The history of glass bottles stretches back thousands of years. The first glass containers were created in Mesopotamia and Egypt more than 3,000 years ago. At that time, glass was shaped around a clay core and was considered valuable, often used to store perfumes or oils. These early glass vessels were luxury items, available only to the wealthy.

A major achievement came during the Roman Empire, around the first century BCE, when glassblowing was discovered. This method allowed artisans to shape glass more quickly and in larger quantities. As a result, glass bottles became more common, and their use spread widely across Europe and the Middle East. Glassblowing made bottles practical and affordable, changing them from luxury items into everyday containers.

Over the centuries, glass production techniques improved. By the 17th and 18th centuries, factories in Europe were producing bottles with stronger shapes and clearer surfaces. Bottles were used to store wine, beer, medicine, and many other goods. However, production still relied heavily on manual labor, which limited supply.

The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century brought great innovation. In 1903, an American inventor named Michael Owens developed the first automatic bottle-making machine. This invention allowed thousands of bottles to be produced daily, transforming glass production into an industry. Bottles became more consistent in size and cheaper to make, which helped the growth of the food and beverage industries.

Despite these achievements, the glass bottle industry has faced problems. Glass is heavy and fragile, making it expensive to transport. In the 20th century, plastic bottles became popular because they were lighter and stronger. As a result, glass lost its dominant position in the packaging market. Environmental concerns also created difficulties, since producing glass requires high temperatures and significant energy.

Today, innovations are giving glass bottles new life. Recycling methods are improving, making glass a more sustainable material. Modern production techniques allow bottles to be stronger while using less material. In addition, some consumers prefer glass because it does not affect the taste of drinks, unlike plastic or metal. Looking to the future, glass bottles may become more important again as people demand eco-friendly packaging.

The story of glass bottles is one of invention, achievement, challenge, and renewal. From ancient Mesopotamia to modern recycling plants, glass bottles remain a symbol of human creativity and adaptability.

Vocabulary (with definitions)

luxury – something expensive and not necessary but very nice to have

artisans – skilled workers who make things by hand

practical – useful and suitable for everyday life

manual labor – physical work done by people, not machines

innovation – a new idea or method

fragile – easily broken or damaged

sustainable – able to continue without harming the environment

adaptability – the ability to change and adjust to new situations

Useful Language (expressions)

spread widely – to become common in many places
Example: Smartphones spread widely in the early 2000s.

limited supply – not available in large amounts
Example: Fresh water is a limited supply in some desert countries.

gave new life – made something popular or important again
Example: Online platforms gave new life to traditional board games.

dominant position – having the strongest influence or control
Example: One company holds a dominant position in the car market.

symbol of – something that represents an important idea
Example: The dove is a symbol of peace.

Conversation Questions

What is a product you always recycle, and why?

Do you prefer to drink from glass, plastic, or cans?

What invention do you think changed the world the most?

Have you ever visited a factory or production site? Describe it.

Do you think the future will focus more on technology or on protecting the environment?

Electric vehicles (EVs), hybrids, gasoline-powered cars, and hydrogen vehicles each represent significant developments in transport technology. They all use different energy sources and mechanical systems, leading to unique advantages and disadvantages that affect drivers, the environment, and future mobility.

Electric vehicles operate using energy stored in batteries, which power an electric motor. People usually charge these vehicles at home or at charging stations. One major benefit of EVs is that they produce zero tailpipe emissions, which makes them much better for air quality, especially in cities. They are quiet to drive and often require less maintenance than traditional cars because they have fewer moving parts. However, EVs can be expensive to buy, even though their running costs are lower. Battery range—how far you can travel on a single charge—can be a problem for some drivers, especially if there are not enough charging points.

Hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The car can switch between the two or even use them together. This combination means that hybrids are much more fuel-efficient and produce lower emissions compared to gasoline cars, especially in city traffic. Another advantage is that you do not need to plug them in—the battery charges automatically while driving. Still, hybrids are generally more expensive than regular cars, and the environmental impact, while smaller, is not eliminated. Additionally, replacing the battery can be costly after several years.

Gasoline vehicles are the most established type and rely on burning fuel in an engine to create the power needed to move. They remain popular because it is easy to find fuel, they are typically less expensive to purchase, and the technology is well-understood. However, their engines release greenhouse gases and other pollutants that are harmful to health and the environment. Furthermore, as governments begin to introduce stricter rules on emissions, traditional cars may become less attractive or even banned in some areas in the future.

Hydrogen vehicles are less common, but they have the potential to offer quick refueling and long driving ranges. These vehicles use hydrogen gas in a fuel cell to make electricity, which powers an electric motor. The only emission is water vapor, so there is no air pollution from the vehicle itself. However, producing hydrogen fuel can be energy-intensive, especially if it comes from fossil fuels, and there are still very few places to refuel hydrogen cars.

To summarize, each of these vehicle types offers different solutions to modern transport needs. Electric and hydrogen vehicles are cleaner, but they depend heavily on infrastructure improvements and further technological advances. Hybrids serve as a step towards cleaner transport, while gasoline vehicles remain convenient but are less sustainable in the long term.

Challenging Vocabulary:

• tailpipe emissions: gases and particles that come out of a vehicle’s exhaust

• fuel cell: a device that produces electricity through a chemical reaction

• maintenance: work done regularly to keep a car functioning well

• sustainable: causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time

• pollutant: a substance that harms air, water, or land

Discussion questions:

1. How might cities encourage drivers to choose more environmentally friendly vehicles?

2. What challenges do you think governments face when introducing new fuel technologies?

3. In what situations do you think gasoline vehicles will still be necessary in the future?

4. What kind of improvements could make electric vehicles more popular worldwide?

5. How important is individual choice in the transition to cleaner transport?

The History of Aviation

Aviation is the science and activity of flying aircraft. The history of aviation is full of amazing achievements and brave inventors. Let’s explore how people learned to fly, from the first ideas to today’s modern airplanes.

Early Dreams of Flight

People have dreamed of flying for thousands of years. Ancient stories talk about people who tried to fly with wings made of feathers or cloth. However, these early attempts were not successful.

The First Successful Flight

The real history of aviation began in the early 20th century. In 1903, the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, built the first airplane that could fly. Their plane, called the Wright Flyer, flew for 12 seconds in North Carolina, USA. This was a very important moment in history.

Great Achievements in Aviation

After the Wright brothers, many inventors and pilots made new records. In 1927, Charles Lindbergh flew alone across the Atlantic Ocean from New York to Paris. This was the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic and made Lindbergh a hero.

In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. She inspired many people, especially women, to become pilots.

During World War II, airplanes became very important for fighting and travel. Jet engines were invented, making planes faster and more powerful.

Modern Aviation

Today, aviation is a big part of our lives. People travel around the world in large passenger planes. The invention of the jumbo jet, like the Boeing 747 in 1969, made it possible for more people to fly long distances.

Aviation has also helped us explore space. The first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong, was a pilot before he became an astronaut.

Now, new technology is making flying safer and more comfortable. Some companies are even working on electric airplanes to help the environment.

Conclusion

Aviation has changed the world. From the Wright brothers’ first flight to today’s modern jets, flying has become a normal part of life. The story of aviation shows how human dreams and hard work can make the impossible possible.

Vocabulary List

achievement (noun): something important or difficult that is done successfully

inventors (noun): people who create new things or ideas

passenger (noun): a person who travels in a vehicle but is not driving

nonstop (adjective): without stopping

inspired (verb): made someone want to do something

powerful (adjective): having a lot of strength or force

technology (noun): new machines or ways of doing things using science

environment (noun): the natural world around us

astronaut (noun): a person who travels in space

comfortable (adjective): making you feel relaxed and free from pain

Conversation Questions

1. Have you ever flown in an airplane? What was it like the first time?

2. Would you like to become a pilot? Why or why not?

3. What do you think is the most exciting thing about flying?

4. How do you feel when a plane takes off or lands?

5. Why do you think people wanted to fly in the past?

6. What are some advantages of traveling by plane?

7. Do you prefer window or aisle seats on a flight? Why?

8. What do you think airplanes will be like in the future?

9. Who is your favorite aviation hero or inventor?

10. How has aviation changed the way people live and work?

Different Types of Boats, Ships, and Yachts: Records, Achievements, and Disasters

Boats, ships, and yachts come in many forms and serve a wide range of purposes, from transportation and trade to adventure and luxury. Over the years, these vessels have set remarkable records, achieved historic milestones, and sometimes faced tragic disasters.

Types of Boats, Ships, and Yachts

• Boats are smaller watercraft, often used for fishing, recreation, or short-distance travel. Examples include kayaks, fishing boats, and speedboats.

• Ships are larger vessels designed for carrying passengers or cargo over long distances. Examples include cruise ships, cargo ships, and naval vessels.

• Yachts are often luxury boats or ships, used for pleasure cruising or racing. They can be powered by sails or engines.

World Records and Achievements

• Seawise Giant: The longest ship ever built, measuring 458.45 meters, delivered in 1979. It was the largest moving man-made object.

• Golden Horizon: The largest sailing vessel today, a five-mast barque 162.22 meters long, cruising at 16 knots.

• SS Robert E. Peary: Built in just 4 days, 15 hours, and 29 minutes in 1942, holding the record for fastest ship construction.

• CMA CGM Zephyr: The largest ship to transit the Panama Canal, weighing 154,995 tons (2022).

• Nuestra Señora de Atocha: A Spanish treasure galleon that sank in 1622 and was found in 1985 with a huge cargo of gold, silver, and emeralds.

• Banque Populaire V: Holds the fastest crewed transatlantic crossing record (multihull) at just over 3 days.

• Comanche: Holds the fastest crewed transatlantic crossing record (monohull) at about 5 days.

• IDEC Sport: Holds the Jules Verne Trophy for fastest circumnavigation of the globe by a sailing vessel in under 41 days.

• Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz: First woman to sail solo around the world.

• Kay Cottee: First woman to sail solo nonstop around the world.

• Helios: Holds the Guinness World Record for the most solar panels on a cargo ship.

Famous Maritime Disasters

• Titanic (1912): The British passenger liner sank after hitting an iceberg on its maiden voyage, with over 1,500 lives lost. It remains one of the most famous ship disasters.

• Nuestra Señora de Atocha (1622): Sank in a hurricane with only 5 survivors out of 265 people.

• Pamir (1957): Foundered while carrying barley.

• Albatross (1961): Sank after structural modifications.

• Marques (1984): Knocked down and sank.

• Pride of Baltimore (1986): Foundered in extreme weather.

• Maria Asumpta (1995): Wrecked on a lee shore.

Vocabulary List

Foundered (Verb): Filled with water and sank.

Knockdown (Noun): When a ship is tipped over by wind or waves.

Maiden voyage (Noun): The first journey made by a ship.

Circumnavigation (Noun): Sailing all the way around the world.

Barque (Noun): A sailing ship with three or more masts.

Deadweight tonnage (Noun): The maximum weight a ship can safely carry.

Hull (Noun): The main body of a ship or boat.

Cargo (Noun): Goods carried by a ship.

Solar panels (Noun): Devices that convert sunlight into electricity, used on some modern ships.

Shipwreck (Noun): The remains of a destroyed or sunken ship.

Conversation Questions

1. Have you ever traveled on a ship or a boat?
   Yes, I went on a ferry across the sea to another country.

2. What was the biggest ship or boat you have seen?
   I once saw a huge cruise ship at the port during a holiday.

3. Would you like to go on a cruise? Why or why not?
   Yes, because it looks relaxing and you can visit many places.

4. Have you ever felt seasick on a boat?
   Yes, I felt a little sick when the waves were very big.

5. What do you think is the most important safety rule on a boat?
   I think wearing a life jacket is the most important rule.

6. Do you prefer traveling by boat or by plane? Why?
   I prefer planes because they are faster, but boats are more comfortable.

7. Have you ever seen a shipwreck or heard stories about one?
   Yes, I learned about the Titanic in school.

8. Would you like to learn how to sail a boat?
   Yes, it sounds fun and a good skill to have.

9. What kind of boat would you like to own if you could?
   I would like to have a small sailboat for weekend trips.

10. Do you know any famous ships from Japanese history?
    Yes, the ........ and the ........ are very famous.

Many projects in history have changed the world, but some have also ended in failure. Here are three of the most amazing projects and three of the biggest disaster projects.

Three Most Amazing Projects

• The Panama Canal
  The Panama Canal is a 51-mile waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was one of the most difficult engineering projects ever. The canal made travel much faster for ships, saving 9,000 miles of travel. It was finished in 1914 after many years of hard work and problems4.

• The Brooklyn Bridge
  The Brooklyn Bridge in New York City connects Brooklyn and Manhattan. It was finished in 1883 and was one of the first suspension bridges in the United States. The bridge became a symbol of hope and progress in engineering2.

• The Channel Tunnel (Eurotunnel)
  The Channel Tunnel connects England and France under the sea. It is 50.5 km long, with 38 km under the water. The tunnel opened in 1994 and is one of the longest underwater tunnels in the world. It was a huge project that helped people and goods move easily between the two countries5.

Three Biggest Disaster Projects

• Sony Betamax
  Sony created Betamax, a video cassette, in the 1970s. It was new and exciting, but it lost to VHS because it was more expensive and less useful for customers. Sony continued to make Betamax for many years, but it became a symbol of a failed project6.

• Ford Edsel
  Ford made a new car called the Edsel in 1957. The company spent a lot of money, but the car had many problems. People did not like the design, and it was not reliable. Ford lost $350 million, and the Edsel became known as a big mistake6.

• Sainsbury’s Warehouse Automation
  Sainsbury’s, a supermarket in the UK, tried to make its warehouse fully automatic. The new system had many errors, and after spending over £150 million, the company stopped the project. It showed how important it is to fix problems early in a project9.

Key Vocabulary

1. Engineering – Designing and building large structures or machines.

2. Canal – A man-made waterway for ships.

3. Suspension bridge – A bridge held up by cables.

4. Tunnel – A passage built underground or underwater.

5. Symbol – Something that stands for an idea.

6. Automation – Using machines to do work without people.

7. Reliable – Something you can trust to work well.

8. Failure – When something does not succeed.

Three Important Sentences Explained

1. “The Panama Canal is a 51-mile waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.”
   This sentence explains what the Panama Canal is and why it is important.

2. “Sony continued to make Betamax for many years, but it became a symbol of a failed project.”
   This shows that sometimes companies keep trying even when a project is not successful.

3. “Sainsbury’s, a supermarket in the UK, tried to make its warehouse fully automatic.”
   This sentence tells us about a company’s attempt to use new technology, which did not work as planned.

Q&A

1. Have you ever worked on a project with a team? What was your role?

2. What is the most successful project you have completed at work?

3. How do you solve problems when a project is not going well?

4. What skills are important for managing a project?

5. How do you feel when a project you work on is finished?

Tokyo’s Golden Week (April 29–May 5, 2025) is a vibrant but crowded time to visit. However, with strategic planning, you can enjoy the city’s culture, nature, and hidden gems while avoiding the busiest spots. Here’s a guide to experiencing Tokyo’s quieter side during the holiday rush.

Explore Underrated Neighborhoods

Shimokitazawa is a bohemian district with vintage shops, indie galleries, and cozy cafés tucked into narrow streets that rarely feel overcrowded. Nearby Nakano offers a calmer alternative to Akihabara, featuring Nakano Broadway’s anime stores and retro arcades. For traditional charm, wander Yanesen (Yanaka, Nezu, Sendagi), where Edo-era streets, artisan workshops, and the stunning Nezu Shrine await. Suburbs like Kichijōji (home to Inokashira Park) and Daikanyama blend local vibes with trendy cafés and boutiques.

Parks & Nature Escapes

Showa Memorial Park in Tachikawa spans 444 acres with tulip fields, cycling paths, and open-air art—its vast space easily absorbs crowds. For hiking, Mt. Nokogiri in Chiba offers trails, a ropeway, and the dramatic Nihon-ji Temple Buddha carved into cliffs. Closer to central Tokyo, Inokashira Park (Kichijōji) and Yoyogi Park provide serene green spaces, while Lake Shiromaru in Okutama is ideal for kayaking and lakeside walks.

Cultural Experiences

Skip crowded temples by visiting Sengakuji Temple in Shinagawa, the resting place of the 47 Ronin, or Nezu Shrine in Yanesen, famous for its tunnel of vermilion torii gates. Book a tea ceremony in Asakusa or Nihonbashi for a tranquil cultural immersion, or try pottery-making at local studios. For relaxation, reserve a slot at Fu Fu No Yu Onsen (a Kyoto-inspired spa) or visit a neighborhood sentō (public bathhouse).

Day Trips Beyond the Crowds

• Kamakura: Avoid the Great Buddha and explore lesser-known spots like Hōkoku-ji Temple’s bamboo garden or hike the Daibutsu Trail.

• Chichibu: Accessible via the scenic Chichibu Railway, this area offers hot springs, hiking, and the serene Mitsumine Shrine.

• Yokohama: Opt for Yamashita Park or Sankeien Garden instead of the bustling Chinatown.

Local Shopping & Food

Ditch packed department stores for Shimokitazawa’s vintage markets or Koenji’s shotengai (shopping streets). Hunt for fukubukuro (mystery loot bags) at niche boutiques for discounted surprises. For meals, suburban izakayas in Nakano or Asagaya serve affordable, authentic dishes away from tourist traps.

Crowd-Beating Tips

• Start early: Visit hotspots like Odaiba or Skytree before 10 AM.

• Book ahead: Reserve activities (onsen, workshops) and transport tickets in advance.

• Use trains: Avoid traffic by relying on Tokyo’s efficient subway and JR lines.

• Skip weekends: May 3–5 are peak days; plan indoor activities or neighborhood explorations then.

By prioritizing local haunts and lesser-known attractions, Golden Week becomes a chance to uncover Tokyo’s authentic charm without the crowds.

Over the past century, both the United Kingdom and Japan have changed the world with their inventions. Here are the top 10 innovations from each country, showing how they have improved our lives and shaped modern society.

Top 10 UK Innovations

1. World Wide Web – Invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, it changed how people communicate and access information.

2. Turing’s Universal Machine – Alan Turing’s idea in the 1930s became the foundation for all modern computers.

3. MRI Scanner – British engineers helped develop Magnetic Resonance Imaging, which is vital for medical diagnosis.

4. Jet Engine – Sir Frank Whittle’s invention in the 1940s made fast air travel possible.

5. ATM (Automated Teller Machine) – John Shepherd-Barron invented the first cash machine in 1967, changing banking forever.

6. Raspberry Pi – A low-cost, high-performance computer for education and innovation, launched in 2012.

7. Dyson Vacuum Cleaner – James Dyson’s bagless vacuum cleaner improved home cleaning worldwide.

8. Hovercraft – Invented by Christopher Cockerell in 1953, it travels over land and water.

9. Structure of DNA – British scientists Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure, revolutionizing biology.

10. Graphene – Isolated at the University of Manchester in 2004, this material is super strong and has many uses.

Top 10 Japanese Innovations

1. Bullet Train (Shinkansen) – The world’s first high-speed train, launched in 1964, changed public transport.

2. Walkman – Sony’s portable music player, released in 1979, made music mobile for everyone.

3. Blue LED Light – Invented in the 1990s, it led to energy-saving screens and lighting.

4. QR Code – Created in 1994, it allows quick access to information with a simple scan.

5. Electric Rice Cooker – Made cooking rice easy and popular worldwide since the 1950s.

6. Pocket Calculator – The first small, portable calculator was made in Japan in 1970.

7. Camera Phone – The world’s first camera phone was developed by Kyocera in 1999.

8. Hybrid Car (Toyota Prius) – The first mass-produced hybrid car, launched in 1997, started the eco-friendly car trend.

9. Android Robots – Japan leads in making human-like robots for various uses.

10. Quartz Watch – Seiko released the first quartz wristwatch in 1969, making watches more accurate and affordable.

Key Vocabulary

• Innovation: A new idea, product, or way of doing something.
  Example: The bullet train is a famous Japanese innovation.
  Type: Noun

• Invent: To create something for the first time.
  Example: Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.
  Type: Verb

• Technology: The use of science to solve problems.
  Example: Technology has changed how we live and work.
  Type: Noun

• Device: A tool or machine made for a special purpose.
  Example: The Walkman is a portable music device.
  Type: Noun

• Revolutionize: To completely change something.
  Example: The ATM revolutionized banking.
  Type: Verb

• Accurate: Correct and without mistakes.
  Example: Quartz watches are very accurate.
  Type: Adjective

• Portable: Easy to carry or move.
  Example: The pocket calculator is a portable device.
  Type: Adjective

• Diagnose: To find out what illness someone has.
  Example: MRI scanners help doctors diagnose diseases.
  Type: Verb

• Material: A substance used to make things.
  Example: Graphene is a new material with many uses.
  Type: Noun

• Communication: The act of sharing information.
  Example: The internet improved global communication.
  Type: Noun

Key Sentences and Explanations

1. The World Wide Web, invented in the UK, changed how people find and share information.

   • This means people everywhere can now connect and learn easily online.

2. Japan’s bullet train made travel much faster and more comfortable.

   • This invention helped people move quickly between cities and inspired other countries to build high-speed trains.

3. Both countries have created devices that are now part of daily life, like the ATM and the camera phone.

   • These inventions show how technology can make everyday tasks easier and more convenient.

Conversation Questions

1. What is your favorite invention from the UK or Japan? Why do you like it?

   • Prompt: Think about how it helps you or people you know.

2. How do you think the World Wide Web has changed the world?

   • Prompt: Consider communication, learning, and business.

3. Why are high-speed trains like the Shinkansen important for cities?

   • Prompt: Think about travel time, comfort, and the environment.

4. Can you imagine life without smartphones or the internet?

   • Prompt: What would be different in your daily routine?

5. Which invention do you think has helped the most people?

   • Prompt: Think about health, transport, or communication.

These innovations from the UK and Japan show how creative ideas can change the world and improve our lives in many ways!

In today’s interconnected world, partnerships between Japanese and international companies are driving innovation and expanding market reach. These collaborations often include joint ventures, mergers, or strategic alliances, enabling companies to share expertise and resources. For example, Toyota partnered with BMW to develop fuel cell systems and lightweight technologies, combining Toyota's expertise in hybrid technology with BMW's engineering capabilities. Similarly, Sony Ericsson was formed through collaboration between Sony and Ericsson, leveraging Sony’s consumer electronics expertise and Ericsson’s telecommunications knowledge to create innovative mobile phones.

Another notable case is Fujitsu’s partnership with Quantstamp, a Silicon Valley startup specializing in blockchain security. Fujitsu utilized Quantstamp’s cutting-edge technology to enhance its offerings while supporting the startup’s entry into the Japanese market. These examples highlight how collaboration fosters mutual growth and innovation.

https://quantstamp.com/

Key Words

1. Joint Venture (noun)

   • Definition: A business arrangement where two or more parties agree to pool resources for a specific project or goal.

   • Example Sentence: The two companies formed a joint venture to develop renewable energy solutions.

2. Innovation (noun)

   • Definition: The introduction of new ideas, products, or methods.

   • Example Sentence: The company’s innovation transformed the industry.

3. Expertise (noun)

   • Definition: Specialized knowledge or skill in a particular field.

   • Example Sentence: Her expertise in marketing helped the team succeed.

4. Collaboration (noun)

   • Definition: Working together to achieve a common goal.

   • Example Sentence: Collaboration between departments improved efficiency.

5. Resources (noun)

   • Definition: Assets that can be used to achieve objectives, such as money, materials, or personnel.

   • Example Sentence: The company allocated additional resources for the project.

Key Sentences

1. "Toyota partnered with BMW to develop fuel cell systems and lightweight technologies."

   • Meaning: Toyota and BMW worked together to create advanced technologies for vehicles.

2. "Sony Ericsson was formed through collaboration between Sony and Ericsson."

   • Meaning: Sony and Ericsson joined forces to create a new company focused on mobile phones.

3. "Fujitsu utilized Quantstamp’s cutting-edge technology to enhance its offerings."

   • Meaning: Fujitsu used Quantstamp's advanced blockchain security solutions to improve its services.

Conversation Questions

1. Why do companies collaborate internationally?

2. What are some challenges faced in cross-border partnerships?

3. How can cultural differences impact business collaborations?

4. What industries benefit most from international partnerships?

5. What strategies can companies use to ensure successful collaborations?

Part 1: Vocabulary List

1. Battery pack – A group of batteries that stores energy for the car.

2. Electric motor – The part that converts electricity into movement.

3. Inverter – A device that changes battery power into the correct type of electricity for the motor.

4. Charging port – The place where you connect a charger to charge the battery.

5. Power electronics – The system that controls how electricity flows in the car.

6. Regenerative braking system – A system that recovers energy when braking.

7. Thermal management system – A system that keeps the battery and motor at the right temperature.

8. Transmission – A system that transfers power from the motor to the wheels.

9. Onboard charger – A device inside the car that converts AC electricity from a charger to DC electricity for the battery.

10. Controller – The part that regulates power from the battery to the motor for smooth driving.

Part 2: Expressions

1. "The battery pack stores energy to power the car."

2. "The electric motor converts electricity into movement."

3. "An inverter changes battery power into the right kind of electricity."

4. "You plug the charger into the charging port to charge the car."

5. "The power electronics system controls the electricity flow in the car."

6. "Regenerative braking helps recover energy when slowing down."

7. "The thermal management system keeps the battery from overheating."

8. "The transmission transfers power from the motor to the wheels."

9. "The onboard charger converts electricity for the battery while charging."

10. "The controller regulates power for a smooth driving experience."

Part 3:

1. Charging the battery – Plug the car into a charger using the charging port. The onboard charger converts the electricity into a form the battery pack can store.

2. Starting the car – The controller manages the power flow from the battery pack to the electric motor.

3. Driving the car – The electric motor moves the car by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. The transmission helps transfer this power to the wheels.

4. Managing power and temperature – The power electronics system ensures electricity flows correctly, while the thermal management system keeps the battery and motor at a safe temperature.

5. Braking and energy recovery – When slowing down, the regenerative braking system captures some energy and returns it to the battery pack to improve efficiency.

6. Stopping and recharging – After driving, the car can be recharged through the charging port for the next trip.

Part 4:

1. What are the main components of an electric vehicle?
   (Think about the battery, motor, and other key parts.)

2. How does an electric motor work compared to a gasoline engine?
   (Explain how electricity moves the car.)

3. Why is regenerative braking important in electric vehicles?
   (How does it help save energy?)

4. What do power electronics do in an electric car?
   (How do they control electricity in the vehicle?)

5. What challenges do electric vehicles face in extreme temperatures?
   (Think about the thermal management system and battery performance.)

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using AI for Work and Social Life

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly significant role in both the workplace and in personal life. While it offers several benefits, there are also potential drawbacks that must be considered.

Advantages in the Workplace:

AI can greatly improve efficiency by automating routine tasks such as data entry or customer support. This allows employees to focus on more important, creative work. Additionally, AI can assist in analyzing large amounts of data, helping businesses make faster and more informed decisions. AI can also enhance customer experience by personalizing recommendations, which can lead to higher satisfaction and increased sales.

Advantages in Social Life:

In social contexts, AI can improve communication and convenience. Virtual assistants, such as Siri or Alexa, help people manage their schedules, set reminders, and even control smart home devices. AI also plays a role in social media, curating content that matches users’ preferences, making it easier to find interesting and relevant information.

Disadvantages in the Workplace:

On the downside, AI could lead to job displacement, especially in industries where tasks are highly repetitive. As AI systems take over more tasks, workers may find themselves unemployed if they do not acquire new skills to adapt to the changing job market. There are also concerns about the security of sensitive data, as AI systems rely on vast amounts of personal information to function effectively.

Disadvantages in Social Life:

In personal life, AI may lead to a decline in face-to-face interactions. People might become overly dependent on virtual assistants or social media, which could impact social skills and personal relationships. Additionally, AI algorithms sometimes prioritize sensational content, leading to the spread of misinformation.

Vocabulary:

1. Efficiency – the ability to achieve a task with minimal waste of time or resources.

2. Automating – using technology to perform tasks without human intervention.

3. Personalizing – tailoring something to meet the needs or preferences of an individual.

4. Displacement – the removal or replacement of workers due to automation.

5. Misinformation – false or inaccurate information.

Conversation: The Future of AI

Andy: Hey, Tom! What are your thoughts on the role of AI in our work lives? Do you think it will make things better or worse?

Tom: Well, Andy, I think AI can really improve efficiency in the workplace. It can automate repetitive tasks, allowing us to focus on more creative work. But on the other hand, some jobs could be lost to machines, which is a concern.

Andy: Yes, that’s true. But don’t you think AI will also create new types of jobs? People might need to learn how to work alongside these technologies.

Tom: Definitely. New roles will likely emerge, especially in fields like AI development and maintenance. But there’s also the challenge of workers who may not have the skills to adapt quickly. We’ll need training programs to help them keep up.

Andy: Good point. But AI is already affecting our social lives too. Have you noticed how social media platforms recommend content based on our preferences?

Tom: Yes, I have. It’s quite convenient, but sometimes I feel like it limits what I see. I only get content that fits my interests, which can be both good and bad. It might reduce exposure to new ideas.

Andy: I agree. It’s a double-edged sword. AI can help make life easier, but we need to be careful about over-relying on it.

Conversation Questions:

1. How do you think AI will change the types of jobs available in the future? Prompt: Think about industries that might be affected by automation.

2. Can AI truly replace human creativity, or is there something uniquely human about it? Prompt: Consider the limits of AI in tasks that require innovation.

3. How do you feel about AI curating content for social media? Do you think it limits your perspective? Prompt: Think about how recommendations shape what you see online.

4. In what ways can businesses ensure that employees are prepared for the changes AI might bring? Prompt: Consider training and upskilling programs to help workers adapt.

5. What are the ethical concerns of using AI for personal data analysis in social media? Prompt: Think about privacy and the responsible use of data.

Article: Social and Business Differences between Japan and India

Japan and India are two countries with rich cultural traditions, but there are significant differences between them in both social and business contexts. In Japan, people generally value politeness, respect for hierarchy, and formality. When conducting business, it is important to address people by their titles and use formal language. The exchange of business cards is a very important ritual, and it is done with both hands as a sign of respect. In social settings, people are expected to be reserved, and they avoid speaking too openly about personal matters. Group harmony and avoiding conflict are essential in Japanese society, which is why people often try to maintain a calm and composed demeanor.

In contrast, India has a more relaxed approach to social interactions. While respect for elders is important, titles are less strictly observed compared to Japan. In business, relationships are highly valued, and trust plays a significant role in decision-making. In India, business discussions may be more informal, and people might feel comfortable talking about personal matters. Social gatherings can be lively, and people are more expressive in their emotions. However, like Japan, India also places a strong emphasis on family and community.

Despite these differences, both Japan and India value hard work and dedication in business. In both countries, establishing trust and understanding is vital for successful business relationships. However, the methods for achieving this may vary, with Japan focusing on formality and India emphasizing personal connections.

Comprehension Questions:

1. What is one major difference in business behavior between Japan and India?

2. How do social interactions differ in Japan compared to India?

3. What is important for both Japanese and Indian people in business relationships?

Key Vocabulary Terms:

1. Hierarchy (noun) – A system of ranking people based on status or authority.

   • Example: In Japan, hierarchy plays a big role in business, and people are expected to respect their superiors.

2. Formality (noun) – The quality of being serious, respectful, and proper in behavior.

   • Example: Japanese business culture values formality, especially when meeting new people.

3. Politeness (noun) – The quality of being respectful and considerate towards others.

   • Example: Politeness is a key value in Japan, especially in social interactions.

4. Trust (noun) – The belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something.

   • Example: In India, building trust is essential for successful business partnerships.

5. Expressive (adjective) – Showing emotions or thoughts clearly and openly.

   • Example: People in India are more expressive about their feelings compared to those in Japan.

Conversation between Andy and Bob

Andy: Hey Bob, I’ve been reading a bit about the cultural differences between Japan and India. It’s fascinating how different they are, both socially and in business.

Bob: Really? What kind of differences did you find?

Andy: Well, in Japan, people are very formal in business. They have a strong sense of hierarchy, and they use titles to show respect. It’s very polite and proper.

Bob: That’s interesting! In India, is it the same?

Andy: Not exactly. In India, relationships are really important in business. It’s more relaxed compared to Japan, and trust plays a big role. People might even talk about personal things to build that trust.

Bob: So, business in India is less formal than in Japan?

Andy: Yes, definitely. While both countries value hard work, Japan focuses on formality and group harmony. In India, people are a bit more expressive and open about their feelings.

Bob: That sounds like an interesting difference! How do people socialize in each country?

Andy: In Japan, socializing is usually quieter, and people avoid talking too much about personal matters. In India, on the other hand, social gatherings can be lively, with people expressing their emotions freely.

Bob: It’s amazing how culture affects business and social life so much. I’d love to visit both countries someday.

Andy: I’d love that too! It would be interesting to experience both cultures firsthand.

Light Conversation Questions about Travel:

1. What’s the best place you’ve visited for a relaxing holiday? (Prompts: beach, mountains, countryside)

2. Have you ever traveled to a country with a completely different culture? What was it like? (Prompts: traditions, food, language)

3. Do you prefer traveling alone or with friends/family? Why? (Prompts: freedom, companionship, activities)

4. What’s the most exciting city you’ve ever visited? (Prompts: busy streets, famous landmarks, things to do)

5. If you could visit any country in the world, where would you go? (Prompts: nature, culture, history)

British history is full of interesting events, inventions, and people. One famous period is the Victorian Era, which lasted from 1837 to 1901. This was the time when Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom. It was an exciting age of inventions and progress. For example, the telephone was invented during this time by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. People also started using trains to travel long distances, which made life easier and faster.

Another fascinating part of British history is the story of Stonehenge. This ancient stone circle is located in Wiltshire, England. It was built over 4,000 years ago, and no one knows exactly why it was made. Some people think it was used for ceremonies or studying the stars. Today, Stonehenge is a popular place for visitors from all over the world.

British history also includes interesting traditions. One example is afternoon tea. This tradition began in the 1800s and became popular during the Victorian Era. People enjoy tea with small sandwiches, cakes, and biscuits. It’s still a favorite activity for many people in the UK today.

Learning about history helps us understand how the past has shaped our lives today. British history is not only about kings and queens but also about everyday life, creativity, and discovery.

Comprehension Questions

1. When was the Victorian Era, and who was the ruler during that time?

2. What are two possible reasons Stonehenge was built?

3. What food and drink are part of the afternoon tea tradition?

Key Vocabulary

1. Victorian Era (noun): The period when Queen Victoria ruled (1837–1901).

   • Example: "The Victorian Era was a time of great invention."

2. Invention (noun): A new tool or process created to solve a problem.

   • Example: "The telephone was an important invention of the 1800s."

3. Tradition (noun): A custom or activity passed down through generations.

   • Example: "Afternoon tea is a tradition that started in the 1800s."

4. Ceremony (noun): A special event, often with rituals or traditions.

   • Example: "Some think Stonehenge was used for ceremonies."

5. Discovery (noun): The act of finding something new.

   • Example: "History is full of exciting discoveries."

Conversation Questions about History

1. Why do you think it’s important to learn about history?

2. What is your favorite historical event or period to learn about?

3. Do you enjoy visiting historical places like museums or monuments? Why?

4. How do you think history helps us understand the present?

5. If you could meet a famous person from history, who would it be and why?

Golf is a popular sport that people of all ages enjoy. It is played on a large outdoor course with 18 holes. The goal is to hit a small ball into each hole using as few strokes as possible. Golf can be both relaxing and challenging, making it a favorite activity for many.

The sport has a long history. Golf started in Scotland in the 15th century. Over time, it spread to other countries and became a global game. Today, famous tournaments like the Masters and the British Open attract players and fans from around the world.

Golf is also a great way to spend time outdoors. Courses are usually in beautiful locations with lots of green grass, trees, and sometimes lakes or hills. Playing golf can also help you stay active, as it involves walking and swinging clubs.

One of the best things about golf is that it’s a social sport. Many people play with friends or colleagues and enjoy talking during the game. It’s also a great way to meet new people.

Golf is not only about skill but also about patience and focus. These qualities make it a unique and rewarding sport. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced player, golf offers something for everyone.

Comprehension Questions

1. Where and when did golf start?

2. What are two benefits of playing golf?

3. Why is golf considered a social sport?

Key Vocabulary

1. Course (noun): An area where golf is played, usually with 18 holes.

   • Example: "The golf course is surrounded by trees."

2. Strokes (noun): The number of times a player hits the ball in golf.

   • Example: "Fewer strokes mean a better score."

3. Tournament (noun): A competition between many players or teams.

   • Example: "The Masters is a famous golf tournament."

4. Patience (noun): The ability to stay calm and wait without frustration.

   • Example: "Golf teaches players patience and focus."

5. Colleague (noun): A person you work with.

   • Example: "Many colleagues enjoy playing golf together."

Conversation Questions about Sport

1. What is your favorite sport to watch or play? Why?

2. Do you prefer playing team sports or individual sports? Why?

3. How does playing sports help people stay healthy?

4. Do you enjoy watching sports tournaments? Which ones?

5. What is one new sport you would like to try?

The Pros and Cons of Working Online

Working online has become increasingly popular in today’s professional world, offering both advantages and disadvantages. One significant benefit is the flexibility it provides. Employees can often choose their working hours, making it easier to balance work and personal responsibilities. This flexibility also allows businesses to access a global workforce, enabling collaboration with professionals from different countries. Moreover, working online reduces the need for commuting, saving time and money for employees while helping employers lower office-related expenses. Many people find that the comfort of working from home can enhance productivity by minimizing office distractions.

However, online work is not without its challenges. One major drawback is the feeling of isolation that comes from limited face-to-face interaction with colleagues. This lack of social connection can impact mental health and overall job satisfaction. Additionally, working from home often brings distractions, such as household tasks or family members, which may reduce efficiency. Another concern is the heavy reliance on technology, where technical issues like internet outages can disrupt workflow. Furthermore, maintaining a clear boundary between work and personal life can be difficult, leading to longer working hours and potential burnout.

While working online offers numerous benefits, individuals and organizations must address these challenges to make the most of this modern work arrangement.

Comprehension Questions

1. What is one way that working online saves money for employees and employers?

2. Why might working online lead to feelings of isolation?

3. How can distractions at home affect productivity?

Conversation Between Andy and Tom

Andy: I find working online so convenient. It lets me manage my time effectively and focus on what matters most.

Tom: I see why you like it, but I really struggle with it. The lack of direct interaction with colleagues makes me feel disconnected.

Andy: That’s understandable, but online tools like video calls and messaging apps help me stay connected with my team. Plus, I save hours by not commuting.

Tom: True, but I’m easily distracted at home. My kids often interrupt me, and it’s hard to concentrate.

Andy: I’ve had that issue too. Setting up a separate workspace has made a big difference for me. Have you tried that?

Tom: Not yet, but even with a workspace, I feel like I’m always working. It’s tough to switch off when everything happens at home.

Andy: That’s a challenge for many. I stick to a strict schedule to ensure I take breaks and finish work on time. Maybe that could help you as well?

Tom: I’ll give it a thought. For now, I’m still not convinced online work suits me.

Key Words

1. Flexibility (noun): The ability to adapt to different circumstances. Example: "Flexibility in work schedules is a major benefit of remote jobs."

2. Productivity (noun): The efficiency of completing tasks. Example: "Working from home can improve productivity for some people."

3. Commute (verb): To travel to and from work. Example: "Many employees no longer need to commute due to online work."

4. Collaboration (noun): Working together to achieve a common goal. Example: "Online platforms support collaboration among international teams."

5. Isolation (noun): The state of being separated from others. Example: "Remote workers often face feelings of isolation."

6. Distraction (noun): Something that takes attention away from a task. Example: "Household distractions can reduce work efficiency."

7. Boundary (noun): A limit or dividing line. Example: "Setting boundaries between work and personal life is essential."

8. Burnout (noun): Extreme exhaustion caused by overwork. Example: "Without proper breaks, employees risk experiencing burnout."

9. Technology (noun): Tools and systems used for work. Example: "Reliable technology is crucial for remote work success."

10. Workflow (noun): The process of completing tasks in a set order. Example: "Technical issues can disrupt a smooth workflow."

Key Sentences and Explanations

1. "Working online has become increasingly popular in today’s professional world, offering both advantages and disadvantages." This sentence introduces the topic and sets the context for the discussion.

2. "Employees can often choose their working hours, making it easier to balance work and personal responsibilities." This highlights the key benefit of flexibility, which is a major reason for the appeal of online work.

3. "Maintaining a clear boundary between work and personal life can be difficult, leading to longer working hours and potential burnout." This emphasizes a common challenge faced by remote workers.

General Conversation Questions

1. How do you think online work impacts teamwork?

2. What strategies do you use to stay focused while working online?

3. Do you believe online work is more suitable for certain industries? Why?

4. How can companies improve communication for remote teams?

5. What do you think is the future of online work?

Top 5 International News Stories of 2024

In 2024, several significant global events captured attention, shaping international discussions. Here are the top five international news stories:

1. Economic Slowdown Concerns
   Many countries in Europe, North America, and Asia are facing an economic slowdown. High inflation, increased interest rates, and trade disruptions are contributing to fears of a potential global recession. Governments are balancing efforts to support businesses and individuals while avoiding further economic decline.

2. Climate Change and Environmental Action
   2024 saw increased action against climate change as extreme weather events, such as floods and heatwaves, became more frequent. International organizations and governments are implementing new policies to reduce carbon emissions. There is growing support for green technologies, such as renewable energy, electric vehicles, and sustainable farming practices.

3. Advancements in Artificial Intelligence
   Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to transform industries. In 2024, AI has made significant progress in healthcare, education, and business. While AI offers many opportunities, concerns about its impact on jobs and privacy are being discussed worldwide. Governments and companies are working together to create regulations to ensure AI is used responsibly.

4. Global Health and Pandemic Preparedness
   Following the COVID-19 pandemic, countries are focusing on improving their healthcare systems and ensuring better preparedness for future global health crises. Investments in medical research, improved vaccine distribution, and stronger international collaboration are key components of these efforts.

5. Space Exploration Developments
   2024 was a year of significant developments in space exploration. Countries like the United States, China, and India made major advancements in space technology. These countries have launched missions to explore the Moon, Mars, and beyond. The growing interest in space has led to international cooperation and increased investment in space programs.

Top 5 Japanese News Stories of 2024

Japan also had several important events in 2024:

1. Japan’s Economic Recovery Efforts
   After the economic difficulties caused by the pandemic, Japan focused on recovery in 2024. The government introduced new policies to support businesses, increase innovation, and boost the tourism sector. The economy showed signs of improvement, especially in the technology and manufacturing sectors.

2. Population Decline and Aging Society
   Japan continues to face the challenges of a declining population and an aging society. The government has introduced policies to encourage higher birth rates and attract skilled workers from abroad. This issue is critical to Japan’s future economic stability and social welfare systems.

3. Technological Innovation and Robotics
   Japan has long been a leader in technology, and 2024 saw further advancements in robotics and artificial intelligence. Japan’s companies are pioneering new robotic solutions for industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, and elderly care. These innovations are expected to help address the labor shortage caused by the aging population.

4. Environmental Initiatives
   Japan made significant strides in its efforts to combat climate change. The government has committed to reducing carbon emissions and promoting green energy. Major cities like Tokyo and Osaka are introducing more eco-friendly public transportation systems, and there is a growing emphasis on recycling and sustainable living.

5. Japan’s Space Program Expansion
   Japan’s space agency, JAXA, continued to develop new technologies in 2024. With new space missions to explore the Moon and Mars, Japan is increasing its presence in the global space race. Japan’s space program has become a symbol of national pride and international cooperation.

Comprehension Questions

1. What are the primary concerns driving the global economic slowdown in 2024?

2. How is Japan addressing its aging population and declining birth rates?

3. What are some of the benefits and concerns surrounding advancements in artificial intelligence in 2024?

Key Sentences and Explanations

1. "Governments are balancing efforts to support businesses and individuals while avoiding further economic decline."

   • This sentence highlights the challenge that governments face in trying to stabilize the economy without worsening the situation.

2. "International organizations and governments are implementing new policies to reduce carbon emissions."

   • This shows the global shift toward addressing climate change and the role of government and international cooperation in achieving environmental goals.

3. "Japan continues to face the challenges of a declining population and an aging society."

   • This sentence underscores the demographic challenges Japan is dealing with, which impact both the economy and social services.

Key Vocabulary

1. Slowdown (noun)
   A reduction in speed or activity, often used to describe economic decline.
   Example: The slowdown in global trade is worrying economists.

2. Inflation (noun)
   The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding purchasing power.
   Example: Inflation has made everyday products more expensive for consumers.

3. Disruptions (noun)
   Interference or interruptions that cause changes or delays.
   Example: Supply chain disruptions have affected many industries worldwide.

4. Renewable (adjective)
   Refers to energy sources that are replenished naturally, such as solar or wind energy.
   Example: Many countries are shifting towards renewable energy sources to combat climate change.

5. Collaboration (noun)
   Working together with others to achieve a common goal.
   Example: International collaboration is essential for solving global health problems.

6. Privacy (noun)
   The state of being free from public attention or interference, especially concerning personal information.
   Example: As AI becomes more common, concerns about privacy are growing.

7. Preparedness (noun)
   The state of being ready for something, especially emergencies or crises.
   Example: Countries have increased their preparedness for future pandemics.

8. Robotics (noun)
   The technology used to design and operate robots.
   Example: Robotics is transforming industries such as manufacturing and healthcare.

9. Sustainability (noun)
   The ability to maintain or support a process over the long term without damaging the environment.
   Example: Sustainable farming practices are important for preserving the planet’s resources.

10. Innovation (noun)
    The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products.
    Example: Technological innovation is driving the growth of the global economy.

Conversation Questions

1. How do you think the global economic slowdown will affect job opportunities in your country?
   (Prompt: Consider factors such as inflation, unemployment, or government responses.)

2. What actions can governments take to encourage people to have more children, especially in countries with aging populations?
   (Prompt: Think about financial incentives, healthcare, or support for working parents.)

3. Do you think artificial intelligence will improve or harm the job market in the next decade? Why?
   (Prompt: Discuss possible job automation, new industries, or ethical concerns.)

4. How important is it for countries to take action on climate change, and what steps should they take?
   (Prompt: Consider renewable energy, carbon emissions, and international agreements.)

5. Why do you think space exploration is a priority for many countries, and what benefits might it bring?
   (Prompt: Consider scientific discoveries, technological advancements, and international cooperation.)

In Japan and the UK, Christmas and New Year are celebrated differently, with unique traditions and customs in each country.

In the UK, Christmas is a major holiday. People decorate their homes with Christmas trees, lights, and ornaments. They exchange gifts and enjoy a big family meal on Christmas Day, often including turkey, stuffing, and Christmas pudding. Many people also attend church services. Christmas is a time for family, and schools and businesses usually close for several days.

In Japan, Christmas is not a public holiday, and it is not celebrated as religiously as in the UK. Instead, it has become a time for romantic couples and friends to enjoy special meals, especially Kentucky Fried Chicken, which is a popular Christmas meal in Japan. People also exchange gifts, but it's not as common for families to gather in the same way as in the UK. Christmas decorations can be found in shopping malls and public spaces, but the focus is more on commercial celebrations than religious ones.

The biggest celebration in Japan is New Year, or Shogatsu. It is a time for families to reunite and honor their ancestors. Many Japanese people visit temples or shrines to pray for good luck. They also send New Year cards and eat special food like osechi, a collection of symbolic dishes. In the UK, New Year is celebrated with parties, fireworks, and the famous “Big Ben” chimes at midnight. People often make New Year’s resolutions for self-improvement.

While Christmas in the UK is mainly a family event, New Year is a bigger celebration in Japan, where traditions focus on family and spiritual practices.

Key Vocabulary:

1. Ornaments - Decorative items used to decorate a Christmas tree.

   • Example: She put beautiful ornaments on the tree.

2. Turkey - A large bird often eaten at Christmas dinner in the UK.

   • Example: We had turkey with all the trimmings for Christmas dinner.

3. Pudding - A traditional dessert in the UK, often served at Christmas.

   • Example: The Christmas pudding was covered in brandy sauce.

4. Public holiday - A day when people do not have to work.

   • Example: Christmas Day is a public holiday in the UK.

5. Couples - Two people in a romantic relationship.

   • Example: Many couples celebrate Christmas with special dinners.

6. Shogatsu - The Japanese New Year celebration.

   • Example: Shogatsu is a time for family and traditions in Japan.

7. Temples - Buildings for religious practices in Japan.

   • Example: Many people visit temples on New Year’s Day.

8. Resolutions - Promises to do something differently in the New Year.

   • Example: I made a New Year’s resolution to exercise more.

9. Commercial - Related to business and making money.

   • Example: Christmas in Japan has become more commercial than religious.

10. Symbolic - Representing something important.

• Example: The osechi food is symbolic of good luck and prosperity.

Key Sentences Explanation:

1. "In Japan, Christmas is not a public holiday, and it is not celebrated as religiously as in the UK."

   • This sentence explains that Christmas in Japan is more of a commercial event and not as focused on religious traditions as in the UK.

2. "The biggest celebration in Japan is New Year, or Shogatsu."

   • This sentence highlights that while Christmas is important in the UK, New Year is the main celebration in Japan.

3. "People also send New Year cards and eat special food like osechi, a collection of symbolic dishes."

   • This sentence describes the customs of sending cards and eating traditional foods during New Year in Japan, emphasizing the importance of family and tradition.

Conversation Questions:

1. How do you celebrate Christmas in Japan?

   • Prompt: Do you have a Christmas tree? What do you eat on Christmas?

2. What is the most popular food for Christmas in Japan?

   • Prompt: Do you eat a special meal? Do people eat turkey or other food?

3. What are some New Year traditions in Japan?

   • Prompt: Do people visit temples? What do you do with your family?

4. Do people in Japan make New Year resolutions?

   • Prompt: What kind of resolutions do people make in Japan?

5. How do people celebrate New Year in the UK?

   • Prompt: Do people have big parties? What is important about New Year in the UK?

Modes of Transport Around the World

Transport is essential for getting from one place to another. Different countries and regions use various modes of transport, depending on geography, culture, and resources.

1. Cars and Buses
In many countries, people use cars for everyday travel. Buses are also common in cities because they can carry a large number of passengers. They are often cheaper than taxis and are more eco-friendly than using individual cars.

2. Trains and Subways
Trains are popular in places like Europe and Japan. High-speed trains can travel long distances quickly. Subways are used in large cities like New York and London to avoid traffic and are very efficient.

3. Bicycles and Motorcycles
In many countries, bicycles are a cheap and eco-friendly way to get around. In cities with heavy traffic, motorcycles are popular because they can weave through cars and move faster in crowded areas.

4. Airplanes and Ships
For long-distance travel, airplanes are the fastest option. Many people fly internationally for work or holidays. Ships are still used to transport goods and people, especially between islands or over oceans.

5. Strange Modes of Transport
In some places, people use unusual methods to get around. In the Philippines, you can ride a “jeepney,” a colorful bus that can carry many people. In Venice, Italy, people travel by gondolas, boats that are powered by a person using an oar. In Bhutan, people use yaks for mountain travel.

No matter where you are in the world, transport plays a key role in connecting people.

Comprehension Questions

1. Why are buses popular in many cities?

2. What is the purpose of using submarines in large cities?

3. Name two strange modes of transport mentioned in the article.

Key Words and Phrases

1. Transport – the way people or goods move from one place to another.
   Example: Trains are an important mode of transport in many countries.

2. Eco-friendly – good for the environment, not harmful.
   Example: Bicycles are an eco-friendly way to travel around the city.

3. Motorcycle – a two-wheeled vehicle that people ride.
   Example: Motorcycles are faster than cars in heavy traffic.

4. High-speed train – a fast train that travels much faster than normal trains.
   Example: Japan has some of the fastest high-speed trains in the world.

5. Subway – an underground train system used in big cities.
   Example: The subway in Paris is one of the oldest in the world.

6. Gondola – a traditional boat used in Venice.
   Example: Tourists love riding gondolas along the canals of Venice.

7. Jeepney – a colorful bus used in the Philippines.
   Example: Jeepneys are a fun way to get around the city in the Philippines.

8. Yak – a large animal used for travel in mountainous areas.
   Example: In Bhutan, people use yaks to carry goods across mountains.

9. International – involving more than one country.
   Example: Airplanes are often used for international travel.

10. Crowded – full of people or things.
    Example: The subway in Tokyo can be very crowded during rush hour.

Conversation Questions

1. What is the most popular mode of transport in your country?
   Prompt: Think about whether people prefer cars, buses, or other options.

2. Have you ever traveled by a strange or unusual form of transport?
   Prompt: Describe the experience if you’ve traveled in a unique way.

3. Do you think public transport should be improved in cities? Why or why not?
   Prompt: Consider convenience, cost, and pollution.

4. If you could choose any mode of transport for a long trip, what would it be and why?
   Prompt: Think about comfort, speed, and cost.

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using motorcycles in crowded cities?
   Prompt: Consider speed, safety, and pollution.

Traveling for Pleasure and Business

Traveling is one of the most exciting ways to experience new places, cultures, and people. There are two main reasons why people travel: for pleasure and for business. Both types of travel can be enjoyable, but they are very different in terms of purpose and experience.

Traveling for Pleasure
When people travel for pleasure, they often go on vacation to relax and enjoy their time. They may visit tourist attractions, explore local food, and spend time with family or friends. Many people travel to places with beautiful landscapes, beaches, or historical sites. Some people prefer to take guided tours, while others enjoy traveling independently, discovering hidden gems along the way.

Traveling for Business
On the other hand, traveling for business is usually more focused on work. Business trips often involve meetings, conferences, and networking events. Travelers may not have much free time to explore the destination, but they can still enjoy the local culture during their off-hours. Business travelers often stay in hotels close to business centers and may have to follow a strict schedule. For many people, business trips are an opportunity to build relationships and expand their professional networks.

The Balance Between Both
While traveling for pleasure is about relaxation, business travel can be a bit stressful, especially when there are deadlines or important meetings. However, some people combine the two. They may extend a business trip into a vacation, taking time to enjoy the destination after their work commitments. This combination of business and pleasure is becoming more popular, as it allows people to enjoy both their work and their free time.

Comprehension Questions

1. What are the two main reasons why people travel?

2. What do business travelers often do during their trips?

3. How do some people combine business and pleasure during a trip?

Key Words/Expressions

1. Tourist attractions
   Definition: Places that attract visitors, such as landmarks or museums.
   Example: The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Paris.

2. Relax
   Definition: To rest and do activities that help reduce stress.
   Example: After a busy week at work, I like to relax by reading a book.

3. Guided tour
   Definition: A tour led by a guide who explains the details of the place.
   Example: We took a guided tour of the museum to learn more about its history.

4. Networking
   Definition: Building and maintaining professional relationships.
   Example: Business conferences are great for networking and meeting new people.

5. Strict schedule
   Definition: A planned timetable with little room for flexibility.
   Example: He had a strict schedule during his business trip, with meetings every hour.

6. Off-hours
   Definition: Time outside of regular working hours.
   Example: During his off-hours, he visited a local art gallery.

7. Expand
   Definition: To increase or grow in size or scope.
   Example: She wanted to expand her business network by attending international events.

8. Professional network
   Definition: A group of people you know in a professional context.
   Example: LinkedIn is a great platform for connecting with your professional network.

9. Work commitments
   Definition: Responsibilities or tasks related to work.
   Example: His work commitments kept him busy, so he couldn’t enjoy much of the vacation.

10. Combination
    Definition: The act of combining or mixing different elements.
    Example: The combination of business and leisure travel is becoming more popular.

Conversation Questions

1. Have you ever traveled for business? Where did you go?
   Prompt: Was it a short trip or did you stay for a longer time? What did you do there?

2. What do you like to do when you travel for pleasure?
   Prompt: Do you prefer relaxing at the beach, exploring cities, or doing something adventurous?

3. Do you think it’s easy to combine business and pleasure during a trip?
   Prompt: How would you balance work meetings with time to relax or sightsee?

4. Do you prefer to travel alone or with friends/family? Why?
   Prompt: Is it more fun to travel with others, or do you prefer the freedom of traveling by yourself?

5. What is your dream travel destination for both business and pleasure?
   Prompt: Would you like to visit a city with good business opportunities and also beautiful places to relax?

Internet Shopping: A Convenient Way to Buy

In recent years, internet shopping has become increasingly popular. Many people prefer it because it offers convenience and variety. With just a few clicks, you can find almost anything online, from clothes and electronics to groceries. Websites and apps make it easy to browse products, compare prices, and read customer reviews.

One of the biggest advantages of internet shopping is that you can do it from anywhere. Whether you’re at home, at work, or on the go, shopping is available 24/7. Additionally, online stores often have special discounts and offers that you might not find in physical shops.

However, internet shopping also has its downsides. For example, you cannot see or touch the products before buying, which can lead to disappointment. Shipping times can vary, and sometimes you may have to pay extra for delivery. Security is another concern, as sharing personal information online can pose risks.

To make internet shopping safer, it’s essential to use secure websites and read return policies. Many online retailers offer customer support to help with any issues.

Overall, internet shopping has changed the way we buy products. It provides convenience and choice, but it’s important to shop wisely.

Key Words

1. Convenience: Ease of use; makes things simpler.
   Example: Online shopping offers convenience because you can buy things from home.

2. Variety: A range of different things.
   Example: The internet provides a variety of clothing options.

3. Browse: To look through items casually.
   Example: I like to browse online stores on weekends.

4. Compare: To examine similarities and differences.
   Example: You can compare prices on different websites.

5. Reviews: Opinions about products from customers.
   Example: Reading reviews can help you choose the best product.

6. Shipping: The process of sending items to customers.
   Example: Free shipping is a popular offer in online shopping.

7. Disappointment: A feeling of sadness when something does not meet expectations.
   Example: I felt disappointment when the shoes I ordered were the wrong size.

8. Security: Protection from risks, especially online.
   Example: Make sure the website has security measures before you buy.

9. Policy: A set of rules or guidelines.
   Example: Check the return policy before making a purchase.

10. Support: Help or assistance.
    Example: Customer support is available if you have problems with your order.

Conversation Questions

1. What do you like most about internet shopping?

   • Prompt: Think about convenience, variety, or discounts.

2. Have you ever had a bad experience with online shopping?

   • Prompt: Share a story about a product that didn’t meet your expectations.

3. How do you choose which online store to buy from?

   • Prompt: Consider factors like reviews, prices, and return policies.

4. Do you prefer shopping online or in physical stores? Why?

   • Prompt: Think about your shopping habits and preferences.

5. What tips would you give to someone new to internet shopping?

   • Prompt: Include advice about security, comparison shopping, and reading reviews.

Japan's fashion scene is a unique blend of tradition and modernity, influencing both casual and business attire. In casual settings, many Japanese people favor a stylish yet comfortable approach. Streetwear is particularly popular among the youth, often incorporating bright colors, oversized fits, and quirky accessories. Fashion districts like Harajuku in Tokyo showcase this vibrant style, where individuality is celebrated.

In contrast, business attire in Japan is more formal. The standard dress code for men includes dark suits, white shirts, and conservative ties, while women often wear tailored suits or dresses with modest cuts. The emphasis on professionalism is strong, reflecting the country's cultural values of respect and diligence.

Japanese fashion also emphasizes quality and craftsmanship. Many prefer to invest in fewer, high-quality pieces rather than fast fashion, valuing durability and timeless design. Additionally, traditional clothing like kimono is still worn on special occasions, symbolizing cultural heritage.

Whether casual or formal, Japanese fashion reflects a deep appreciation for aesthetics, functionality, and cultural significance.

Key Vocabulary

1. Attire: Clothing or apparel.

2. Streetwear: Casual clothing often associated with urban culture.

3. Oversized: Larger than the usual size, often for a relaxed fit.

4. Craftsmanship: The skill involved in making something.

5. Timeless: Not affected by the passage of time; classic.

6. Diligence: Careful and persistent effort.

7. Professionalism: The competence or skill expected of a professional.

8. Heritage: Traditions, achievements, and beliefs passed down through generations.

9. Modest: Limited in size, amount, or scope; not excessive.

10. Durability: The ability to withstand wear and tear.

Useful Expressions

1. "A blend of tradition and modernity": Combining old and new styles.

2. "Fashion districts": Areas known for unique clothing styles.

3. "Emphasis on professionalism": A strong focus on formal standards.

4. "Value durability": Appreciate long-lasting products.

5. "Invest in quality": Spend money on better-made items.

6. "Cultural values": Principles that are important in a society.

7. "Reflect individual style": Show personal fashion choices.

8. "Casual yet stylish": Comfortable but fashionable.

9. "Special occasions": Events that are significant and often celebrated.

10. "Quirky accessories": Unusual items that complement an outfit.

Conversation Questions

1. What types of clothes do you wear on weekends?

2. How does your style change between casual and business settings?

3. Do you prefer shopping in stores or online for clothes?

4. What is your favorite fashion trend right now?

5. How important is comfort in your clothing choices?

6. Have you ever worn traditional clothing for a special occasion?

7. What do you think about the influence of Japanese street fashion?

8. How do you feel about fast fashion?

9. Are there any colors you prefer to wear in business attire?

10. How does fashion reflect cultural values in your country?

Article: Best and Worst Ways to Give a Progress Report

Giving a progress report to a manager can be approached in various ways, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.

Best Ways:

1. Structured Written Report
   Advantages: A structured written report allows for clear organization of information. Managers can easily refer back to it.
   Disadvantages: It may take more time to prepare and can feel impersonal if overused.

2. Face-to-Face Meeting
   Advantages: This method fosters direct communication, allowing for immediate feedback and clarification of issues.
   Disadvantages: It may require more scheduling and can be time-consuming.

3. Visual Presentation
   Advantages: Visual aids can enhance understanding and retention of information. They are engaging and can highlight key points effectively.
   Disadvantages: It requires technical skills and time to create an effective presentation.

Worst Ways:

1. Informal Verbal Updates
   Advantages: They can be quick and easy, making them convenient for short updates.
   Disadvantages: They lack structure, leading to misunderstandings and missing details.

2. Emailing without Context
   Advantages: Quick to send and easy to distribute.
   Disadvantages: Lack of clarity can confuse the manager, and important nuances may be lost.

Choosing the right method for giving a progress report is crucial. Balancing clarity and engagement will enhance communication and lead to better project outcomes.

Comprehension Questions

1. What is one advantage of giving a structured written report?

2. Why might face-to-face meetings be considered time-consuming?

3. What is a disadvantage of informal verbal updates?

Conversation Using a Good Technique

Manager: Hi! Can you give me an update on the marketing project?

Employee: Of course! I’ve prepared a structured report. I’ve divided it into three sections: progress, challenges, and next steps.

Manager: That sounds great.

Employee: So far, we’ve completed the first two phases ahead of schedule. However, we’re facing some delays with the advertising materials.

Manager: What can we do to resolve that?

Employee: I suggest reallocating some resources to help speed up the process. Would that work for you?

Manager: Yes, let’s discuss that in more detail. Thanks for the clear update!

Conversation Using a Bad Technique

Manager: Can you update me on the sales report?

Employee: Um, it’s going okay. We’re working on it.

Manager: What does that mean? Any specific numbers?

Employee: Well, I think we’re doing alright. It’s fine.

Manager: That’s not very detailed.

Employee: Sorry, I didn’t prepare anything formal.

Manager: Next time, please come with more information. It’s important for our meeting.

Comprehension Questions for the Conversations

1. How did the employee in the good technique conversation structure their report?

2. What specific issue did the employee mention in the bad technique conversation?

3. What feedback did the manager give to the employee who used a bad technique?

Key Vocabulary Terms

1. Progress Report: A document detailing the current status of a project.

2. Structured: Organized in a clear, logical manner.

3. Feedback: Information provided regarding performance or understanding.

4. Visual Aids: Tools like charts or graphs used to enhance understanding.

5. Clarification: Making something clearer or easier to understand.

6. Allocate: To distribute resources for a specific purpose.

7. Nuance: A subtle difference in meaning or feeling.

8. Engaging: Attracting interest or attention.

9. Context: The circumstances surrounding an event or communication.

10. Misunderstanding: A failure to understand something correctly.

Conversation Questions about Progress Reports

1. What information do you usually include in a progress report?

2. How often do you think progress reports should be given?

3. What challenges do you face when giving progress reports?

4. How do you prefer to receive updates from your team?

5. What is your experience with using visual aids in presentations?

6. Do you think verbal updates are effective? Why or why not?

7. How do you ensure clarity in your reports?

8. What tools do you use to prepare your reports?

9. Have you ever had a misunderstanding due to a poorly delivered report?

10. What is the most important part of a progress report for you?

Lesson Plan: Public Speaking

Objective: Students will learn the fundamentals of public speaking, develop confidence, and engage in discussions about their experiences and techniques.

Article: The Importance of Public Speaking

Public speaking is a crucial skill that can significantly impact both personal and professional success. It involves communicating ideas effectively to an audience. One of the first steps to becoming a better public speaker is thorough preparation. Knowing your topic well allows you to present confidently and answer questions that may arise.

Practice is essential. Rehearsing your speech multiple times can help reduce nervousness and improve your delivery. Additionally, it is helpful to seek feedback from friends or family. Constructive criticism can provide insights into areas where you can improve.

Body language is another important aspect of public speaking. Using gestures, maintaining eye contact, and adjusting your posture can enhance your presentation and engage your audience. Furthermore, varying your tone and pace helps keep listeners interested.

Managing anxiety is also vital for effective speaking. Techniques such as deep breathing, visualization, and positive self-talk can help calm nerves. Remember, even experienced speakers feel nervous at times, and it's natural to have some anxiety.

In summary, public speaking is a skill that can be developed with practice and preparation. By focusing on these elements, anyone can become a more effective speaker.

Comprehension Questions:

1. What is the first step to becoming a better public speaker, according to the article?

2. How does body language contribute to a successful presentation?

3. What techniques can help manage anxiety before speaking?

Conversation: Discussing Public Speaking

Emma: Hi, David! I heard you recently gave a speech. How did it go?

David: Hi, Emma! It went well, thanks! I was really nervous at first, but I practiced a lot beforehand.

Emma: That’s good to hear! What did you do to prepare for it?

David: I researched my topic thoroughly and rehearsed in front of my friends. Their feedback was really helpful.

Emma: Feedback is important. Did you use any special techniques to handle your nerves?

David: Yes, I focused on my breathing and visualized the audience enjoying my presentation. It helped me relax.

Emma: That sounds effective! Did you pay attention to your body language while speaking?

David: Definitely! I tried to maintain eye contact and used gestures to emphasize my points. It made me feel more confident.

Emma: Great! I want to improve my public speaking too. Any tips for me?

David: Sure! Try practicing in front of a mirror or recording yourself. It can help you see how you come across.

Comprehension Questions:

1. What preparation steps did David take before his speech?

2. How did David manage his nerves during the presentation?

3. What advice did David give to Emma for improving her public speaking?

Key Vocabulary

1. Public speaking: The act of performing a speech to a live audience.

2. Preparation: The process of getting ready for a presentation or speech.

3. Practice: Rehearsing a speech multiple times to improve performance.

4. Body language: Non-verbal communication through gestures, posture, and facial expressions.

5. Feedback: Constructive criticism or advice given to improve performance.

6. Anxiety: Feelings of worry or nervousness, often experienced before speaking.

7. Visualization: A technique that involves imagining a successful outcome to reduce anxiety.

8. Confidence: The feeling of self-assurance that enables effective communication.

9. Engage: To capture the attention and interest of an audience.

10. Delivery: The manner in which a speech is presented to an audience.

Conversation Questions about Public Speaking

1. What do you find most challenging about public speaking?

2. How do you prepare for a speech or presentation?

3. Have you ever experienced stage fright? How did you cope with it?

4. What techniques do you use to engage your audience?

5. How important is the topic you choose to speak about?

6. Do you prefer to speak with notes or without them? Why?

7. What kind of audience do you find most comfortable to speak to?

8. How do you handle questions from the audience during a speech?

9. Can you recall a memorable speech you’ve heard? What made it special?

10. How can public speaking skills benefit your personal life?