war of Rákóczi a peaceful era began in the second decade of the 18th century. It was the time of the reconstruction of the destroyed regions, the restoration of the dioceses the renewal of the Roman Catholic church and religiosity.

The best tools of this religious renewal were the pilgrimages and the places of pilgrimages in the wider frame of the Marian devotion. In this renaissance and changes the Vienna court, the Habsburg family, and in particular Queen Maria Theresa herself played big roles. In the second half of her reign one can observe already the particular measures of the Enlightenment, e.g. restriction of pilgrimages, limitation of religious holidays. Despite these measures Maria Theresa’s personal influence on the everyday religious life can be observed especially in the intensified veneration of the Virgin Mary and the strong cult of the Hungarian national saints.

The paper gives an overview on the Roman Catholic religious life of the 18th century with special emphasis on the role of the Queen Maria Theresa in Marian arts and Marian pilgrimages.

Maria Theresa's visit to Moravia in 1748. View to the everyday practice of the court

Doc. PhDr. Zbyňek Sviták, CSc.

This part deals with the Moravia travels of Maria Theresa and Stephen Lotrinsky in 1748 that aimed to examine auxiliary Russian congregations that went to the Rhine through Moravia to fight against the Prussians . Attention is brought to the organization, course and impact of this visit in the area. Although it was intended to be "all-incognito," it meant several months of preparation at the court and in the country, including the transfer of troops from Uher. Archival sources depict not only the course of the journey and the official practice, but also the personal attitude of the ruler.

Daughter and son in law in Bratislava. Court and life in the courtyard of Albert Saxon and his wife, Maria Cristina in Bratislava (1766 – 1780)

Dr. Krisztina Kulcsár

In 1766, for the dearest daughter of Maria Theresa, Mary Kristina and her husband Albert Saxon, the court in Prešpork was established. The city was not the permanent seat of rulers, so the presence of the governor-couple was nonpareil for a century. In the following entry based on the Vienna documents we will present the questions considered important during the court formation in the 18th century: What new ceremonial symbols were created? Which of the inhabitants and the nobility of the Hungarian Kingdom were also acquired for the new local couple? Which courtiers were appointed to the office and how did this new court work? Had the court created contacts with the nobility and conflicts with the people from the city?

Maria Theresa and friendly relations with the members of the Esterházy prince's House

Angelika Futschek

In particular, the contact of František Štefan Lorinski with the wife of Duke Paul Anthony II, the duchess of Maria Anne, born Lunati-Visconti from Lotrinsk, concluded the friendship of Maria Theresa with the House of Esterházy prince. Maria Theresia visited the Esterházy prince not only in the castle in Eisenstadt, where a separate area of the castle was available but also in the castle in Eszterháza, where stormy celebrations were held. Especially through intensive research in the Forchtenstein castle archives, new data on friendly relations between Maria Theresa and Esterházyov has been obtained in recent years.

Maria Theresa's music revived by the Musica aeterna from Bratislava

Mgr. Veronika Bakičová, PhD.

Music of the 17th and 18th century is too broad a topic suitable for a separate publication. In my contribution I will approach music from the era of Maria Theresa in the artistic work of the most important chamber orchestra of old music in Slovakia and the former Czechoslovakia - Musica aeterna, which was born and still is housed in Bratislava. In the city where MaryTheresia was crowned and which she frequently visited because of the 15-year stay of her daughter, Mary Kristina, with her husband Alberto Sasko-Tešínsky, the Hungarian governor, at Bratislava castle (1766-1781).

Apotheosis of Ferdinand II. From the Bratislava Castle at Monument Augustae Domus Austriacae

Mgr. Martina Vyskupová

Monumenta Augustae Domus Austriacae is the work of the significant diplomat, historian, librariaon and also emperor’s advisor Marquard Herrgott (1694-1762). This three-dimensional historiographical edition, published between 1750 and 1772, is one of the most important sources of the history of the Habsburg dynasty.

In individual volumes with distinctive names, the creator describes the seals, coins, paintings and monuments created during the period under review. The accompanying informative text is complemented by graphic illustrations, the authors of which are some of the most important and less well known engravers in the second half of the 18th century. In the third volume called Pinacotheca Principium Austriae, which was published in Freiburg in 1760, there is a graphically reproduced cycle of ranobaroc paintings, which formed the decoration of the second floor of Bratislava Castle until the Theresian rebuilding in the sixties of the 18th century.

Hungarian Royal Chamber in Bratislava, one of the executive powers in the area (Construction, reconstruction, building, building plans)

PhDr. Silvia Némethová

The palace is the creation of the Italian architect G. B. Martinelli built in the years 1753 - 1756 in the style of the Baroque Classicism, ordered by Maria Theresa. The building was built for the Hungarian Royal Chamber, then the highest financial institution of Hungary, which settled in Bratislava from 1531 to 1782. The rebuilding of the palace was carried out in the years 1782-1783 during the reign of Joseph II, the son of Maria Theresa. The contribution is focused on the description of the ongoing work during the reconstruction, which is confirmed by the signatures and seal of the individual masters of the Bratislava guilds. Presented will be the papers concerning the rebuilding of the palace, addressed to the President of the Royal Hungarian Chamber of Deputies in 1783, the Count Franz Balass, and the construction plans for the palace reconstruction.