TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to;

1. Recognize different types of qualitative research

2. Provide examples of research for each types.

3. Understand the types of biography.

1. ETHNOGRAPHY

- is the most familiar and applicable type of qualitative research. It refers to the investigation of a culture through an in depth study of the members of the cultural society. It involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of cultural behavior. Its main purpose is to preserve the cultural heritage of an ethnic group.

2. GROUNDED THEORY is designed to discover what problems exist in a given social environment and how the persons involved handle these problems. It is a naturalistic and exploratory research used primarily

 to generate theory through relevant information taken from very reliable sources. In other words, its focus is theory development.

In Grounded Theory,     data collection  and analysis occur simultaneously until “saturation” is reached. If little things are known for the topic and no available review of related literature from printed materials, Grounded Theory is very useful.

In GROUNDED THEORY, the researcher begins with a broad query in a particular subject and then collects relevant information about the topic. As the action processes of data collection continue, each piece of information is reviewed, compared, and contrasted with other information. From this constant comparison process, commonalities and differences among categories of information become clear, and ultimately a theory that explains observations is inductively developed.

Grounded Theory can also be useful in modifying existing theory or to expand or uncover differences from what is already known.

It requires extensive and repeated sifting through the gathered data and analyzing and re-analyzing multiple times in order to identify new theory. It is an approach best suited to research projects where the phenomenon to be investigated has not been previously explored.

This means that Grounded Theory can be best employed if there is no available review of related literature regarding the phenomenon.

Examples of Grounded Theory:

•        “The Life of Bangsamoro People Before Spanish Colonial Period”

•        “The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and Luzon to Mindanao”

•        “How the Land Areas in Mindanao are Dominantly Owned by the Christians”

•        “Bangsamoro People: Minorities in their Homeland”,

•        “The Magical Powers of Christians in Developing the Fertile Island of Mindanao”

NOTE:      The above research   titles   are just only examples      to   let   you conceptualize your Qualitative Research Titles. Little things are known for the stated topics. So, grounded theory is very applicable.

 3. PHENOMENOLOGY - is designed to   focus  on  the commonality of a lived experience with a particular group. The fundamental goal of this research is to arrive at a description of the    nature of   the particular      phenomenon.

The common gathering  method is  this research   is Participatory      Rapid Appraisal (PRA).

PHENOMENOLOGY aims to   determine an experience means for the persons who have experience of living in a certain community which is the subject of the research.

The examples of phenomenology are:

•        “Life without Gadgets”

•        “Resilience of Indigenous Peoples (IP’s) in their Mountainous Homeland”

•        “Students Today and Students Now: A Phenomenological Study”.

4. CASE STUDY is an exploration of a “bounded system” or a “case” or “multiple cases” over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information rich in interesting stories. The context of the case involves situating the case within its natural setting, which may be physical, social or historical.

Examples of Case Study

•        “Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High Schools”,

•        “Fly-By-Night Schools: Quality Education or Quantity of Enrolment?”

•        “He Does, I Do: A Crab Mentality in the Workplace”, “Bringing Home Office Goodies”

•        “Health Behavior Tracking via Mobile Games: A Case Study among Students”

•        “Students’ Discipline and Academic Performance through Child-Friendly School (CFS) Environment: A Case Study”

•        “Victims of Love: A Case Study”.

5. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS is defined as the analysis of language “beyond the sentence”. It deals with texts, interactions and social practices at the local, institutional and societal levels. It is a broad term for the study of the ways in which language is used by the people, both written and spoken contexts. It melds linguistics and sociology by taking into account the social and cultural context that language is used.

Materials that are suitable for Discourse Analysis include books, newspapers, periodicals, brochures and advertisements.

Topics for Discourse Analysis include sounds or intonations, gestures, syntax, lexicon, style, rhetoric, meanings, speech acts, moves, strategies and other aspects of interaction or communication.

Examples of Discourse Analysis:

•        “The Music of Everyday Speech: Prosodyand Discourse Analysis”

•        “Talk that Counts: Age, Gender and Social Class Differences in Speaking English”

•        “What Good Speakers Do in Conversation: A Discourse Analysis”,

•        “A Discourse Analysis on the Impact  of Modern Technologies on Communication

6. HISTORICAL RESEARCH -is a method of examination of evidence in understanding the past events. It is particularly applied to evidence contained in documents, although it can be applied to all artefacts. It involves studying, understanding and interpreting past events. The purpose of historical research is to reach insights or conclusions about past persons or occurrences.

Examples of Historical Research:

•        “The Cold War and Its Consequences for the World”, “The Impact of Martin Luther King’s Speech”,

•        “The   Crusades and the Jihads: Similarities and Differences”

•        “The Bangsamoro Identity Struggle and Bangsamoro Basic Law as the Path to Peace: Historical Analysis”.

7. NARRATIVE REPORT

-is designed to present things or events that have happened in the past through a logical progression of the relevant information. The main purpose of a narrative report is to present a factual depiction of what has occurred.

•        Examples of Narrative Report:

•        “High School Life: The Most Unforgettable Life  of    Students”

•        “Finding Love: How    I   Met mySoulmate” 

•        “Finding  Beauty  in  the  Printed Word:How I Learn Poetry”

•        “Vocabulary Building of  Students Through Proper Solid Waste  Management”

•        “My First Love: Never Dies”.

8. BIOGRAPHY- is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and how they reflect cultural themes of the society. It deals with an interesting story found in documents and archival materials. It is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and the constitution of meaning based on biographical narratives and documents.

Five Common Types of Biography

✔     Scholarly Chronicles;

✔     Intellectual Biography;

✔     Life History Writing;

✔     Memoir Biography;

✔     Narrative Biography.

8.1. SCHOLARLY CHRONICLE

Is the most fundamental type of biographical research with focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life. The basic research orientation constitutes telling the subject’s story in chronological order with emphasis upon the development of plot (life-pattern stages) and the description of acts of recognition or achievement.

Examples of Scholarly Chronicle:

•        “The Secrets of Outstanding Teachers of Esperanza NHS”

•        “Biography of Dr. Eskak M. Delna, the First Muslim Principal of Esperanza National High School.

8.2. INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHY is another genre of biographical research which forsakes the need for basic chronological structure and it develops a narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis of the subject’s motives and beliefs within the world of ideas.

Intellectual Biographer recognizes and accepts the invasive yet justifiable analysis and it overcomes the intrusive nature of inquiry with care and resulting in self-reflective thoughtfulness and insight.

•        EXAMPLE: “Life and Works of Dr. Jose Rizal”.

8.3. LIFE HISTORY WRITING- is the recording of life memories, experiences, whether one’s or another’s. This applies to many genres and practices such as autobiography, diaries, letters, testimonies, personal essays and more recently, digital forms such as blogs and emails. The purpose of life history writing is to enable family information as well as emotions and feelings about history to be remembered.

 Examples of Life History Writing:

•        “Behind the Effective Leadership of Dr. M. Delna”

•        “My Story:Your Story and the Story ofAll”

•        “Sunshine Behind the Clouds: The Picture of My Life

•        “The Sacrifices of Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW’s)”.

8.4. MEMOIR BIOGRAPHY is designed to give emphasis on the stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections and insights in relation to the factual account of life. An interpretive narrative of the writer, alongside the presentation of the biographical subject, becomes part of the research. A life story is told, yet in relation to the transactional experiences of the biographer that in turn influences and foreshows similar experiences of the reader.

Examples of Memoir Biography:

•        “Memories of   Consecutive  Earthquakes in

•        Mindanao: A Biographical Analysis”

•        “Millennial Students: Full of Modern Gadgets and Lack of Study Habits”

•        “The Experiences of Maguindanaon Students in the Conflict Areas of Maguindanao”

•        “The Worst Nightmare in My Life”

•        “Life Before and After Maguindanao Massacre”.

8.5. NARRATIVE BIOGRAPHY

- a nonfiction account of life experiences of a person. In this type of writing, the description of a person is through the eyes of the writer. This type of narrative writing relies on concrete or key facts or events within a person’s life.

9. ACTION RESEARCH

-It is a classroom-based or school-based research that seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection. This type of research is commonly conducted by the teachers to give solutions to the existing problems to improve students’ academic performance and positive attitudes.

-It is s usually qualitative in nature. Most of the time, action research uses natural language rather than numbers:  the use of natural language suits a paradigm which is participative and responsive to the situation.