Any activity that consumes resources but does not create value for the customer. Operational mapping often splits this into Type 1 (non-value-added but currently necessary for compliance or safety) and Type 2 (pure waste that must be eliminated immediately).

Irregularity, variability, or inconsistency in workflows. Mura occurs when production schedules fluctuate erratically, forcing teams to rush to meet targets followed by periods of idleness. 

Pushing employees or equipment beyond their natural limits (e.g., >100% capacity) to meet unreasonable demands. Muri leads to employee burnout, absenteeism, machine breakdowns, and ultimately, an increase in defects.