1. Cheers
   Explanation: Means "thank you" or "goodbye".
   Example: "Here’s your coffee." "Cheers!"

2. Fancy a cuppa?
   Explanation: Want a cup of tea?
   Example: "I’m making tea. Fancy a cuppa?"

3. Chuffed
   Explanation: Very pleased or proud.
   Example: "I’m chuffed with my exam results."

4. Knackered
   Explanation: Extremely tired.
   Example: "I’m knackered after that run."

5. Gutted
   Explanation: Extremely disappointed.
   Example: "I was gutted when I missed the train."

6. Dodgy
   Explanation: Suspicious, unreliable, or risky.
   Example: "That restaurant looks a bit dodgy."

7. To be skint
   Explanation: Having no money.
   Example: "I can’t go out—I’m completely skint."

8. Give it a go
   Explanation: Try something.
   Example: "I’ve never played darts, but I’ll give it a go."

9. Taking the mickey
   Explanation: Making fun of someone.
   Example: "Are you taking the mickey out of me?"

10. Throw a spanner in the works
    Explanation: To cause trouble in a plan.
    Example: "His late arrival threw a spanner in the works."

11. It’s gone pear-shaped
    Explanation: Something has gone wrong.
    Example: "The presentation went pear-shaped."

12. I’m easy
    Explanation: I don’t mind; any option is fine.
    Example: "Where should we go?" "I’m easy."

13. As right as rain
    Explanation: Completely well or fine.
    Example: "After a day off, I feel as right as rain."

14. Blimey!
    Explanation: Expression of surprise.
    Example: "Blimey, that’s a huge dog!"

15. Ta
    Explanation: Thank you (informal).
    Example: "Ta for the help!"

16. Taking the piss
    Explanation: Joking or mocking (not rude).
    Example: "He’s just taking the piss, don’t worry."

17. Faff about / faff around
    Explanation: Waste time doing nothing important.
    Example: "Stop faffing about and get ready."

18. A cuppa
    Explanation: A cup of tea.
    Example: "Would you like a cuppa?"

19. Leg it
    Explanation: Run away quickly.
    Example: "We had to leg it to catch the bus."

20. Brolly
    Explanation: Umbrella.
    Example: "Don’t forget your brolly—it’s raining."

21. Full of beans
    Explanation: Very energetic.
    Example: "The kids are full of beans today."

22. Sorted
    Explanation: Solved, arranged, or okay.
    Example: "I’ve got the tickets sorted."

23. Stag do / Hen do
    Explanation: Bachelor / Bachelorette party.
    Example: "The stag do is in Manchester."

24. Dog’s dinner
    Explanation: A mess.
    Example: "My hair’s a dog’s dinner today."

25. Having a laugh
    Explanation: Joking, or not being serious.
    Example: "You’re having a laugh! That can’t be true."

26. Gobsmacked
    Explanation: Amazed, astonished.
    Example: "I was gobsmacked by the result."

27. Taking ages
    Explanation: Taking a long time.
    Example: "This train is taking ages."

28. Nicked
    Explanation: Stolen.
    Example: "My bike got nicked outside the shop."

29. Rubbish
    Explanation: Nonsense, or literal garbage.
    Example: "That film was rubbish."

30. I reckon
    Explanation: I think / I believe.
    Example: "I reckon it’ll rain tomorrow."

Q: How do I get to [STATION]?

1:

Take the [LINE] towards [STATION].

Get off at [STATION].

2:

Take the [LINE] towards [STATION].

Change trains at [STATION].

Get off at [STATION].

Q: How many stops is it?

A: _ stop(s).

Q: How long does it take?

A: It takes around _ minutes.

Conversation A

Student 1: Hello, how are you today? I wanted to check if we could arrange a meeting. I am busy on Thursday, but free on Friday. Does that work for you?

Student 2: Hi, I’m doing well, thank you. I am free on Thursday, but busy on Friday morning.

Student 1: I see. Would Friday afternoon be convenient for you?

Student 2: Yes, Friday afternoon works perfectly. Thank you for arranging this.

Student 1: Great! I look forward to meeting you then. Have a nice day!

Student 2: You too. Goodbye!

Conversation B

Student 1: Hello, how are you? I wanted to ask if we could reschedule our meeting. I have an important meeting on Friday morning. Could we move our appointment to Monday morning? I am free on Monday afternoon after 15:00 if that suits you better.

Student 2: Hello, I’m well, thank you. I’m busy on Monday morning, but Monday afternoon after 15:00 is fine.

Student 1: Perfect. Let’s confirm for Monday afternoon after 15:00 then.

Student 2: Sounds good. Thank you for letting me know. Have a great day!

Student 1: You too. Goodbye!

1. Headache
   Explanation: Pain in your head.
   Patient: "My head hurts."
   Doctor: "Take some pain medicine and rest."

2. Sore throat
   Explanation: Pain or discomfort in your throat, especially when swallowing.
   Patient: "My throat hurts when I swallow."
   Doctor: "Drink warm drinks and use throat lozenges."

3. Runny nose
   Explanation: Liquid comes out of your nose often.
   Patient: "My nose is running a lot."
   Doctor: "Use tissues and drink plenty of water."

4. Cough
   Explanation: You keep coughing and your throat feels irritated.
   Patient: "I keep coughing."
   Doctor: "Try cough syrup and rest your voice."

5. Stomach ache
   Explanation: Pain or discomfort in your stomach.
   Patient: "My stomach hurts."
   Doctor: "Eat light foods and rest. If it gets worse, come back."

6. Back pain
   Explanation: Pain in your back, especially when you move.
   Patient: "My back hurts when I move."
   Doctor: "Try gentle stretching or use a hot pack."

7. Toothache
   Explanation: Pain in your tooth, especially when eating or drinking.
   Patient: "My tooth hurts."
   Doctor: "Visit a dentist. Take painkillers if needed."

8. Earache
   Explanation: Pain in your ear and sometimes trouble hearing.
   Patient: "My ear hurts and I can't hear well."
   Doctor: "I can give you ear drops."

9. Allergies
   Explanation: Sneezing, itchy eyes, or runny nose from dust, pollen, or animals.
   Patient: "I sneeze a lot and my eyes are itchy."
   Doctor: "Take allergy medicine and avoid things that make it worse."

10. Sunburn
    Explanation: Red, painful skin after being in the sun too long.
    Patient: "My skin is red and hurts after being in the sun."
    Doctor: "Use aloe gel and stay out of the sun for a while."

11. Sprained ankle
    Explanation: Swelling and pain in your ankle after twisting it.
    Patient: "My ankle hurts and is swollen after I twisted it."
    Doctor: "Rest, put ice on it, and keep your foot up."

12. Fever
    Explanation: Your body feels hot and you have a high temperature.
    Patient: "I feel hot and have a high temperature."
    Doctor: "Take fever medicine and drink water."

13. Migraine
    Explanation: A very strong headache, sometimes with feeling sick or seeing lights.
    Patient: "I have a very strong headache and feel sick."
    Doctor: "Rest in a dark room and take migraine medicine."

14. Flu
    Explanation: Fever, cough, and feeling very tired.
    Patient: "I have a fever, cough, and feel very tired."
    Doctor: "Rest, drink fluids, and take medicine for symptoms."

15. Asthma
    Explanation: Trouble breathing, sometimes with wheezing or coughing.
    Patient: "I have trouble breathing, especially when I exercise."
    Doctor: "Use your inhaler and avoid things that make it worse."

16. Heartburn
    Explanation: A burning feeling in your chest after eating.
    Patient: "I feel a burning in my chest after eating."
    Doctor: "Avoid spicy foods and eat smaller meals."

17. Urinary tract infection
    Explanation: Pain or burning when you pee.
    Patient: "It hurts when I pee."
    Doctor: "You may need antibiotics."

18. Pneumonia
    Explanation: Cough, fever, and trouble breathing from a lung infection.
    Patient: "I have a cough, fever, and trouble breathing."
    Doctor: "You may need antibiotics and rest."

19. Diabetes
    Explanation: Feeling thirsty all the time and needing to pee a lot.
    Patient: "I feel thirsty all the time and need to pee a lot."
    Doctor: "Check your blood sugar and follow your treatment plan."

20. Cancer
    Explanation: A serious illness where cells grow in the body in an unusual way.
    Patient: "I found a lump or I feel very tired for a long time."
    Doctor: "We will do some tests. Many people get better with treatment, so let's see what is best for you."

Short Skit: Doctor and Patient

Patient: Hello, doctor. I have a problem.

Doctor: What is the problem?

Patient: My throat hurts when I swallow.

Doctor: How long has your throat hurt?
Patient: Three days.

Doctor: Do you have any other symptoms?

Patient: No, just a sore throat.

Doctor: I recommend you drink warm drinks and use throat lozenges. 

If it does not get better in two days, please come back.

www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/ 

symptoms.webmd.com/ 

Waiter: Good evening! Welcome to our restaurant.
Customer: Good evening. Can I see the menu, please?
Waiter: Of course. Here is the menu.
Customer: Thank you. I would like a chicken sandwich, please.
Waiter: Would you like something to drink?
Customer: Yes, I would like a glass of water.
Waiter: Anything else?
Customer: No, that’s all.
Waiter: Thank you. Your order will be ready soon.

Conversation Questions

1. What is your favorite food?
   Sample answer: My favorite food is pizza.

2. Do you like to eat vegetables?
   Sample answer: Yes, I like to eat carrots and broccoli.

3. How often do you eat at restaurants?
   Sample answer: I eat at restaurants once a week.

Here are 10 widely-used English idioms with their meanings and examples:

1. Piece of cake
   Meaning: Something very easy to do.
   Example: "The math test was a piece of cake for her."

2. Cost an arm and a leg
   Meaning: Extremely expensive.
   Example: "That designer watch must have cost an arm and a leg."

3. Let the cat out of the bag
   Meaning: Accidentally reveal a secret.
   Example: "He let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party."

4. Break a leg
   Meaning: Wish someone good luck (often in performances).
   Example: "Before her audition, I told her to break a leg!"

5. Hit the sack
   Meaning: Go to bed.
   Example: "After working all day, I’m ready to hit the sack."

6. Under the weather
   Meaning: Feeling unwell.
   Example: "I’m staying home today—I’m feeling under the weather."

7. Bite the bullet
   Meaning: Endure a painful or difficult situation.
   Example: "I had to bite the bullet and apologize for my mistake."

8. Spill the beans
   Meaning: Reveal secret information.
   Example: "She spilled the beans about the company merger."

9. Pull someone’s leg
   Meaning: Tease or joke with someone.
   Example: "Relax, I’m just pulling your leg!"

10. Once in a blue moon
    Meaning: Very rarely.
    Example: "He visits his hometown once in a blue moon."

These idioms are frequently used in both casual and formal contexts, adding color and expressiveness to everyday communication.

Company Profile: Toyota

Good evening, everyone. Today, I would like to introduce the company profile of Toyota Motor Corporation.

Company Overview
Toyota is a global automobile manufacturer headquartered in Toyota City, Japan. The company was founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda and has grown into one of the largest car manufacturers in the world. Toyota is well known for its commitment to innovation, quality, and sustainability.

Company Operations
Toyota operates in over 170 countries, producing a wide range of vehicles, including sedans, SUVs, trucks, and hybrid cars. The company is a leader in hybrid technology, with the Toyota Prius being one of the most popular hybrid cars globally. Toyota’s production system, known as the Toyota Production System (TPS), focuses on efficiency and reducing waste.

Mission and Values
Toyota’s mission is to “create vehicles that improve people’s lives while protecting the environment.” The company values continuous improvement (Kaizen), respect for people, and sustainability. Toyota invests heavily in research and development to develop new automotive technologies, including electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles.

Recent Achievements
Recently, Toyota has been focusing on carbon neutrality and aims to make all its factories carbon-neutral by 2050. The company has also increased investments in electric vehicle (EV) technology to compete in the growing EV market. In 2023, Toyota was ranked as one of the top automobile companies in terms of global sales.

Conclusion
In summary, Toyota is a leading automobile company known for its innovation, high-quality vehicles, and commitment to sustainability. With its strong global presence and focus on the future of mobility, Toyota continues to be a major player in the automotive industry.

Thank you for listening. Do you have any questions?

Template:

Company Profile: [Company Name]

Good evening, everyone. Today, I would like to introduce the company profile of [Company Name].

Company Overview
[Company Name] is a [industry] company headquartered in [location]. The company was founded in [year] by [founder’s name] and has grown into [a major player/a well-known company/a leading company in its field]. [Company Name] is well known for its [strengths, such as innovation, customer service, or technology].

Company Operations
[Company Name] operates in [number] countries and offers [products or services]. The company is a leader in [specific field or technology], with its [best-selling product/service] being one of the most [popular/advanced] in the industry. The company follows [business strategy, such as efficiency, customer satisfaction, or sustainability] to stay competitive.

Mission and Values
[Company Name]'s mission is to [mission statement or main goal]. The company values [core values, such as innovation, teamwork, or sustainability] and invests in [research, employee development, or social responsibility] to achieve its goals.

Recent Achievements
Recently, [Company Name] has focused on [recent goal, such as digital transformation, sustainability, or expansion] and aims to [future goal] by [year]. The company has also [new development or success, such as launching a new product, expanding into new markets, or winning an award].

Conclusion
In summary, [Company Name] is a [key description, such as leading, innovative, customer-focused] company known for its [main strengths]. With its [future plans, such as expansion, sustainability, or technology investment], [Company Name] continues to be a strong player in [industry].

Thank you for listening. Do you have any questions?

The European Car Market

Good evening, everyone. Today, I would like to introduce the European car market and discuss its key trends and developments.

Market Overview

The European car market is one of the largest in the world. In 2023, over 10 million new cars were sold across Europe. The industry is highly competitive, with leading car manufacturers such as Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Renault, and Stellantis. These companies produce a wide range of vehicles, from small city cars to luxury and high-performance models.

Trends in the European Car Market

In recent years, the European car market has seen a major shift toward electric and hybrid vehicles. Due to strict environmental regulations and the European Union’s goal to reduce carbon emissions, many car manufacturers are investing in electric vehicle (EV) technology. In fact, by 2035, the sale of new petrol and diesel cars will be banned in the European Union.

Another key trend is the rise of car-sharing and mobility services. Many European cities are promoting public transport and shared mobility options to reduce traffic congestion and pollution.

Challenges in the Industry

One of the biggest challenges in the European car market is rising production costs and supply chain disruptions. The global shortage of semiconductors has affected car production, leading to longer waiting times for customers. Additionally, increasing raw material costs and inflation have made cars more expensive.

Another challenge is the competition from Asian car manufacturers, especially from China and Japan. Companies such as Toyota and BYD are expanding their presence in Europe by offering affordable and advanced electric vehicles.

Future Outlook

The future of the European car market will be shaped by technological advancements and sustainability efforts. Car manufacturers are developing autonomous driving technology, improving battery efficiency, and working on new hydrogen-powered vehicles. Governments across Europe continue to provide subsidies and incentives for consumers to switch to electric cars.

Conclusion

In summary, the European car market is undergoing significant changes, with a strong focus on electric mobility, sustainability, and digital transformation. While there are challenges, the industry is expected to grow as car manufacturers adapt to new technologies and customer demands.

Thank you for listening. Do you have any questions?

Version with Placeholders for the Japanese Car Market

The Japanese Car Market

Good evening, everyone. Today, I would like to introduce the Japanese car market and discuss its key trends and developments.

Market Overview

The Japanese car market is one of the [largest/smallest/fastest-growing] in the world. In [year], over [number] new cars were sold in Japan. The industry is highly competitive, with leading car manufacturers such as [Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mazda, Subaru]. These companies produce a wide range of vehicles, from [small city cars/electric vehicles/luxury cars/trucks].

Trends in the Japanese Car Market

In recent years, the Japanese car market has seen a major shift toward [electric/hybrid/compact] vehicles. Due to strict [government regulations/environmental policies/customer demand], many car manufacturers are investing in [electric vehicle (EV) technology/hybrid cars/autonomous driving]. In fact, by [year], the sale of new [petrol/diesel] cars may be [banned/restricted] in Japan.

Another key trend is the rise of [car-sharing/mobility services/self-driving technology]. Many cities in Japan are promoting [public transport/sharing services/smart transportation systems] to reduce [traffic congestion/pollution/car ownership].

Challenges in the Industry

One of the biggest challenges in the Japanese car market is [rising production costs/supply chain disruptions/changing consumer preferences]. The global [shortage of semiconductors/increasing fuel prices] has affected car production, leading to [longer waiting times/higher costs/lower sales].

Another challenge is the competition from [foreign car manufacturers/local competitors], especially from [Europe, China, Korea]. Companies such as [Volkswagen, Tesla, Hyundai] are expanding their presence in Japan by offering [affordable/luxury/advanced electric] vehicles.

Future Outlook

The future of the Japanese car market will be shaped by [technological advancements/government policies/environmental initiatives]. Car manufacturers are developing [self-driving cars/hydrogen-powered vehicles/new battery technologies]. The government continues to provide [subsidies/tax benefits/incentives] for consumers to switch to [electric/hybrid cars].

Conclusion

In summary, the Japanese car market is undergoing significant changes, with a strong focus on [electric mobility, sustainability, digital transformation]. While there are challenges, the industry is expected to grow as car manufacturers adapt to [new technologies/customer demands].

Thank you for listening. Do you have any questions?

The Achievements of European History

Good evening, everyone. Today, I would like to talk about the achievements of European history. Over many centuries, Europe has been a center of creativity, business, and innovation. Many important inventions, works of art, and scientific discoveries have come from this region.

Creativity and Art

Europe is famous for its art and architecture. Many famous artists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Vincent van Gogh, created beautiful paintings and sculptures that are admired around the world. Europe is also home to famous buildings, such as the Eiffel Tower in France, the Colosseum in Italy, and the Parthenon in Greece. These landmarks show the creativity and skill of European architects.

Europe also has a strong tradition of music and literature. Many great composers, such as Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach, wrote music that is still performed today. Famous writers, such as Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, and J.K. Rowling, have created stories that are loved by people all over the world.

Business and Innovation

Europe has played an important role in global business. Some of the world’s biggest companies, such as Siemens, BMW, and Louis Vuitton, started in Europe. Many European cities, like London, Paris, and Berlin, are major financial and business centers.

European scientists and inventors have also changed the world. Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor, created the printing press, which made books available to more people. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, making communication easier. The Wright brothers, who had European heritage, built the first successful airplane.

Science and Technology

European scientists have made important discoveries in medicine, physics, and chemistry. Marie Curie, a Polish scientist, discovered radiation, which is used in medicine today. Isaac Newton, an English scientist, explained the laws of gravity and motion.

Today, Europe continues to be a leader in technology and space exploration. The European Space Agency (ESA) helps develop space technology and satellites.

Conclusion

In summary, Europe has a long history of achievements in art, business, science, and technology. The creativity and hard work of its people have made a big impact on the world. I hope you found this presentation interesting.

Thank you for listening. Do you have any questions?

Version with Placeholders for Japanese History

The Achievements of Japanese History

Good evening, everyone. Today, I would like to talk about the achievements of Japanese history. Over many centuries, Japan has been a center of creativity, business, and innovation. Many important inventions, works of art, and scientific discoveries have come from this country.

Creativity and Art

Japan is famous for its art and architecture. Many famous artists, such as Hokusai and Sesshū Tōyō, created beautiful paintings and woodblock prints that are admired around the world. Japan is also home to famous buildings, such as the Kinkaku-ji Temple, Himeji Castle, and Tokyo Tower. These landmarks show the creativity and skill of Japanese architects.

Japan also has a strong tradition of music and literature. Many great musicians, such as Tōru Takemitsu and Joe Hisaishi, wrote music that is loved today. Famous writers, such as Murasaki Shikibu and Haruki Murakami, have created stories that are enjoyed by people all over the world.

Business and Innovation

Japan has played an important role in global business. Some of the world’s biggest companies, such as Toyota, Sony, and Nintendo, started in Japan. Many Japanese cities, like Tokyo, Osaka, and Yokohama, are major financial and business centers.

Japanese scientists and inventors have also changed the world. Kōnosuke Matsushita, the founder of Panasonic, helped develop modern electronics. Akio Morita, the co-founder of Sony, played a key role in making music portable with the Walkman. Shigeru Miyamoto created video games that are famous worldwide.

Science and Technology

Japanese scientists have made important discoveries in robotics, medicine, and engineering. Shinya Yamanaka discovered iPS cells, which help in medical research. Hideo Shima developed the Shinkansen (bullet train), changing transportation forever.

Today, Japan continues to be a leader in technology and space exploration. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) helps develop rockets, satellites, and space technology.

Conclusion

In summary, Japan has a long history of achievements in art, business, science, and technology. The creativity and hard work of its people have made a big impact on the world. I hope you found this presentation interesting.

Thank you for listening. Do you have any questions?

Lesson: The Negotiation

1. Vocabulary

Price (Noun)

The amount of money something costs.

"What is the price of this car?"

Budget (Noun)

The amount of money available to spend.

"My budget is between $3,000 and $6,000."

Offer (Noun/Verb)

A suggested price in a negotiation.

"I can offer you $5,500 for the car."

Counteroffer (Noun)

A response to an offer with a different price.

"Your offer is low. My counteroffer is $6,800."

Negotiate (Verb)

To discuss a price to reach an agreement.

"Can we negotiate the price?"

Warranty (Noun)

A guarantee for repairs within a certain time.

"Does this car come with a warranty?"

Down payment (Noun)

The first part of a payment when buying something expensive.

"I can make a down payment of $2,000 today."

Condition (Noun)

The state of something, especially if it is new or used.

"The condition of this car is excellent."

Features (Noun)

Extra options in a car (e.g., GPS, sunroof).

"Does the car have any special features?"

Final price (Noun)

The last agreed price after negotiation.

"Let’s decide on the final price."

2. Main Language (Key Expressions for Negotiation)

1. "I’m looking for a car within my budget of $X to $Y."

   • This helps the seller understand how much you can afford.

2. "Is that the best price you can offer?"

   • A polite way to ask if the seller can lower the price.

3. "I like the car, but the price is too high. Can you lower it?"

   • Shows interest but also asks for a discount.

4. "If you include [feature], I’m willing to pay more."

   • Used to negotiate extras, such as a warranty or free servicing.

5. "Let’s meet in the middle at $X."

   • Suggests a compromise between the buyer’s and seller’s prices.

3. The Negotiation

Salesperson: Good afternoon! How can I help you today?

Customer: Hi! I’m looking for a used car within my budget of $3,000 to $6,000. Do you have anything available?

Salesperson: Yes! We have this 2015 sedan. It’s in great condition and has excellent features, including a sunroof and a rear camera. The price is $7,500.

Customer: Hmm, that’s higher than my budget. Is that the best price you can offer?

Salesperson: Well, I can negotiate a little. What is your offer?

Customer: I really like the car, but if you lowered the price to $5,000, I would buy it today.

Salesperson: That’s quite low. If I sold it for $5,000, I wouldn’t make a profit. How about a counteroffer of $6,800?

Customer: That’s still a bit expensive for me. If you included a one-year warranty, I might consider $6,000.

Salesperson: Hmm… That’s a fair point. If I give you a one-year warranty, will you make a higher down payment today?

Customer: Sure! If I pay $2,500 today, can we agree on $6,200 as the final price?

Salesperson: Alright, let’s meet in the middle at $6,200 with a one-year warranty.

Customer: That sounds fair. But can you also include free servicing for six months?

Salesperson: I’ll tell you what. If you agree to $6,300, I’ll include the free servicing.

Customer: Deal! The final price is $6,300 with a one-year warranty and six months of free servicing.

Salesperson: Great! Let’s fill out the paperwork.

Key Words and Phrases

1. Connection (noun) - The link between devices for communication. Example: "I think my internet connection is weak."

2. Lag (noun/verb) - A delay in video or audio. Example: "There is a lag in the audio."

3. Mute (verb/adjective) - To turn off sound. Example: "Your microphone is on mute."

4. Glitch (noun) - A small problem in a system. Example: "There was a glitch in the software."

5. Reconnect (verb) - To connect again. Example: "Let me reconnect to the meeting."

6. Bandwidth (noun) - Internet speed and capacity. Example: "Low bandwidth can cause video issues."

7. Frozen (adjective) - When a screen stops moving. Example: "Your screen is frozen."

8. Echo (noun/verb) - Repeating sound in a call. Example: "I can hear an echo."

9. Troubleshoot (verb) - To find and fix problems. Example: "Let’s troubleshoot the issue."

10. Audio (noun) - Sound in a call. Example: "Your audio is not clear."

10 Common Questions and Answers for Technical Problems

1. Q: Can you hear me? A: No, your microphone might be on mute.

2. Q: Your screen is frozen. Can you try reconnecting? A: Sure, I’ll leave the meeting and rejoin.

3. Q: There is a lag in your video. Do you have a stable connection? A: Yes, but I will check my Wi-Fi.

4. Q: Your audio is cutting out. Can you repeat that? A: Sorry, I’ll try using headphones.

5. Q: I hear an echo. Do you have multiple devices connected? A: Yes, I’ll disconnect one of them.

6. Q: The video is blurry. Can you check your bandwidth? A: I will close other apps to free up bandwidth.

7. Q: Your microphone is too quiet. Can you adjust the volume? A: I’ll increase the volume in my settings.

8. Q: The screen share isn’t working. Have you enabled permissions? A: Let me check my settings.

9. Q: The call dropped. What happened? A: My internet disconnected, but I’m back now.

10. Q: Should we reschedule due to these issues? A: Let’s try troubleshooting first.

Conversation: Solving Technical Issues in an Online Meeting

Emma: Hi Mark, can you hear me?

Mark: I think you’re on mute. I can’t hear anything.

Emma: Oh, sorry! I had my microphone off. Can you hear me now?

Mark: Yes, much better. But your video is frozen.

Emma: Really? Let me try reconnecting. One second.

(Emma leaves and rejoins the meeting.)

Emma: Okay, I’m back. Is my video working now?

Mark: Yes, but there’s a lag in the audio.

Emma: Hmm, maybe my connection is weak. I’ll check my Wi-Fi.

Mark: Good idea. Also, I hear an echo. Do you have another device connected?

Emma: Oh, yes! My phone is also in the meeting. I’ll disconnect it.

Mark: Great! Now, let’s start the presentation. Can you share your screen?

Emma: Sure, one moment… Oh, it says I need permission to share my screen.

Mark: Check your settings. You may need to enable screen sharing.

Emma: Okay, I changed it. Can you see my screen now?

Mark: Yes, perfect! Let’s continue.

Conversation Questions About Technical Problems

1. Have you ever had technical problems in an online meeting? What happened?

2. What do you usually do when your internet connection is slow?

3. How do you feel when technical issues interrupt a meeting?

4. What advice would you give to someone experiencing technical problems?

5. Do you prefer online meetings or in-person meetings? Why?

Useful Vocabulary and Language

1. Baseball - A sport played with a bat and a ball between two teams.
   Example: "Baseball is a popular sport in the United States."

2. Bat - A wooden or metal stick used to hit the ball.
   Example: "The player swung the bat and hit the ball."

3. Ball - A small round object thrown by the pitcher.
   Example: "The pitcher threw the ball very fast."

4. Pitcher - The player who throws the ball to the batter.
   Example: "The pitcher is an important player in baseball."

5. Batter - The player who tries to hit the ball with a bat.
   Example: "The batter hit the ball far into the field."

6. Strike - When the batter misses the ball or does not swing at a good pitch.
   Example: "The batter had two strikes and one more would mean he was out."

7. Home Run - When the batter hits the ball out of the field and scores a point.
   Example: "He hit a home run and the crowd cheered."

8. Bases - The four points on the field that players run to after hitting the ball.
   Example: "The player ran to first base after hitting the ball."

9. Catcher - The player who stands behind the batter and catches the ball from the pitcher.
   Example: "The catcher wears protective gear."

10. Out - When a batter or runner is removed from the play.
    Example: "The runner was out before he reached the base."

The Rules of Baseball

Baseball is a team sport played between two teams of nine players. The game takes place on a field with four bases arranged in a diamond shape. One team plays offense and tries to score runs, while the other team plays defense and tries to prevent runs.

Each game has nine innings. In an inning, both teams take turns batting and fielding. The pitcher throws the ball to the batter, who tries to hit it. If the batter hits the ball, they run to first base. They can continue running to the other bases if they have time before the ball is returned.

If a batter misses three good pitches, they are "out." If the ball is caught before it touches the ground, the batter is also out. When three batters from one team are out, the teams switch sides.

A run is scored when a player runs around all four bases and reaches home plate. If a batter hits the ball out of the field, it is called a "home run," and they automatically score.

The team with the most runs at the end of nine innings wins the game.

Conversation: Andy and John Talk About Baseball

Andy: Hey John, I heard baseball is popular, but I don’t know anything about it. Can you explain it to me?

John: Sure! Baseball is a game played between two teams. Each team takes turns batting and fielding.

Andy: What does the batter do?

John: The batter tries to hit the ball that the pitcher throws. If they hit it, they run to the bases to score points.

Andy: What happens if they miss?

John: If they miss three times, it’s a "strikeout," and they are out.

Andy: How do you win the game?

John: The team with the most runs after nine innings wins.

Andy: What is a home run?

John: A home run is when the batter hits the ball out of the field, and they can run around all the bases and score immediately.

Andy: That sounds exciting! I want to watch a game now.

John: You should! It’s a great sport to watch and play.

Conversation Questions About Baseball

1. Have you ever played baseball? If not, would you like to try?

2. What is your favorite sport? How is it different from baseball?

3. Why do you think baseball is popular in some countries but not in others?

4. What skills do you need to be a good baseball player?

5. Do you prefer watching sports or playing them? Why?

Vocabulary: 15 Words to Describe Food

1. Sweet (adjective) – having a sugary taste.

   • Example: The cake is very sweet because it has a lot of sugar.

2. Salty (adjective) – containing or tasting like salt.

   • Example: The fries are a little too salty for me.

3. Spicy (adjective) – having a strong, hot flavor from spices.

   • Example: The curry is very spicy, so be careful if you don’t like hot food.

4. Bitter (adjective) – having a sharp, sometimes unpleasant taste (like coffee or dark chocolate).

   • Example: The coffee is a bit bitter without sugar.

5. Sour (adjective) – having an acidic taste, like lemons or vinegar.

   • Example: The lemonade is too sour for me.

6. Savory (adjective) – having a salty or spicy flavor, not sweet.

   • Example: The soup is very savory and full of herbs.

7. Crispy (adjective) – firm and crunchy when you bite into it.

   • Example: The fried chicken is crispy and golden brown.

8. Tender (adjective) – soft and easy to chew, often used for meat.

   • Example: The steak is very tender and juicy.

9. Juicy (adjective) – full of natural liquid, often used for fruit and meat.

   • Example: The grilled chicken is very juicy and flavorful.

10. Crunchy (adjective) – making a loud sound when bitten, like fresh vegetables or chips.

• Example: The salad is fresh and crunchy.

11. Creamy (adjective) – smooth and thick, often containing dairy.

• Example: The pasta sauce is rich and creamy.

12. Grilled (adjective) – cooked over fire or hot metal bars.

• Example: The grilled fish has a nice smoky flavor.

13. Boiled (adjective) – cooked in hot water.

• Example: The boiled vegetables are soft and healthy.

14. Fried (adjective) – cooked in hot oil.

• Example: The fried rice is very tasty with soy sauce and vegetables.

15. Roasted (adjective) – cooked in an oven or over an open fire.

• Example: The roasted potatoes are crispy on the outside and soft inside.

Conversation: Andy at a Restaurant

Waiter: Good evening, sir. Welcome to Gourmet Bistro. May I take your order?

Andy: Good evening! I have a few questions before I decide.

Waiter: Of course! I’d be happy to help.

Andy: Could you tell me about the special dish of the day?

Waiter: Yes, today’s special is grilled salmon with roasted vegetables and a creamy lemon sauce.

Andy: That sounds nice. Is the salmon spicy?

Waiter: No, it’s lightly seasoned with herbs, but not spicy.

Andy: How is the sauce? Is it very rich?

Waiter: It’s creamy, but not too heavy. The lemon gives it a fresh, slightly tangy taste.

Andy: That sounds great! What about the steak? Is it tender?

Waiter: Yes, the steak is very tender, and you can choose how you’d like it cooked—rare, medium, or well-done.

Andy: Good to know. And are the vegetables fried or roasted?

Waiter: They are roasted with olive oil and herbs. They are slightly crispy on the outside and soft inside.

Andy: That sounds perfect. One last question—what drink would you recommend with the salmon?

Waiter: A glass of white wine or a refreshing iced tea would pair well with the dish.

Andy: I’ll have the grilled salmon with iced tea, please.

Waiter: Excellent choice! I’ll bring your order shortly.

10 Questions to Get Information About Food (with Sample Answers)

1. What are the main ingredients in this dish?

   • The dish contains chicken, garlic, and fresh vegetables.

2. How is this dish prepared?

   • The fish is grilled and served with a lemon butter sauce.

3. Is this dish spicy?

   • No, it’s mild, but we can add spice if you like.

4. Does this dish contain any dairy or nuts?

   • Yes, it has cheese and cream, but no nuts.

5. What’s the most popular dish on the menu?

   • Our most popular dish is the roasted lamb with garlic sauce.

6. Is this meal healthy?

   • Yes, it’s made with fresh ingredients and has little oil.

7. Can I have this without salt?

   • Yes, we can prepare it with less salt if you prefer.

8. What dessert would you recommend?

   • I recommend the chocolate mousse. It’s very creamy and delicious.

9. How big is the portion size?

   • The portion is medium-sized, enough for one person.

10. What’s the best drink to go with this meal?

• A fresh juice or iced tea would pair well with your meal.

How to Describe a Product

1. Warm-Up

Ask students:

1. What’s your favorite product? Why do you like it?

2. Can you describe one product you use every day?

2. Key Vocabulary 

• Brand (e.g., Apple, Samsung, Nike)

• Features (e.g., camera, screen size, battery life)

• Price (e.g., $500, affordable, expensive)

• Size (e.g., small, large, compact)

• Color (e.g., black, white, red)

• Function (e.g., for taking photos, for listening to music)

• Material (e.g., metal, plastic, leather)

3. Describing a Product 

Step 1: Introduce the product
Step 2: Talk about the brand
Step 3: Mention key features (size, material, color)
Step 4: Talk about the price
Step 5: Optional: Special functions or any other information

Example (iPhone):

This is an iPhone.

It’s made by Apple.

The screen is 6.1 inches, and it comes in black, white, and blue.

The battery lasts up to 20 hours, and it has a high-resolution camera.

The price is around $799.

4. Practice: Ask and Answer Questions

Example Questions:

1. What’s the brand of the product?
   Answer: It’s Apple.

2. What are the main features?
   Answer: It has a large screen, fast processor, and good camera.

3. What colors are available?
   Answer: It’s available in black, silver, and blue.

4. How much does it cost?
   Answer: It costs $799.

5. What is special about it?
   Answer: It has wireless charging and face recognition.

5. Role Play Activity

Example:

Salesperson: “Hello! How can I help you today?”

Customer: “I’m looking for a new phone. Can you tell me about this one?”

Salesperson: “Sure! This is the latest Samsung Galaxy. It has a 6.5-inch screen, 128GB storage, and comes in black and blue. The price is $699.”

Customer: “That sounds good! What about the camera?”

Salesperson: “It has a 48-megapixel camera for clear photos and videos.”

Customer: “Great! I’ll take it.”

Self-Introduction Template

1. Greeting and Name
Hello, everyone! My name is __________. You can call me __________ if that’s easier to say.

2. Geographical Information
I am from __________ (city/town), which is located in __________ (country/region).
It is a __________ (small/big/beautiful/quiet) place, and I really like it because __________.
Right now, I live in __________ (city/town), where I moved __________ (how long ago).

3. Job/Occupation or School Information
I work as a __________ (job title) at __________ (company name), and I have been working there for __________ (how long).
OR
I am a student at __________ (school/university name), studying __________ (subject/major).
I enjoy my work/studies because __________.

4. Hobbies and Interests
In my free time, I like to __________ (hobby #1) and __________ (hobby #2).
For example, I usually __________ (specific activity, e.g., go hiking, play the piano) on weekends.
I’m also very interested in __________ (specific interest or passion, e.g., traveling, learning languages, cooking).

5. Family or Friends (Optional)
I live with __________ (family members or friends).
We enjoy spending time together by __________ (activity, e.g., watching movies, having dinner).

6. Future Goals
In the future, I hope to __________ (goal #1) and __________ (goal #2).
One of my dreams is to __________ (specific dream, e.g., visit a country, learn a skill).

7. Closing
Thank you for listening to my self-introduction. I’m looking forward to getting to know all of you better!

Naomi: Good morning, Andy. It’s great to see you again. Did you have any trouble finding our office?

Andy: Good morning, Naomi. Thanks for having me. No, it was easy to get here. Your directions were very clear.

Naomi: I’m glad to hear that. How was your flight?

Andy: It was good, thank you. A bit long, but I had time to read a book, so it wasn’t too bad.

Naomi: That’s great. What book were you reading?

Andy: Oh, it’s a business book about negotiation strategies. I thought it might help me today.

Naomi: That’s a good choice! Speaking of negotiation, let’s get started. The purpose of today’s meeting is to discuss how we can work together on the new project.

Andy: Yes, I’m excited to hear your ideas. I know we both want to create a win-win situation.

Naomi: Absolutely. We’ve reviewed your proposal, and it looks very promising. Our goal is to find a pricing structure and timeline that works for both sides.

Andy: That sounds good. From our side, we’re looking for a long-term partnership, so we’re open to flexibility if it helps us achieve that.

Naomi: That’s great to hear. We value long-term relationships too. I’d like to suggest we start by discussing the timeline. Would that work for you?

Andy: Yes, that’s fine. The timeline is a key point for us because we have other projects running at the same time.

Naomi: I understand. We’ve prepared a few options based on your needs. Let me share them with you, and we can adjust as needed.

Andy: Perfect. I appreciate your preparation. Let’s take a look.

Naomi: Great. I’ll walk you through it, and we can discuss your feedback.

Comprehension Questions:

1. Why is Andy excited about the meeting?

2. What is Naomi's goal for the negotiation?

3. What does Andy say is important for his side during the negotiation?

Key Vocabulary and Definitions:

1. Negotiate (verb): To discuss something in order to reach an agreement.

   • Example: "We need to negotiate the timeline and pricing."

2. Proposal (noun): A plan or suggestion, especially in business.

   • Example: "We’ve reviewed your proposal, and it looks very promising."

3. Promising (adjective): Showing signs of future success or potential.

   • Example: "Your proposal looks very promising."

4. Partnership (noun): A relationship where two people or organizations work together.

   • Example: "We’re looking for a long-term partnership."

5. Timeline (noun): A schedule or plan showing when events will happen.

   • Example: "The timeline is a key point for us."

6. Flexibility (noun): The ability to change or adapt to different situations.

   • Example: "We’re open to flexibility if it helps us achieve that."

7. Valuable (adjective): Very important or useful.

   • Example: "We value long-term relationships too."

8. Feedback (noun): Opinions or comments about something to improve it.

   • Example: "We can discuss your feedback."

9. Prepare (verb): To get ready for something.

   • Example: "We’ve prepared a few options based on your needs."

10. Adjust (verb): To change something slightly to make it better or more suitable.

• Example: "We can adjust as needed."

Andy: Hi, Tom. I was thinking about something—do you prefer living in the city or the countryside?

Tom: That’s an interesting question. I think I prefer living in the countryside. It’s peaceful, and the fresh air is amazing. What about you?

Andy: I’d say I prefer the city. There are so many things to do—restaurants, museums, and events. Don’t you think the city is more exciting?

Tom: I agree it’s exciting, but it can also be noisy and crowded. For example, when I visited the city last month, the traffic was terrible.

Andy: That’s true. Traffic can be stressful. But in the city, everything is so convenient. You can find shops, schools, and hospitals nearby.

Tom: You’re right about that. Still, in the countryside, you have more space and a slower pace of life. It’s a great place to relax and enjoy nature.

Andy: That’s a good point. But don’t you feel isolated in the countryside? I mean, in the city, you can meet people from all over the world and experience different cultures.

Tom: That’s a big advantage of city life, but the countryside is more affordable. Housing and living costs are usually lower.

Andy: That’s true. I guess it really depends on what someone values more—convenience or calmness.

Tom: Exactly. Both have their pros and cons.

Key Vocabulary

1. Countryside (noun): A rural area with open spaces and nature.

   • Example: "The countryside is peaceful and quiet."

2. City (noun): A large town with many people, buildings, and activities.

   • Example: "Living in the city is exciting but busy."

3. Traffic (noun): Cars and vehicles on the road, often causing delays.

   • Example: "Traffic in the city can be stressful."

4. Convenient (adjective): Easy to access or use.

   • Example: "The city is convenient because everything is close."

5. Crowded (adjective): Having too many people in one place.

   • Example: "The city can feel crowded during rush hours."

6. Affordable (adjective): Not expensive, reasonable in price.

   • Example: "Houses in the countryside are more affordable."

7. Pace (noun): The speed of life or activities.

   • Example: "The countryside has a slower pace of life."

8. Culture (noun): Traditions, arts, and ideas of a place or group.

   • Example: "The city offers a mix of different cultures."

9. Relax (verb): To rest or take it easy.

   • Example: "The countryside is a perfect place to relax."

10. Isolated (adjective): Far away from other places or people.

    • Example: "Some people feel isolated in the countryside."

Key Language

Asking for Opinions:

• "What do you think?"

• "Do you agree?"

Giving Opinions:

• "I think…"

• "In my opinion…"

Agreeing:

• "That’s true."

• "I agree with you."

Disagreeing:

• "I’m not sure about that."

• "I don’t really agree."

Giving Examples:

• "For example…"

• "Such as…"

Giving Contrast:

• "But…"

• "However…"

Stating Pros/Cons:

• "One advantage is…"

• "The downside is…"

Light Conversation Questions about Places to Live

1. Would you rather live in a small town or a big city? Why?

2. What do you think are the best things about living in the countryside?

3. How do you feel about living in a place with lots of people?

4. What’s your dream place to live—by the beach, in the mountains, or in a city?

5. Have you ever visited a place that you thought would be perfect to live in?

Hello, I’m Alex Carter, and I work at Microsoft as a Senior Sales Representative. I specialize in helping businesses adopt cutting-edge technology solutions to improve their efficiency and productivity.

I’ve been with Microsoft for over five years, and during that time, I’ve worked with clients across various industries, including retail and healthcare. My role involves understanding our clients' needs and recommending tools, like Microsoft 365 and Azure, that can transform their operations.

I’m passionate about building long-term partnerships with customers and ensuring they achieve their goals through our innovative products. Outside of work, I enjoy traveling, learning about emerging technologies, and mentoring new sales professionals.

It’s great to meet you, and I’d be happy to discuss how we can support your business with Microsoft’s solutions.

Microsoft Company Profile

Microsoft is a global technology company that was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. The company’s headquarters is located in Redmond, Washington, USA. Microsoft is one of the largest and most successful technology companies in the world.

Microsoft creates and sells software, hardware, and cloud services. Its most well-known product is Microsoft Windows, an operating system used by millions of people. The company also offers Microsoft 365, which includes tools like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, and provides cloud computing services through Microsoft Azure.

The CEO of Microsoft is Satya Nadella, who has been leading the company since 2014. Under his leadership, Microsoft has focused on cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and sustainable business practices.

Microsoft employs over 220,000 people in more than 190 countries. The company is also known for its commitment to diversity, inclusion, and innovation.

If you would like to learn more about Microsoft or its products, you can visit the company’s website at www.microsoft.com.

Andy: Good morning, Steve. How are you today?

Steve: Good morning, Andy. I’m doing well, thank you. How about you?

Andy: I’m doing well, too. Thank you for asking. I wanted to confirm our meeting for December 10th. We are scheduled to meet from 10:00 to 12:00. Is this time still convenient for you?

Steve: Actually, Andy, I have another meeting scheduled at 11:00 on that day. Would it be possible to move our meeting to 10:00 to 11:00 instead?

Andy: I see. No problem at all. My schedule is quite flexible, so I can adjust the timing. 10:00 to 11:00 works for me.

Steve: Great! Thank you for your understanding. I appreciate it.

Andy: You’re welcome, Steve. I’ll update the calendar invitation with the new time. I look forward to our meeting.

Steve: Perfect. I will see you then. Have a good day, Andy.

Andy: You too, Steve. Take care!

Mr. Smith: Good afternoon, Mr. Watanabe. It’s a pleasure to meet you.

Mr. Watanabe: Good afternoon, Mr. Smith. The pleasure is mine. I have heard much about your company.

Mr. Smith: Thank you, Mr. Watanabe. That’s very kind of you to say. If I may, I’d like to offer you my business card.

Mr. Watanabe: Of course, Mr. Smith. I’d be honored to receive it. [He hands his business card with both hands, slightly bowing.]

Mr. Smith: Thank you. [He takes the card respectfully, holding it with both hands and taking a moment to look at it before carefully putting it in his wallet.] Here is my card. [He hands his business card with both hands as well.]

Mr. Watanabe: Thank you very much, Mr. Smith. I will keep your card in a safe place.

Mr. Smith: I appreciate that, Mr. Watanabe. I look forward to discussing potential opportunities with you in the near future.

Mr. Watanabe: Likewise, Mr. Smith. I am looking forward to our collaboration. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you need anything.

Mr. Smith: Thank you. I’ll be in touch soon. It was a pleasure meeting you, Mr. Watanabe.

Mr. Watanabe: The pleasure was mine, Mr. Smith. Have a great day.

Here are the essentials:

• Could you say that again?

• Could you speak more slowly/clearly/loudly?

• Could you spell that?

• Did you say 13 or 30?

Here’s a list of useful English phrases for checking and clarifying information, organized from basic to advanced techniques:

Basic Techniques

1. General Clarification:

   • "Sorry, I didn’t catch that. Can you say it again?"

   • "Could you repeat that, please?"

   • "What do you mean by [word/phrase]?"

   • "Can you explain that again?"

2. Checking Understanding:

   • "Do you mean…?"

   • "So, you’re saying…?"

   • "Is that correct?"

   • "Am I right in thinking…?"

3. Simple Confirmation:

   • "Is that right?"

   • "Did I understand you correctly?"

   • "Are you sure?"

Intermediate Techniques

4. Rephrasing to Confirm:

   • "Let me see if I understand this correctly."

   • "In other words, you mean…"

   • "So, what you’re trying to say is…"

5. Asking for Details:

   • "Could you clarify [specific part]?"

   • "What exactly do you mean by [term]?"

   • "Can you give an example of that?"

6. Confirming with Politeness:

   • "If I understood you right, you’re saying…"

   • "Would you mind explaining that again?"

   • "Just to confirm, do you mean…?"

Advanced Techniques

7. Active Listening:

   • "It sounds like you’re saying [summarized point]. Is that correct?"

   • "From what I understand, you mean…"

   • "So, to summarize, you’re saying…"

8. Hypothetical Checking:

   • "If I were to [action], would that be correct based on what you said?"

   • "Are you suggesting that if [situation], then [outcome]?"

9. Diplomatic Clarification:

   • "I might have misunderstood, but did you mean…?"

   • "Could you perhaps elaborate on [specific point]?"

   • "Would you mind expanding on that idea a bit?"

10. Dealing with Ambiguity:

• "I’m not sure I completely understand. Could you explain it in another way?"

• "I’m not clear on [specific part]. Could you go over it again?"

• "Can we go over that step by step?"

11. Confirming Nuances or Emphasis:

• "Are you emphasizing [specific point] over [another point]?"

• "Do you mean this in the sense of [interpretation] or [another interpretation]?"

• "Would you say this applies to [specific context] as well?"

Bonus Tips for Politeness:

• Add "please" or "if you don’t mind" to soften requests:

  • "Could you repeat that, please?"

  • "If you don’t mind, could you clarify [specific part]?"

• Use tentative language to avoid sounding accusatory:

  • "I might be wrong, but did you mean…?"

  • "I’m not sure I understood correctly, but are you saying…?"

This range of expressions helps in various contexts, from casual conversations to professional meetings.