Lesson objectives;

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to;

1. Understand the meaning of research

2. Explains the importance in daily life.

3. Differentiate inquiry, investigation and immersion

4. State the main purpose of reseach.

WHAT IS INQUIRY?

INQUIRY is an act of asking questions. It is a process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt or solving problem. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is synonymous with the word “investigation”.

INVESTIGATION has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”.

It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.

IMMERSION is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply

Involves) himself in the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him in detail.

Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of “research” comes in.

What is Research?

Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue.

It is a refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem. It starts with a problem then followed by collection of data and analysis of facts which are critical and reaching decisions based on actual observations. It ends with a problem.

Main Purpose:

●      To inform action

●      To prove or generate theory

●      To Augment knowledge in a

●      Field or study

 Importance of Research in Daily Life

- Research sharpens our mind to give a judicious vision to look.

- Research gives us a light or direction to inquire about the right information.

- Research develops our attitudes to not believe automatically without further investigation of the situation.

  - Research leads us to the ultimate philosophy of life and it builds a graphic vision to improve the community where we live.

- Research empowers us with knowledge and efficient learning of new things.

- Research helps us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to our problems.

- Research allows us to mark out the thin line between truth (fact) and lie (fallacy).

- Research opens vistas news (new-age digital media platforms) of opportunity before we pick and choose.

- Research makes good habits of reading, analyzing, thinking and learning.

- Research is a tool for building knowledge and for facilitating learning.

- Research is a means to understand various issues and to increase public awareness.

- Research is an aid to business awareness.

- Research is a way to prove lies and support truths.

- Research is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.

- Research is a seed of sharing valuable information.

- Research is the heart and soul of good writing.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to;

1. Comprehend the characteristics of research.

2. Analyze the steps of the research process.

3. Apply ethics in research

4. Identify the types of intellectual property & trademarks.

6 Characteristics of research;

1.EMPIRICAL

2.LOGICAL

3.CYCLICAL

4.ANALYTICAL

5.REPLICABLE

6.CRITICAL

The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).

 Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open- ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-ended questionnaire or paper- pencil test questionnaire (forv quantitative research) (Data Gathering Activities).

 Step 5. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) or conclusions (for quantitative research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

RESEARCH ETHICS

Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In addition, it educates and monitors researchers to ensure a high ethical standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge. It supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.

●      INFORMED CONSENT.

In order to safeguard the rights of the participants in your study, secure informed consent. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.

●      HONESTY. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

●      OBJECTIVITY. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.

●      INTEGRITY. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.

●      CAREFULNESS. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the work of peers and keeping good records of research activities.

●      OPENNESS. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

●      RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY.

Honor patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

●      CONFIDENTIALITY. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

●      RESPONSIBLE MENTORING. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

●      RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

●      RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES. Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly. Don’t outsmart others. Respect their opinions.

●      SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

●      NON-DISCRIMINATION. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

●      COMPETENCE. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

●      LEGALITY. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

●      ANIMAL CARE. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

●      HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION. When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.

●      SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY is an ethical framework or a duty that every researcher has to perform so as to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education and advocacy.

●      HUMAN RIGHTS

These are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings.

●      VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION

The principle of voluntary participation requires that people must not be coerced into participating in research process. Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.

●      ANONYMITY refers to the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s name is not given nor known.

●      PRIVACY

Privacy refers to someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual to seclude himself from disturbance of any research activity.

RESEARCH MISCONDUCT

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY- refers to the protection of creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a commercial value. It is the umbrella term encompassing both copyright and industrial property such as trademarks, patents and trade secrets.

Types of Intellectual Property

1. PATENT is a form of intellectual property that gives the owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, selling and importing an invention for a limited period of years.

1.1 Types Patents

1. Utility patents protect the utility or function of a product.

2. Design patents protect the aesthetic appearance of the product.

3. Plant patents protect the discovery or invention of plants that are asexually reproduced.

2. COPYRIGHT is an exclusive legal right given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

  Copyrightable Works

Copyrightable works include the following categories:

       (2.1) literary works,

(2.2) musical works,

(2.3) dramatic works,

       (2.4) choreographic works,

(2.5) pictorial, graphic and sculptural (PGS) works,

(2.6) audio-visual works,

(2.7) sound recordings and

(2.8) architectural works.

3. TRADEMARK is a recognizable name, insignia, phrase, word, or symbol that denotes a specific product and legally differentiates it from all other products of its kind.

 Types of trademarks for products include five main categories:

(3.1) generic trademark,

(3.2) descriptive trademark,

(3.3) suggestive trademark,

(3.4) fanciful trademark, and

(3.5)arbitrary trademark.

3.1 Generic Trademarks

Generic trademarks includes phrases/taglines like:

●      “We find ways” of BDO,

●      “Making things possible” of Globe,

●      “Bida and Saya” of Jollibee,

●      and “Astig Tayo Dito” of TM.

They are the weakest forms of trademarks.

3.2 Descriptive Trademarks

-Immediately identify the characteristics of

the products or services to which the

marks pertain. Marks that are merely

descriptive are not protected or accorded trademark rights.

 Examples of Descriptive Trademarks/Marks

 “McDonald’s”, “Wendy’s”, and “Ayala Malls”.

Descriptive marks include “Tubeless” for computer monitor,

“Holiday Inn” for hotels and “Cold and Creamy” for ice cream.

3.3 Suggestive Trademarks

Suggestive Trademarks are usually suggestions of the quality or nature of the products or services, but don’t straightforwardly describe themselves because they require the consumers to use their imagination or perception to understand what the product is.

Examples of Suggestive Trademarks

3.4 Fanciful Trademarks

Fanciful trademarks are terms, names or logos that are different from anything else that exists. They are the strongest type of trademarks.

They include Kodak, Adidas, Merrell, Caltex, Pepsi, Petron, etc.

These words are not found in the dictionary and had no meaning before they were adopted and used as trademarks.

 3.5 Arbitrary Trademarks

Arbitrary trademarks might include a term or phrase with a well-known meaning, but the meaning in its case is different. The best example an arbitrary trademark is Apple.

Other examples are Shell Gas Station and Camel cigarettes.

4. TRADE SECRET is type of intellectual property in the form of a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, commercial method, or compilation of information that is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable by others, and by which a person or company can obtain an economic advantage over competitors.

Copyright Infringement is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission of the copyright holder.

Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by a third party.

 Examples of Copyright Infringement

1. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use

2. Recording movies in a theater

3. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission

4. Copying software code without giving proper credit

5. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips