( Từ mới )
-We may have never heard about the new word spangler but we have no difficulty in coping with the new words: spangler,spanglerish, spanglerism, spanglering or spanglered.
( Từ nguyên học )
The study of the origin and history of words
Greek and Latin are the sources of many English words.
corona: the right of light around the sun –> coronavirus: compound of corona + virus
USB: universal serial bus
breakfast + lunch –> brunch
headhunting –> săn đầu người (loan-translaiton)
automobile –> auto
barbecue –> barbie
beggar –> beg
mastermind (n) –> mastermind (v)
One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other languages.
For example:
From Turkeys -> yogurt
From Japan -> sushi
From French -> pizza
From Italian: -> piano
Sometimes a new sound comes along along with new words. The voiced fricative /ʒ/ became part of English through borrowed French words such as measure and rouge.
Other languages, of course, borrow terms from English.
A type of borrowing in which each element of a word is translated into the borrowing language, also called calque
When borrowing a word, languages can directly translate its parts to create a new word in their own language. This is called calquing.
user-friendly: thân thiện với môi trường
black market: chợ đen
supmarket: siêu thị
upload: tải lên
social distancing: giãn cách xã hội
This combining process, technically known as compounding, is very common in languages such as German and English, but much less common in languages such as French and Spanish.
Some of our examples show words being combined to create a new one
Noun: bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint, sunburn, textbook, wallpaper, wastebasket and waterbed.
Adj: good-looking, low-paid, fast-food, full-time job
It is not only common in popular languages like German and English but also in some unpopular like Hmong (spoken in Laos and Vietnam)
Blending: the process of combining the beginning of one word and the end of another word to form a new word
smoke + fog -> smog
motor + hotel -> motel
brother + romance -> bromance
The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending.
For example:
smoke + fog -> smog
motor + hotel -> motel
brother + romance -> bromance
The element of reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described as clipping
Ex: automobile -> auto
influenza -> flu
telephone -> phone
professor -> prof
weblog -> blog
From Vietnam:
kilogram -> kí
ông ấy -> ổng
A particular type of reduction, favored in Australian and British English, produces forms technically known as hypocorisms.
In this process, a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then -y or -ie is added to the end.
Ex: grany -> granmother
telly -> television
Aussie -> Australian
A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation.
Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb)
One very regular source of backformed verbs in English is based on the common pattern work – worker.
The assumption seems to have been that if there is a noun ending in -er (or something close in sound), then we can create a verb for what that noun-er does. Hence, an editor will edit, a sculptor will sculpt and babysitters, beggars,...
For example:
donate (v) -> donation (n)
beggar (n) –> beg (v)
( Chuyển đổi )
A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction), is generally known as conversion.
Other labels for this very common process are “category change” and “functional shift.”
Ex: Verb => Adj: see-through material, stand-up comedian
Adj => Verb: to dirty, to empty
Adj => noun: a crazy, the nasty
Some compounds have assumed other functions
Ex: ball-park
ball-park figure (as an adjective)
to ball-park an estimate of the cost (as a verb)
The invention and general use of totally new terms, or coinage, is not very common in English.
Typical sources are trade names for commercial products that become general terms (usually without capital letters) for any version of that product.
Older examples are aspirin, nylon, vaseline, and zipper; more recent examples are granola, kleenex, teflon, and xeroxxerox.
–Eponyms: a word derived from the name of a person or place
Caesar salad -> from Ilatia + America
Jacuzzi -> from Candido + jacuzzi
sandwich -> from John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich
china -> from China
Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.
These can be forms such as CD (“compact disk”) or SPCA (“Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals”) where the pronunciation consists of saying each separate letter.
More typically, acronyms are pronounced as new single words, as in NATO, NASA or UNESCO.
Initialism: an abbreviation consisting of the first
-The process of forming new words by adding affixes is called derivation
-A bound morpheme such as un-, -ed, un-, mis-, pre-, -ful, -less, -ish, -ism and -ness added to a word called affix .
Prefix (tiền tố): a bound morpheme added to the beginning of a word (e.g. un-, mis-) -> change/ give the meaning
Suffix (hậu tố): a bound morpheme added to the end of a word (e.g. -less, -ish) -> show the meaning/ the word class
All English words formed by this derivational process have either prefixes or suffixes, or both.
Infixes: a morpheme that is inserted in the middle of a word.
( Nhiều quy trình )
We can combine multiple word-formation processes to create new words.
For example, the term deli seems to have become a common American English expression via a process of first borrowing delicatessen (from German) and then clipping that borrowed form
–> Analogy: a process of forming a new word that is similar im some way to an existing word
-New words are also formed through analogy, like “yuppie” resembling “hippie”.
2. The word "modem" is a blend of two words: "modulator" and "demodulator." This word-formation process is known as blending.
3. The verb "Google" was created through two processes:
Back-formation: The verb was formed from the noun "Google" (the company name).
Verbing: The noun was converted into a verb to describe the action of using the Google search engine.
4. The term "selfie" is an example of clipping, where a word is shortened to form a new word.
5. This process is known as calquing.
6.
(c) luna de miel (Spanish “moon of honey”) – honeymoon (English) is an example of calquing. Both phrases have similar meanings, but the Spanish phrase is a direct translation of the English one.
(a) footobooru (Japanese) – football (English) is an example of borrowing, where a word is taken from another language.
(b) tréning (Hungarian) – training (English) is also an example of borrowing.
(d) jardin d’enfants (French “garden of children”) – Kindergarten (German “children garden”) is another example of calquing.
7. (a) AIDS: Acronym (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
(b) fandamntastic: Blend (fantastic + damn)
(c) skateboard + kickass: Compound ( skate+ board) (kick + ass)
(d) doc: Clipping (doctor)
(e) burgled: Back-formation (burglar)
(f) sofa: Borrowing comfy: Clipping (comfortable)
(g) toastie: Blend (toast + sandwich)
(h) button: Conversion velcro: blending + borrowing
8.
misfortune: Prefix: mis-
terrorism: Suffix: -ism
carelessness: Suffix: -ness
disagreement: Prefix: dis-
ineffective: Prefix: in-, Suffix: -ive
unfaithful: Prefix: un-
prepackaged: Prefix: pre-
biodegradable: Prefix: bio-, Suffix: -able
reincarnation: Prefix: re-, Suffix: -ion
decentralization: Prefix: de-, Suffix: -ization
9.
Tongs: kap (based on the action)
A small package: tiap (based on the action)
10. (a) FedEx: Acronym (Federal Express), then verbing
(b) carjacking: Compound (car + hijacking)
(c) hoover: Proper noun (brand name), then verbing
(d) temp: Clipping (temporary), then verbing
(e) blogging: Back-formation (blogger)
(f) decaf: Clipping (decaffeinated)