Spreading an Infection as a Chicken

Animated Fact

• Avian influenza A(H5N1): https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/avian-influenza-h5n1/prevention-risks.html 

• Modelling the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in a live bird market: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47703-9

• Coinfection of avian influenza virus (H9N2 subtype) with infectious bronchitis live vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18247102/

• Avian Influenza and Your Small Poultry Flock: https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-health/print,avian-influenza-and-your-small-poultry-flock-faq.html

• Deadly bird flu infecting hundreds of species pole-to-pole: https://news.mongabay.com/2024/08/animal-apocalypse-deadly-bird-flu-infects-hundreds-of-species-pole-to-pole/

• Success factors for avian influenza vaccine use in poultry and potential impact at the wild bird-agricultural interface: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24026475/

• The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2702078/

• Control of Avian Influenza in Poultry: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3294755/ 

Allergies and Worms

This piece is based on our video: "The Real Reason Why You Have Allergies" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-allergies-and-worms/ 

Is War Over? 2024

This piece is based on our video: "Is The World Getting More Violent?" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-iswarover2024/ 

Bacteriophage Plushie

Infomercial

• Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology

https://www.caister.com/phage 

• Advantages and Limitations of Bacteriophages for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6517696/

• A trade-off between phage resistance and antibiotic resistance: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1919888117 

• Evolution of Bacterial Cross-Resistance to Lytic Phages and Albicidin Antibiotic: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.658374/full 

Gravastars

This piece is based on our video: "Black Hole's Evil Twin - Gravastars Explained" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-gravastars/ 

Panic Attacks

Animated Fact

Sources:

• The science behind panic attacks: https://ideas.ted.com/the-science-behind-panic-attacks-and-what-can-you-do-to-manage-them/ 

• Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks:https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

• Impact of stressful life events on the course of panic disorder in adults: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032711002758?via%3Dihub#aep-article-footnote-id3

• The Relationship between Smoking and Panic Disorder: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2024/8530368

• Recognizing and managing panic attacks and preventing future attacks: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/panic-attacks-recognizing-and-managing-panic-attacks-and-preventing-future-attacks

• What is a panic attack?

https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/anxiety-and-panic-attacks/panic-attacks/

Is Vaping Bad For You?

This piece is based on our video: "Vaping Is Too Good To Be True" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-vaping/ 

What Happens When You Smoke Weed

This piece is based on our video: "We Have To Talk About Weed" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-cannabis/ 

Itching Origins

Animated Fact 

• Itching And Dinosaurs:

https://www.science.org/content/article/scienceshot-jurassic-itch

• Ligand recognition and G protein coupling of the human itch receptor MRGPRX1:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-40705-z

• MAS and its related G protein-coupled receptors, Mrgprs:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25244929/

• The origins of tetrapods:

https://oeb.harvard.edu/news/sustained-fast-rates-evolution-explain-how-tetrapods-evolved-fish

• Itching in snakes:

https://www.vin.com/apputil/project/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11242&id=3860778

• Itching in fish:

https://elifesciences.org/articles/32036

• Identification of a Spinal Circuit for Mechanical and Persistent Spontaneous Itch:

https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(19)30566-5

• PIEZO1 transduces mechanical itch in mice:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04860-5

• Why scratching makes itching worse:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/284655

• Chronic itch:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8195343/

• The new drugs that may bring an end to constant itching:

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240109-the-new-drugs-that-may-bring-an-end-to-constant-itching

• Chronic itch management:

https://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(19)30085-7/fulltext

Project Sundial

This piece is based on our video: "The Most Insane Weapon You Never Heard About" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-sundial/ 

100km Blood Vessels

This piece is based on our video: "We Fell For The Oldest Lie On The Internet" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-100k-blood-vessels/ 

Satellites Crashing Back to Earth

Animated Fact 

• 10,000 Active Satellites in Orbit:

https://spacewatch.global/2024/06/look-up-space-reports-more-than-10000-active-satellites-in-orbit/

• Number of active satellites from 1957 to 2023:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/897719/number-of-active-satellites-by-year/

• 100,000 satellites by 2030

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatAs...6..428L/abstract

• Evaluating the impact of space activities in low earth orbit

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576521001430

• Visualizing All of Earth’s Satellites:

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-all-of-earths-satellites/

• Project Kuiper:

https://www.aboutamazon.com/what-we-do/devices-services/project-kuiper

• Potential Perturbation of the Ionosphere by Megaconstellations and Corresponding Artificial Re-entry Plasma Dust:

https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.09329

• The case for space environmentalism:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-022-01655-6

• One million (paper) satellites:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374696774_One_million_paper_satellites

• Telecommunications satellites:

https://www.esa.int/Applications/Connectivity_and_Secure_Communications/Telecommunications_satellites

• Stratospheric loading and radiative impacts from increased Al2O3 emission caused by an anticipated increase in satellite re-entry frequency:

https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2024-2169

• Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0:

https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere

• Earth’s Magnetosphere:

https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/planetary-science/earths-magnetosphere/

• Metals from spacecraft reentry in stratospheric aerosol particles:

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2313374120

The Most Dangerous Neighbourhoods in Space

Animated Fact 

• Habitability in the Omega Centauri Cluster:

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aad802

• Omega Centauri:

https://www.astronomy.com/science/sorry-neighboring-omega-centauri-is-probably-uninhabitable/

https://ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org/html/astro-ph/9812404

https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2001/33/1117-Image.html

• Blue stars: The biggest and brightest stars in the galaxy

https://www.space.com/blue-stars

• Rigel:

https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/meet-rigel-orions-blue-suede-shoe/

• The variable stellar wind of Rigel probed at high spatial and spectral resolution:

https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2014/06/aa22894-13/aa22894-13.html

• Stellar Wind:

https://esahubble.org/wordbank/stellar-wind/

• Stellar wind impact on early atmospheres around unmagnetized Earth-like planets:

https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/531/2/2626/7674898

• The Stellar Halo of the Galaxy is Tilted and Doubly Broken:

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ac97e9

• Galactic Habitable Zones:

https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/galactic-habitable-zones/

• The chemical composition of three stars in the Milky Way's halo:

https://www.livescience.com/space/astronomy/some-of-the-oldest-stars-in-the-universe-found-hiding-near-the-milky-ways-edge-and-they-may-not-be-alone

• Streams of stars orbiting the Milky Way shed light on galaxy’s dark matter:

https://www.space.com/stellar-streams-milky-way-halo-dark-matter

Can You Survive a Fall from the Sky?

Animated Fact 

• How To Survive A 10,000-Foot Fall:

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/24/641395468/surviving-a-big-fall

• Skydiving as an aid to physics:

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9120/25/5/311/pdf

• Terminal velocity: skydivers and raindrops:

https://spark.iop.org/terminal-velocity-skydivers-and-raindrops

• How do some people survive falls from great heights?

https://www.livescience.com/health/how-do-some-people-survive-falls-from-great-heights

• How to survive a parachute failure?

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41883027

• The Highest Falls People Survived:

https://www.statista.com/chart/19708/known-occasions-where-people-survived-falls/

• "Miracle" escape for SA skydiver:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3594996.stm

• Highest skydive without a parachute:

https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/438128-highest-skydive-without-a-parachute

• Skydiving Emergencies:

https://www.uspa.org/SIM/5-1

Will Mpox Be the Next COVID?

Animated Fact 

• Mpox:

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mpox

• Mpox spreading:

https://www.science.org/content/article/confused-about-mpox-outbreaks-here-s-what-s-spreading-where-and-why

• Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03130-3

• What is mpox and how is it spread?

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxww2dxr3mko

• Mpox in DR Congo:

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdjwz77mmgmo

• A cluster of mpox cases:

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01167-5#ref-CR1

• Growing mpox outbreak:

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02607-y

You Are 8% Fossilized Viruses

Animated Fact 

• Endogenous Retroviruses

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/endogenous-retroviruses/

• Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9367772/

• Syncytins expressed in human placental trophoblast:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8280254/

• A protein involved in cognition and storing long-term memories:

https://unews.utah.edu/surprise-a-virus-like-protein-is-important-for-cognition-and-memory/

• Humans are 8% virus:

https://theconversation.com/humans-are-8-virus-how-the-ancient-viral-dna-in-your-genome-plays-a-role-in-human-disease-and-development-192322

• How does Viral Replication Work?

https://www.news-medical.net/health/How-does-Viral-Replication-Work.aspx

• Arc – An endogenous neuronal retrovirus?

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5862763/

• Ancient viruses helped speedy nerves evolve:

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-retrovirus-myelin-speedy-nerves-evolve

• A retroviral link to vertebrate myelination through retrotransposon-RNA-mediated control of myelin gene expression:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38364788/

• Therapeutic Applications:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19432/

Are You Feeling Hopeless?

This piece is based on our video: "Is Our World Broken?" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-visionforhumanity/ 

Hell Exists and It’s Hiding on Earth!

This piece is based on our video: "There Is Something Hiding Inside Earth" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-deep-biosphere/ 

This Video Could Save Lives

This piece is based on our video: "This Video Might Save 58 Lives Next Week" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-this-video-will-save/ 

The Wild World of Human Virome

This piece is based on our video: "Why Scientists Are Puzzled By This Virus" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-virome 

Is Time Travel Possible?

This piece is based on our video: "We Traveled Back in Time. Now Physicists Are Angry." 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-time-travel/ 

Memories of Early Childhood

Animated Fact 

• Infantile Amnesia:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5473198/

• Brain Pruning:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7368197/

• Neurogenesis:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22904373/

• Your early memories:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24588518/

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/talking-apes/201606/the-secret-truth-about-our-earliest-memories

• This Is Where Your Childhood Memories Went:

https://nautil.us/this-is-where-your-childhood-memories-went-235025/

Is Fever Good for You?

This piece is based on our video: "Fever Feels Horrible, but is Actually Awesome!" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-fever/ 

Why Does Fentanyl Feel So Good?

Animated Fact 

• Fentanyl:

https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/fentanyl

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/fentanyl

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871616310596

https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl

• How Does Fentanyl Affect the Brain?

https://tecscience.tec.mx/en/health/how-does-fentanyl-affect-the-brain/

https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/1/4/pgac158/6678861

• Control of Immediate Precursor Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Fentanyl as a Schedule II Controlled Substance:

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2010-06-29/pdf/2010-15520.pdf

• The Effects of Opioids on the Lung:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12016-013-8373-z

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6089740/

• Fentanyl’s Effects on the Brain & Body:

https://www.drugfreect.org/illicit-drugs/fentanyl/effects-on-the-body/

• Fentanyl Withdrawal:

https://greenhousetreatment.com/fentanyl-addiction/withdrawal/

• Drug Overdose Deaths: Facts and Figures:

https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates

• Interviews with Fentanyl users:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9353520/

Will Superintelligent AI Be Our Last Invention?

This piece is based on our video: "A.I. ‐ Humanity's Final Invention?" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-superintelligence/ 

Workout Paradox

This piece is based on our video: "We Need to Rethink Exercise (Updated Version)" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-workoutparadox 

You’re Made of Stars

Animated Fact 

• Are we really made of "star stuff"?

https://www.space.com/we-are-made-of-star-stuff-meaning-truth

• The Elemental Composition of the Human Body:

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-elemental-composition-of-the-human-body/

• What is Your Cosmic Connection to the Elements?

https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/190389main_cosmic_elements_poster_back.pdf

• The Structure of DNA:

https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/9-1-the-structure-of-dna/

• Importance of Dietary Phosphorus for Bone Metabolism and Healthy Aging:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7599912/

How Smoking Impacts Your Health

This piece is based on our video: "Smoking is Awesome" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-smoking/ 

The World’s Deadliest Infectious Disease

This piece is based on our video: "This Disease is Deadlier Than The Plague" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-tuberculosis/ 

Why Do Puddles Disappear but Lakes Don’t?

Animated Fact 

• Why Do Puddles Dry Up?

https://www.acs.org/education/resources/k-8/inquiryinaction/kindergarten/chapter-1/why-do-puddles-dry-up.html

• Drinking groundwater and well water safety:

https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1584480239029/1584480255254

• The Caspian Sea:

https://www.unep.org/tehran-convention

• The Sea of Marmara:

https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/498330-smallest-sea

• The Oldest Lakes in the World:

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-oldest-lakes-in-the-world.html

• Lakes:

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/lake/

• How does water stay in a lake?

https://earthsky.org/earth/why-does-water-remain-in-a-lake/

• Lake Superior:

https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/lake-superior

• How fresh is your fresh water?

https://www.iisd.org/ela/blog/lake-residence-time-how-fresh-is-your-fresh-water/

• The last mammoths:

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/last-mammoths.html

• Assessing the impacts of climate variability and change on Great Lakes evaporation:

https://glisa.umich.edu/project/great-lakes-evaporation-implications-decision-making-and-water-resource-management/

• Determining the Discharge and Recharge Relationships between Lake and Groundwater in Lake Hulun Using Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes and Chloride Ions:

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/2/264

• Understanding the Role of Groundwater in a Remote Transboundary Lake:

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/5/363

Why Is It So Hard to Quit Smoking?

This piece is based on our video: "Smoking is Awesome" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-smoking/

The Sun Is Not Yellow

Animated Fact 

• What Color is the Sun?

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-color-is-the-sun/

• Visible Light:

https://science.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight

• Why is the sunset red?

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/optical-effects/why-is-the-sunset-red

• Salt Particles:

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-68179817

Solar Storm: Survival Tips

Animated Fact 

• Space Radiation:

https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/esdmd/hhp/space-radiation/

• Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs):

https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/coronal-mass-ejections

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/nmp/st5/SCIENCE/cme.html

• What a Major Solar Storm Could Do to Our Planet:

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/03/04/what-a-major-solar-storm-could-do-to-our-planet

• Severe Space Weather Events:

https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12507/severe-space-weather-events-understanding-societal-and-economic-impacts-a

• How to Prepare for a Solar Flare Hitting Earth:

https://lifehacker.com/how-to-prepare-for-a-solar-flare-hitting-earth-because-1848076402

• NOAA Space Weather Scales:

https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation

• Solar storm knocks out farmers’ high-tech tractors:

https://theconversation.com/solar-storm-knocks-out-farmers-high-tech-tractors-an-electrical-engineer-explains-how-a-larger-storm-could-take-down-the-power-grid-and-the-internet-177982

• Modeling “Wrong Side” Failures Caused by Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Electrified Railway Signaling Systems in the UK:

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023SW003625

• What Is the Solar Cycle?

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/solar-cycles/en/

What Happens Inside Your Body When You Smoke

This piece is based on our video: "Smoking is Awesome" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-smoking/ 

Store Your Memories in DNA

Animated Fact 

• DNA could store all of the world's data in one room:

https://www.science.org/content/article/dna-could-store-all-worlds-data-one-room

• DNA Fountain:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28254941/

• How close are we to storing data in DNA?

https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/fulltext/S0167-7799(23)00235-4

• Amount of Data Created Daily (2024):

https://explodingtopics.com/blog/data-generated-per-day

• Information decay and enzymatic information recovery for DNA data storage:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-022-04062-9

• Design considerations for advancing data storage with synthetic DNA for long-term archiving:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006422001041

• Preservation and Encryption in DNA Digital Data Storage:

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cplu.202200183

• Lunar Library:

https://www.prweb.com/releases/arch-mission-foundation-prepares-lunar-library-ii-for-december-2023-launch-301983522.html

• A DNA-of-things storage architecture to create materials with embedded memory:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-019-0356-z

• Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c06748

• Data Garden:

https://growyourown.cloud/data-garden/

• Preservation and Encryption in DNA Digital Data Storage:

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cplu.202200183

The Dramatic Life of a Star

Infomercial

• How Massive Single Stars End Their Life:

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/375341/meta

• Red Giants:

https://esahubble.org/wordbank/red-giant/

• Red Supergiants, Luminous Blue Variables and Wolf-Rayet stars: the single massive star perspective:

https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.5873

Are You an NPC?

This piece is based on our video: "Do You Have a Free Will?" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-free-will/ 

What Happens When You Smoke?

This piece is based on our video: "Smoking is Awesome" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-smoking/ 

Are Earth’s Biggest Extinction Events All Connected?

This piece is based on our video: "How The Dinosaurs Actually Died" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-what-actually-killed-t/

What Does the Solar System Smell Like?

Animated Fact 

• The missense of smell: functional variability in the human odorant receptor repertoire:

https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.3598

• Field Museum’s New Meteorite Contains Stardust That Predates the Solar System:

https://news.wttw.com/2019/10/08/field-museum-s-new-meteorite-contains-stardust-predates-solar-system

• Ethyl formate:

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:52342

• The smells of space: the planets

https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-time/smells-space-planets

• Arrokoth reveals how the solar system's building blocks were built:

https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/feb-15-agriculture-moving-north-arrokoth-s-secrets-the-microbiome-for-flight-and-more-1.5463847/arrokoth-reveals-how-the-solar-system-s-building-blocks-were-built-1.5463858

• Methanol:

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methanol

• Hydrogen Cyanide:

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750038.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207601/

• Olfactory receptor function:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31604564/

Planes Are Breaking Speed Records!

Animated Fact 

• Aircraft Historical and Future Developments:

https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=92

• Airlines slowing down flights to save on fuel:

https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24410809

• What is the jet stream?

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/what-jet-stream

• Planes top 800 mph as near-record winds sweep high over Mid-Atlantic:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/02/18/record-jet-stream-winds-dc-flights/

• Express lane in the sky:

https://abc7ny.com/new-york-to-london-travel-time-supersonic-flight-jet-stream-heathrow-fast/14005486/

• Impact of faster jet stream on extreme weather:

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/24/4/2009waf2222216_1.xml

• Jet stream winds will accelerate with warming climate:

https://news.ucar.edu/132935/jet-stream-winds-will-accelerate-warming-climate

There Could Be an Exact Copy of You in the Universe!

This piece is based on our video: "The Paradox of an Infinite Universe" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-infinite-universe/ 

How Bad Would a Nuclear Winter Be?

This piece is based on our video: "What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-nuclear-winter 

Nine Languages Die Every Year!

Animated Fact 

• How many languages are there in the world?

https://academic.oup.com/book/998/chapter-abstract/137846362

• The silent death of the world’s languages:

https://www.activesustainability.com/climate-change/climate-change-languages/

• Disappearing languages:

https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/languages-endangered-diversity-loss-spoken/

• Two centuries of spreading language loss:

https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/PLSA/article/view/4532

• The History and the Future of Language Policy in India:

https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~jason2/papers/natlang.htm

Travel Through the Universe

Infomercial

• Asteroids:

https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/asteroids/facts/

• Oort Cloud:

https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/

• Disk stars in the Milky Way:

https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2018/04/aa32880-18/aa32880-18.html

• The Andromeda galaxy:

https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/galaxy-next-door/

• The Local Group:

https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/local_group_info.html

• The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies:

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13674

• Neptune:

https://science.nasa.gov/neptune/neptune-facts/

• Oort Cloud and Scale of the Solar System:

https://science.nasa.gov/resource/oort-cloud-and-scale-of-the-solar-system-infographic/

Could You Connect Your Brain to the Internet?

Animated Fact 

• A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor Information:

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep01319 

• Ethical implications of emerging brain-to-brain interfacing technologies:

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroengineering/articles/10.3389/fneng.2014.00004 

• Hacking the brain:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-016-9398-9 

• Functional MRI:

https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1609 

• A Multi-Person Brain-to-Brain Interface for Direct Collaboration Between Brains:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41895-7

• Is ‘Brain network’ the future?

https://medium.com/@DrAntonioGiordano/is-brain-network-the-future-antonio-giordano-md-phd-temple-university-88f97aeb6107

The Perfect Sofa: According to Science

Animated Fact 

• The moving sofa problem:

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~romik/movingsofa/ 

• A Numerical Approach for Analysing the Moving Sofa Problem:

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/7/1409

• Improved upper bounds in the moving sofa problem:

https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06630

The Curiosity Guide

Infomercial 

• Soil horizon variation:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065211319301087

• Oxisol:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/oxisol 

The Beginnings of Colonization of Oceania

This piece is based on our video: "There Are Thousands of Alien Empires in The Milky Way" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-alien-empire-ocean 

How Dark Energy Might Destroy Our Universe

This piece is based on our video: "How To Destroy The Universe" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-three-ways-to-destroy/ 

Let’s Drill a Hole to Earth’s Core!

Animated Fact 

• Layers of Earth's Atmosphere:

https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/layers-earths-atmosphere

• The Composition and Structure of Earth:

https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book%3A_Physical_Geography_(Lumen)/05%3A_Plate_Tectonics/5.03%3A_The_Composition_and_Structure_of_Earth

• Precipitation of multiple light elements to power Earth's early dynamo:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X19307228

• Earth's Core and the Geodynamo:

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.288.5473.2007

• Temperature and composition of the Earth's core:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00107510701529653

• Materials under pressure:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/mrs.2017.208

• The Temperature of Earth’s Interior:

https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Physical_Geology_(Earle)/09%3A_Earths_Interior/9.02%3A_The_Temperature_of_Earths_Interior

• Earth’s Core

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_258-1

You Might Be Living Inside a Black Hole!

This piece is based on our video: "This Black Hole Could be Bigger Than The Universe" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-black-hole-universe/ 

There Could Be Thousands of Galactic Empires in the Universe!

This piece is based on our video: "There Are Thousands of Alien Empires in The Milky Way" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-alien-empire-ocean 

The Nature’s MV-Bees

Animated Fact 

• 1 of Every 3 Bites of Food Depends on Bees:

https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/1-of-every-3-bites-of-food-depends-on-bees-lets-save-them_b_5549504

• Neonicotinoid pesticides responsible for bee deaths:

https://academic.oup.com/ae/article/64/3/134/5098349 

• Colony Collapse Disorder:

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006481

• How will climatic warming affect insect pollinators?

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065280623000012?via%3Dihub 

• Bees’ Needs: Why Air Pollution matters to Pollinators

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721

• Effects of pesticides on bees: 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8398688/

Did an Asteroid Really Kill the Dinosaurs?

This piece is based on our video: "How The Dinosaurs Actually Died" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-what-actually-killed-t/ 

What Happens When You Smoke a Cigarette?

This piece is based on our video: "Smoking is Awesome" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-smoking/ 

How Fast Do Tectonic Plates Move?

Animated Fact 

• Pangea:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Pangea 

• Though note plates have been on the move for at least 3.2 billion years Paleomagnetic evidence for modern-like plate motion velocities at 3.2 Ga

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaz8670 

• The slowest moving plate: North American Plate

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/north-american-plate 

• Eurasian Plate heads East

https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/10-4-plate-plate-motions-and-plate-boundary-processes/ 

• Mid-Atlantic Ridge:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Mid-Atlantic-Ridge 

• What is a mid-ocean ridge?

https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/mid-ocean-ridge.html 

• Geography of Iceland:

https://www.visiticeland.com/article/geography-of-iceland_1 

• Plate Tectonics

https://pnsn.org/outreach/about-earthquakes/plate-tectonics 

• Plates and Plate Motions:

https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Introduction_to_Oceanography_(Webb)/04%3A_Plate_Tectonics_and_Marine_Geology/4.04%3A_Plates_and_Plate_Motions 

• Deconstructing Tectonics: Ten Animated Explorations

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019EA000989?campaign=woletoc 

• Could Africa soon split in two?

https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/africa-splitting

Too Hot to Handle: Reptile Edition

Animated Fact 

• Sex reversal triggers the rapid transition from genetic to temperature-dependent sex:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135451/ 

• The behavioural consequences of sex reversal in dragons:

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2016.0217 

• In a Warming World, Heat Interferes With Sex Determination in These Australian Lizards:

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/bearded-dragons-may-become-females-thanks-either-chromosomes-or-hot-temperatures-180977516 

• Sea turtles: population feminization

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/australia-green-sea-turtles-turning-female-climate-change-raine-island-sex-temperature 

• Climate change impacts on wildlife can vary by biological sex:

https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/climate-change-impacts-wildlife-can-vary-biological-sex 

• Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles:

https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.91.16.7487

These Two Warriors Are Deciding the Fate of Our Universe

This piece is based on our video: "How To Destroy The Universe" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-three-ways-to-destroy/ 

Can Humans Survive Anything?

Animated Fact 

• How cold was the ice age?

https://phys.org/news/2020-08-cold-ice-age.html

• How Early Humans Survived the Ice Age:

https://www.history.com/news/ice-age-human-survival 

• Human population dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum:

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1503784112

• Palaeolithic Europe:

French, Jennifer C. Palaeolithic Europe: A Demographic and Social Prehistory. of Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

• Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios:

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2108146119 

• Four degrees and beyond: the potential for a global temperature increase of four degrees and its implications

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2010.0303 

• A new generation of climate-resilient crops:

https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/442178-creating-a-new-generation-of-climate-resilient-crops 

• Towards cool cities and communities:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186424000440 

• Climate change mitigation: reducing emissions

https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/climate-change-mitigation-reducing-emissions

Timeline of Complex Life

Infomercial

• The momentous transition to multicellular life:

https://www.science.org/content/article/momentous-transition-multicellular-life-may-not-have-been-so-hard-after-all

• End-Triassic extinction:

https://www.britannica.com/science/end-Triassic-extinction 

• What was the biggest dinosaur?

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-the-biggest-dinosaur.html

• Adaptive radiation and coevolution — pollination biology case studies:

https://www.britannica.com/science/end-Triassic-extinction 

• Ordovician Period:

https://www.britannica.com/science/Ordovician-Period 

• Devonian Period:

https://www.britannica.com/science/Devonian-Period 

• Permian Period:

https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-Period 

Flowers vs. Bees: What Was First?

Animated Fact 

• Earliest Pollinator:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/gallery/earliest-pollinator/ 

• Early History of Pollinators and Plants:

https://extension.illinois.edu/blogs/garden-scoop/2020-06-26-early-history-pollinators-and-plants 

• Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms

http://nrm.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1081317/FULLTEXT01

• History of Bees:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-beguiling-history-of-bees-excerpt/  

• The meaning of Darwin's “abominable mystery”:

https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.0800150 

• Early steps of angiosperm–pollinator coevolution:

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0707989105 

• The evolution of floral biology in basal angiosperms:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838258/ 

• Evolution & Fossil Record of Bees:

https://www.museumoftheearth.org/bees/evolution-fossil-record 

• Insect pollination for most of angiosperm evolutionary history:

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.18993

Could Humans Live on Venus?

This piece is based on our video: "How To Terraform Venus (Quickly)" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-terraform-venus/ 

The Consequences of a Nuclear Detonation

This piece is based on our video: "What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?" 

The deailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-nuclear-winter

Are There Alien Empires in the Milky Way?

This piece is based on our video: "There Are Thousands of Alien Empires in The Milky Way" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-alien-empire-ocean 

The Universe Could Look like a Huge Donut!

This piece is based on our video: "The Paradox of an Infinite Universe" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-infinite-universe/ 

Top Five Best Blackholes

Animated Fact 

• Black Hole Parameters and Calculations:

https://space.geometrian.com/calcs/black-hole-params.php 

• Hubble Sees Possible Runaway Black Hole Creating a Trail of Stars:

https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-sees-possible-runaway-black-hole-creating-a-trail-of-stars/ 

• A Candidate Runaway Supermassive Black Hole Identified by Shocks and Star Formation in its Wake:

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/acba86 

• Black hole closest to Earth:

https://www.space.com/newfound-black-holes-closest-to-earth-gaia 

• Brightest and fastest-growing: astronomers identify record-breaking quasar

https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2402/ 

• Was the Universe Born Inside a Black Hole?

https://www.newhaven.edu/_resources/documents/academics/surf/past-projects/2015/charles-peterson-paper.pdf 

What Happens Inside Your Skin When You Get a Tattoo?

This piece is based on our video: "Your Tattoo is INSIDE Your Immune System. Literally" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-tattoo-inside/ 

The Wheel of Doom

Animated Fact 

• The sun won't die for 5 billion years, so why do humans have only 1 billion years left on Earth?

https://phys.org/news/2015-02-sun-wont-die-billion-years.html 

• Will our solar system survive the death of our sun?

https://www.space.com/solar-system-fate-when-sun-dies 

• Outer Planets Could Warm Up as Sun Dies:

https://www.universetoday.com/9472/outer-planets-could-warm-up-as-sun-dies/ 

• How to Survive the End of the Universe:

https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/M4i83QAwcCJ2ppEfe/how-to-survive-the-end-of-the-universe 

• What is string theory?

https://www.newscientist.com/definition/string-theory 

• What is the multiverse—and is there any evidence it really exists?

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/what-is-the-multiverse 

• Do parallel universes exist?

https://www.space.com/32728-parallel-universes.html

Choose Your Own End

Infomercial

• Dark Matter & Dark Energy:

https://science.nasa.gov/universe/dark-matter-dark-energy/ 

• Dark energy: Understanding the mystery force that rules the universe

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24432601-900-dark-energy-understanding-the-mystery-force-that-rules-the-universe/ 

• Information on rogue planets:

https://www.space.com/earth-become-rogue-planet-sun-death 

• Ever Wondered what would happen if Earth Collided with another planet?:

https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/science/ever-wondered-what-would-happen-if-earth-collided-with-another-planet-know-more/

https://whatifshow.com/what-if-the-earth-collided-with-another-planet/

What Happens When You Fall in Love?

Animated Fact 

• The Science Behind Why We Fall in Love:

https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/the-science-behind-why-we-fall-in-love 

• Hormonal changes when falling in love:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453003001616 

• What is cortisol?
  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22187-cortisol 

• Love, Actually: The science behind lust, attraction, and companionship:

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/love-actually-science-behind-lust-attraction-companionship/

How to Upload Your Mind?

Animated Fact 

• Volume of data/information created, captured, copied, and consumed worldwide from 2010 to 2020, with forecasts from 2021 to 2025:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/871513/worldwide-data-created  

• Amount of Data Created Daily (2024): https://explodingtopics.com/blog/data-generated-per-day#

  • Height of 1T hard drive is between 1.1 and 1.5 cm → 1.3 cm on average

  • 328 million terabytes are generated daily

  • 328E6 * 1.3 cm ~ 4260 km (distance NYC - LA ~4000 km)

• Research challenges and opportunities in mapping social media and Big Data:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15230406.2015.1059251 

• How do big data and AI work together?:

https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/tip/How-do-big-data-and-AI-work-together

• Artificial intelligence: consciousness and conscience:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146-019-00880-4 

• Creating an AI clone of yourself is no longer a Sci-Fi future:

https://itrexgroup.com/blog/creating-ai-clone-of-yourself/

• A framework for approaches to transfer of a

• mind's substrate:

https://sim.me.uk/neural/JournalArticles/Bamford2012IJMC.pdf 

• An analysis on the use of AI to help humans deal with grief:

https://repositori.uic.es/bitstream/handle/20.500.12328/3701/Claveria%20Camps,%20Natalia_Analysis%20Use%20AI_2023.pdf?sequence=1 

• How artificial intelligence is changing nursing:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7597764/ 

• Is Human Digital Twin possible?
  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666990021000136 

• Digital Twins: Potentials, Ethical Issues, and Limitations

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.04289

Will Humans Ever Explore the Whole Galaxy?

Animated Fact 

• NASA: AI Will Lead the Future of Space Exploration: 

https://futurism.com/nasa-ai-will-lead-the-future-of-space-exploration)

• How is AI being used in space now? 

ESA - Artificial intelligence in space

• Will AI Revolutionize Space Exploration? 

https://hiroono.com/en/2016/03/15/will-ai-revolutionize-space-exploration/

• Futures of Deep Space Exploration, Commercialization, and Colonization: The Frontiers of the Responsibly Imaginable: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210009988

• Europa Lander Advanced Prototype:
  https://ai.jpl.nasa.gov/public/projects/europa-lander/ 

• NASA selects bold proposal to 'swarm' Proxima Centauri with tiny probes:

https://phys.org/news/2024-01-nasa-bold-swarm-proxima-centauri.html

• Swarming Proxima Centauri: Optical Communications Over Interstellar Distances: 

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.07061.pdf

• Design-to-Robotic-Production of Underground Habitats on Mars: 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.02619

• AI Healthcare in Space: 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-023-00643-3 

What Really Wiped Out the Dinosaurs??

This piece is based on our video: "How The Dinosaurs Actually Died"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-what-actually-killed-t/

Should We Mine Asteroids?

Animated Fact 

• Mirrors and space bags to mine asteroids:

https://www.space.com/30582-asteroid-mining-water-propulsion.html

• Background:

  • Our original video Unlimited Resources From Space – Asteroid Mining

  • How does mining work on Earth? https://novascotia.ca/natr/meb/images/MiniingCycleLarge.png

  • Will mining asteroids be worth it? https://www.wired.com/story/things-are-looking-up-for-asteroid-mining/

  • Number of asteroids: https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/totals.html

• How rich in resources are asteroids?

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2221345120 

• How many Near-Earth asteroids worth mining?

https://www.google.de/books/edition/Asteroids/71suEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=martin+elvis+asteroids+book&printsec=frontcover

• Comes up with a back of the envelope calculation based on [delta]V (energy costs to get to an asteroid) and asteroids that contain a billion dollars worth of resources. The same calculation is included in his paper here:

• Martin Elvis paper – conservative estimates maybe 10 Near Earth containing enough platinum to make it worth it and maybe around 9,000 with water (though most small)

• Current technology:

https://www.space.com/33776-osiris-rex.html (OSIRIS REX cost)

• What technology will we need to mine asteroids? Also this Martin Elvis book: Asteroids

https://www.google.de/books/edition/Asteroids/71suEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=martin+elvis+asteroids+book&printsec=frontcover

Adapting to possible high granularity/crumbliness of asteroids with, for instance, a big space bag

• NASA’s list of things we’ll need for space exploration, inc. asteroid mining:

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20210009988/downloads/NASA-TM-20210009988Final.pdf 

• The payoff: WIRED: https://www.wired.com/story/things-are-looking-up-for-asteroid-mining/ 

The Most Dangerous Animal

Animated Fact 

• Facts and figures of dangerous animals:

  • https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/what-animals-kills-the-most-people (lions and others)

  • https://www.statista.com/statistics/448169/deadliest-creatures-in-the-world-by-number-of-human-deaths/ (lions and others)

  • https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/yearly-worldwide-summary/#:~:text=Global%20total%20of%20unprovoked%20shark%20bites%20significantly%20lower%20than%20average&text=The%202022%20worldwide%20total%20of,which%20are%20assigned%20as%20unprovoked (sharks)

  • https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/deadliest-animals-to-humans (Hippo - 500 a year; Crocodiles - 1000 a year)

• Fear as a survival trait:

  • https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2015.00055/full

Quote: Our nervous system has a whole function around: “minimizing the number of threat encounters, and reducing the level of danger and duration of these encounters will maximize survival.”

• • https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/emotional-health/5-things-you-never-knew-about-fear

Quote: As soon as you recognize fear, your amygdala (small organ in the middle of your brain) goes to work. It alerts your nervous system, which sets your body’s fear response into motion. Stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are released. Your blood pressure and heart rate increase. You start breathing faster. Even your blood flow changes — blood actually flows away from your heart and into your limbs, making it easier for you to start throwing punches, or run for your life. Your body is preparing for fight-or-flight.

• Encounters with big cats:

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/where-lions-and-tigers-and-wolves-attack-and-kill-humans-180981539/ 

Quote: Big cats like tigers and lions launched the deadliest attacks, with 65 percent proving fatal compared to 49 percent for canids and just 9 percent among the bear attacks.

• How many die from Malaria?

https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2022  (roughly 619,000)

• Should you run or Freeze when you meet a mountain Lion?

  • https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/should-you-run-or-freeze-when-you-see-a-mountain-lion/ behind a paywall but see:

  • https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XYatNI0XEtdoCvMQ6NwMOS8imbSqM2qmFBUau6Tio_I/edit#heading=h.8vhw7gp6hcfv

• Swatting mosquitoes cause them to stay away:

https://www.washington.edu/news/2018/01/25/if-you-swat-mosquitoes-they-may-learn-to-avoid-your-scent/ 

What's the Largest Black Hole?

This piece is based on our video: "The Largest Black Hole in the Universe – Size Comparison" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-largest-black-hole/ 

You Might Be Hosting Parasites Right Now! 

Animated Fact

• Parasite-Host-Interactions

  • Jackson, D.: Chemical Coevolution: Host-Parasite Arms Race Runs Hot and Cold. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(08)00098-5.pdf

  • Wolves and Toxoplasma gondii: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mind-control-parasite-makes-wolves-effective-pack-leaders/ 

• Use of Testate Amoeba in Cold Case

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38020553_A_preliminary_investigation_into_the_use_of_testate_amoebae_for_the_discrimination_of_forensic_soil_samples

• Good parasites
  https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/positive-parasites.html#:~:text=One%20study%20showed%20that%20patients,1%20diabetes%20and%20even%20arthritis.

Could We Destroy a Black Hole?

This piece is based on our video: "What Happens if You Destroy a Black Hole?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-destroyablackhole/ 

Can We Stop the Deadliest Animal on Earth? 

Animated Fact

• Harvard FAQs on gene drive: https://wyss.harvard.edu/faqs-gene-drives/ 

• Research paper on using CRISPR for malaria gene drive: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1521077112 

• Nature article on engineered mosquitos: http://go.nature.com/1Ij39yS

• STAT new article on using gene drive against Zika: https://www.statnews.com/2016/02/03/zika-gene-drive-gene-editing/ 

• Tech review article on using gene drive against malaria: https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/04/13/246052/the-extinction-invention/ 

• Smithsonian on deadliness of mosquitos: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/mosquitoes-kill-more-humans-human-murderers-do-180951272/?no-ist 

• Science article about the risks of the technology: https://www.science.org/content/article/us-academies-give-cautious-go-head-gene-drive 

• New Yorker on Pros and Cons: https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-perils-and-promises-of-gene-drive-technology 

• GatesNotes on death rate through mosquitos: https://www.gatesnotes.com/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week?WT.tsrc=Twitter 

• Status quo on field trial in the U.S.: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-s-one-step-closer-to-releasing-engineered-mosquito-to-fight-zika/ 

• Evolution working against gene drive technology: https://theatln.tc/2cmMjau 

• Research paper on evolution of resistance against gene drive: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058438v1 

• Science news on possible safety feature for gene drive: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/seeing-upside-gene-drives-fatal-flaw 

• Malaria statistics 2021:

https://www.mmv.org/malaria/malaria-facts-statistics#:~:text=Globally%2C%20there%20were%20an%20estimated,in%20the%20WHO%20African%20Region.

• Malara Report 2022

https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2022

• Ethical Considerations

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35175513/

Largest Star in the Universe! 

This piece is based on our video: "The Largest Star in the Universe – Size Comparison" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sourceslargeststar 

Are Past, Present and Future All Happening at the Same Time?

This piece is based on our video: "Did the Future Already Happen? – The Paradox of Time" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-what-is-time 

What Is Beyond the Edge of the Universe?

This piece is based on our video: "The Paradox of an Infinite Universe" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-infinite-universe/ 

Are You Stuck Inside an Online Filter Bubble?

This piece is based on our video: "The Internet Is Worse Than Ever – Now What?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-why-we-hate-each-other/ 

Asteroids SUCK!

Animated Fact

• How Often Do Chicxulub-Level Asteroids Hit Earth? https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/how-often-do-chicxulub-level-asteroids-hit-earth/#:~:text=Impacts%20of%20asteroids%20spanning%20more,ago%20is%20therefore%20mildly%20special 

• Nesvorny, D. et. al. (2021): Dark Primitive Asteroids Account for a Large Share of K/Pg-Scale Impacts on the Earth. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.03458.pdf 

• How many tiny meteroites hit Earth a day? https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/meteorites-earth 

• Near Earth Asteroid numbers: https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/totals.html (NEA 854 near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 kilometer in diameter)

• Asteroid of one-kilometer or larger strikes Earth every 600,000 years: https://news.mit.edu/2003/asteroid-0910

• 115 Years Ago: The Tunguska Asteroid Impact Event: https://www.nasa.gov/history/115-years-ago-the-tunguska-asteroid-impact-event/ 

• Planetary science: Tunguska at 100: https://www.nature.com/articles/4531157a 

• Near-Earth Asteroids as of January 2024: https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/planetary-science/planetary-defense/near-earth-asteroids/ 

• NASA Confirms DART Mission Impact Changed Asteroid’s Motion in Space: https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-confirms-dart-mission-impact-changed-asteroids-motion-in-space/ 

• Earth is safe from a devastating asteroid impact for 1,000 years (probably): https://www.space.com/earth-probably-safe-devastating-asteroid-impact-thousand-years 

• Fuentes-Muños, O. et. al. (2023): The hazardous km-sized NEOs of the next thousands of years. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.04896 

• OSIRIS-REx - how much material did it return? https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/osiris-rex-faq/

• Economics of the Stars: The Future of Asteroid Mining and the Global Economy: https://hir.harvard.edu/economics-of-the-stars/ 

• Did asteroids bring water to Earth? Evidence suggests increasingly likely https://www.space.com/meteorite-water-found-with-new-method plus original paper https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/maps.13904

• Could the Blueprint for Life Have Been Generated in Asteroids? https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/could-the-blueprint-for-life-have-been-generated-in-asteroids/ 

The Largest Black Hole

This piece is based on our video: "The Largest Black Hole in the Universe – Size Comparison"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-largest-black-hole/ 

Our Universe Could Destroy Itself

Animated Fact

• Our YouTube video on this topic: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijFm6DxNVyI 

• Further sources: 

  • Are We on the Brink of the Higgs Abyss? https://physics.aps.org/articles/v8/108 

  • Coleman, S. & De Luccia, F. (1980): Gravitational effects on and of vacuum decay. https://static.ias.edu/pitp/archive/2011files/PhysRevD.21.3305.pdf 

  • The Origins of the Universe: Quantum origins: https://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/origins/quantum_cosmology_three.php 

The Deadly Aftermath of Nuclear War

This piece is based on our video: "What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-nuclear-winter 

That Time When Humanity Saved the Planet

Animated Fact

• European Environment Agency (EEA)

• On ozone hole and ozone depletion https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/climate-change-mitigation-reducing-emissions/current-state-of-the-ozone-layer 

• On Ozone-depleting substances (ODS)

https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/ozone-depleting-substances-and-climate-change-1/ozone-depleting-substances 

• Basic Ozone Layer Science: https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/basic-ozone-layer-science#:~:text=Most%20 atmospheric%20 ozone%20is%20 concentrated,that%20contains%20three%20 oxygen%20 atoms

Europe's Next Ice Age

Animated Fact

• BBC: The Gulf Stream: https://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/impact/gulf_stream.shtml 

• What Is the Gulf Stream? https://scijinks.gov/gulf-stream/ 

• Stommel, H. (1972): The Gulf Stream: A Physical and Dynamical Description. https://books.google.de/books?hl=de&lr=&id=mptrEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Gulf+Stream&ots=c-w2s_LJaJ&sig=VWltZZZ7LsnFnRuF3WIa9nsMbzg#v=onepage&q=Gulf%20Stream&f=false 

• The ‘Gulf Stream’ will not collapse in 2025: What the alarmist headlines got wrong: https://theconversation.com/the-gulf-stream-will-not-collapse-in-2025-what-the-alarmist-headlines-got-wrong-210773 

• Future of the Gulf Stream circulation: https://www.deutsches-klima-konsortium.de/en/climate-topics/gulf-stream-circulation.html

How Plants Have Their Own Internet

Animated Fact

• On WoodWideWeb:

  • It’s kind of real: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01570.x 

  • But badly communicated:

    • https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.18935 

    • https://undark.org/2023/05/25/where-the-wood-wide-web-narrative-went-wrong/ 

• EFI/European Forest Institute: Open Letter about the importance of fungi for conservation: https://efi.int/news/open-letter-crucial-role-fungi-preserving-and-enhancing-biodiversity-2022-12-14 

• How Fungi Can Save the World: https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/how-fungi-will-save-world 

• Length of a humans blood vessels (L_hbv):

https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/research/how-are-blood-vessels-made#:~:text=By%20adulthood%2C%20we%20each%20have,%2C%20including%20the%20heart%2C%20healthy. 

• Current world population (CWP): https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#:~:text=2023%20World%20Population,the%20world%20population%20was%207%2C909%2C295%2C151. 

• -> Length of all human blood vessels (L_tot)

  • L_tot = CWP*L_hbv = 0.8 quadrillion

• BBC Fungi Facts: https://www.bbcearth.com/news/8-fantastic-facts-about-fungi 

• CBC Fungi Facts: https://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/features/fungi-are-responsible-for-life-on-land-as-we-know-it 

• Fungi helped plants to conquer land:

  • https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210520145357.htm 

  • original source: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg0929 

Your Brain Is Stupid

This piece is based on our video "The Internet Is Worse Than Ever – Now What?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-why-we-hate-each-other/ 

AI Can Lend You a Hand – Literally! 

Animated Fact 

• AI Is Revolutionizing Prosthetic Arm Control: https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/ai-is-revolutionizing-prosthetic-arm-control 

• Artificial Intelligence Enables Real-Time and Intuitive Control of Prostheses via Nerve Interface: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.08648.pdf 

• Handrix: Animating the Human Hand: https://www.dgp.toronto.edu/~gelkoura/noback/scapaper03.pdf 

• The beat goes on: Using AI to build a drumming prosthetic: https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/accessibility/ai-drumming-prosthesis/ 

• Did any real pirates wear eyepatches or have peg legs? https://www.historyextra.com/period/stuart/peg-leg-pirates-real-eyepatches/ 

Your Skin Is a Conveyor Belt of Death

This piece is based on our video: "Your Tattoo Is INSIDE Your Immune System. Literally."

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-tattoo-inside/ 

What We Can Learn From the Bronze Age People

Animated Fact

• What Caused the Bronze Age Collapse? https://www.history.com/news/bronze-age-collapse-causes 

• Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.120.1.0099 

• Greek Dark Age: https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Dark_Age/ 

• History of Greece: The Dark Ages: https://www.ancient-greece.org/history/dark-ages.html 

• When Civilization Collapsed by Eric Cline: https://longnow.org/seminars/02016/jan/11/1177-bc-when-civilization-collapsed/ 

• Confronting “Collapse”. An anarchist perspective on the end of the Bronze Age. https://www.ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/confronting-collapse/ 

• Drought may have doomed ancient Hittite empire, tree study reveals. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/08/ancient-hittite-empire-tree-study-drought 

• Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198–1196 BC. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05693-y 

• Environmental Roots of the Late Bronze Age Crisis. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0071004 

• Millek, J. (2023): Destruction and Its Impact on Ancient Societies at the End of the Bronze Age. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Destruction_and_Its_Impact_on_Ancient_So/zeOyEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 

• Dickinson, O. (2006): The Aegean From Bronze Age to Iron Age. https://books.google.de/books?id=8x8eiCyHdsAC&pg=PA1960&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false  

• Kemp, L. & Cline, E. (2022): Systemic Risk and Resilience: The Bronze Age Collapse and Recovery. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_14 

Can We Stop a Supervolcano?

Animated Fact

• What are supervolcanoes and should we really be worried about them? https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/11/10/supervolcanoes-explained-eruptions-history/ 

• How dangerous are supervolcanoes? Get the facts. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/supervolcano-yellowstone 

• How to Trigger a Volcanic Eruption on Purpose: https://www.wired.com/2012/04/could-people-trigger-a-volcanic-eruption-on-purpose/ 

• Capturing the Extreme in Volcanology: The Case for the Term “Supervolcano” https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.859237/full 

• Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ∼74 ka B.P. produce widespread glaciation? https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2008JD011652 

• Anticipating future Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 7 eruptions and their chilling impacts. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article/14/2/572/529016/Anticipating-future-Volcanic-Explosivity-Index-VEI 

• Four New Horsemen of an Apocalypse? Solar Flares, Super-volcanoes, Pandemics, and Artificial Intelligence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8761044/ 

• Supervolcanoes and their enormous eruptions: https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-supervolcano.html

• Two supervolcanoes, a world apart, have the attention of scientists: https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/supervolcanoes-earthquakes-flegrei-long-valley-caldera-rcna121781 

• The thought experiment: What would happen if the supervolcano under Yellowstone erupted? https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/the-thought-experiment-what-would-happen-if-the-supervolcano-under-yellowstone-erupted 

• Why you can’t plug any volcano: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/vulcanian-eruptions.htm#:~:text=Vulcanian%20eruptions%20are%20propelled%20by,up%20of%20highly%20fragmented%20ash

• Build up of Magma at Toba: https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2101695118

• Why you can’t cover it with concrete:

Campi Flegrei: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/huge-volcano-near-naples-italy-convulsing-campi-flegrei-caldera#:~:text=Still%2C%20scientists%20say%2C%20an%20eruption,is%20low%2C%20but%20not%20zero

• Formation of concrete beneath Campi Flegrei: https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aab1292

• Potential for rupture at Campi Flegrei: https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00842-1

• How much magma beneath yellowstone? https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-surprising-amount-of-magma-is-under-yellowstones-supervolcano-180981229/

• Nasa’s ambitious plan to stop Yellowstone: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170817-nasas-ambitious-plan-to-save-earth-from-a-supervolcano#:~:text=Nasa%20estimates%20that%20if%20a,of%20water%20in%20the%20supervolcano.

• Response article warning against reporting this as “NASA’S PLAN”!: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/no-nasa-isnt-going-to-drill-to-stop-yellowstone-from-erupting 

• And USGS (more reputable) addressing difficulties of drilling into volcanoes to ‘cool’ magma: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/can-we-drill-yellowstone-stop-it-erupting

• Chances of supereruption in our lifetimes:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227000709_The_size_and_frequency_of_the_largest_explosive_eruptions_on_Earth 

Why Are Birth Rates Falling?

This piece is based on our video "Why Korea is Dying Out" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-populationcrash 

Your Future Already Exists?!

This piece is based on our video "Did The Future Already Happen? – The Paradox of Time"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-what-is-time 

Can AI Read Your Mind?

Animated Fact 

• The newest project that used Stable Diffusion to recreate the pictures people looked at:

https://sites.google.com/view/stablediffusion-with-brain/ 

• with an FAQ:

https://sites.google.com/view/stablediffusion-with-brain/faq_en 

• and the papers:

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517004v3.full.pdf 

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.11536.pdf

• AI re-creates what people see by reading their brain scans: https://www.science.org/content/article/ai-re-creates-what-people-see-reading-their-brain-scans 

• This 'mind-reading' AI system can recreate what your brain is seeing: https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/08/21/this-mind-reading-ai-system-can-recreate-what-your-brain-is-seeing 

• Is my phone listening to me? https://us.norton.com/blog/how-to/is-my-phone-listening-to-me 

• AI predicts teen pregnancy: https://www.wired.com/story/argentina-algorithms-pregnancy-prediction/ 

• Statistics predict pregnancy: ​​https://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/02/16/how-target-figured-out-a-teen-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-father-did/ 

Black Dwarfs Are Weird.

This piece is based on our video: "The Last Thing to Ever Happen in the Universe"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-sources-lastthing/ 

What Does The Milky Way Smell Like?

Infomercial

• Belloche, A. et.al. (2009): Increased complexity in interstellar chemistry: Detection and chemical modeling of ethyl formate and n-propyl cyanide in Sgr B2(N)⋆ https://arxiv.org/pdf/0902.4694.pdf 

• Galaxy's centre tastes of raspberries and smells of rum, say astronomers: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/apr/21/space-raspberries-amino-acids-astrobiology 

• Sagittarius B2 Cloud: https://phys.org/news/2017-10-glycolaldehyde-ethylene-glycol-sagittarius-b2.html#:~:text=Sagittarius%20B2%20is%20a%20giant,years%20away%20from%20the%20Earth 

• Ethyl formate: https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-week/archive/e/ethyl-formate.html

• Milky Way's giant black hole awoke from slumber 300 years ago: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Milky_Way_s_giant_black_hole_awoke_from_slumber_300_years_ago 

• A raspberry flavoured galactic centre with a hint of rum: https://analyticalscience.wiley.com/content/article-do/raspberry-flavoured-galactic-centre-hint-rum 

• The Milky Way Smells of Rum and Raspberries: https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Milky_Way_Smells_of_Rum_and_Raspberr/I8iKEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover 

This Space Weapon Could Destroy Earth

This piece is based on our video: "How to Win an Interstellar War"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-interstellarwar/ 

World's Coziest City

Animated Fact

• Central Park Tower residential area: https://thetowerinfo.com/buildings-list/central-park-tower/ 

• Central Park Tower land footprint: https://www.lendlease.com/us/projects/central-park-tower/ 

• Calculations

• Inhabitants per tower

64,586 / (70 + 70) = 461.32

• Number of towers needed

8 billion / 461 = 17.353 million

• Land area of all those towers

17.353 million x 3716 m^2 = 64,485,900,216 m^2 = 64,485.9 km^2.

• Relative population density
  Average global human density:

8 billion / 510 million km^2 = 15.68 per km^2

• Central Park Tower population density:

461/3716 = 0.124 per m^2 = 124,058 per km^2

• Ratio

124,058 / 15.68 =  7911

How Much Gold Exists on Earth? 

Animated Fact

• General inspiration:

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-the-biomass-of-earth-in-one-graphic/

• USGS. How much gold has been found in the world?

https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-gold-has-been-found-world

• How Much Gold: https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/how-much-gold 

• Human cube: https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/the-human-cube-the-volume-of-humanity#:~:text=The%20average%20human%20has%20a,7.6%20billion%3A%20470%20trillion%20cc

  • Compare also: https://medium.com/@eesmyal/human-cube-139424de80c9

• How Much Water is There on Earth: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth#:~:text=If%20all%20of%20Earth's%20water,%2C%20Utah%20to%20Topeka%2C%20Kansas

  • Also: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/all-earths-water-a-single-sphere 

•  Biomass of Living things in the Ocean and Livestock figures:

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1711842115

• Specific calculations for cattle where I pulled the numbers: https://milo-lab.github.io/biomass_distribution/animals/chordates/livestock/livestock_biomass.html

• Background on why carbon is used as biomass calculation:

http://globecarboncycle.unh.edu/DownloadActivities/Field/FieldMeasurements-LearningActivities/BiomassUnits/BiomassUnits_TeacherGuide.pdf

• 150 Million Tons of Plastic in the Ocean Fact

  • Report cited: https://optoce.no/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/McKinsey-Stemming-the-tide-Land-based-strategies-for-a-plastic-free-ocean.pdf

  • Reported in the media: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/plastic-trash-in-seas-will-nearly-triple-by-2040-if-nothing-done

  • Reported by UN: (75–199 Million tons): https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/

• Mass of all stuff exceeds biomass: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3010-5 

Top 5 Most Iconic Moments EARTH EDITION

This piece is based on our video: "4.5 Billion Years in 1 Hour"

The detailed sources can be found here:https://sites.google.com/view/sources-timeline/ 

A Baby Universe 

This piece is based on our video: "Ancient Life as Old as the Universe"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-big-bang-life/ 

You Are EVERYONE

This piece is based on our video: "The Egg – A Short Story"

The original short story by Andy Weir can be found here: https://www.galactanet.com/oneoff/theegg_mod.html 

YOU Are in the Middle of Everything

This piece is based on our video: "The SMALLEST to the LARGEST Thing in the Universe – The Ultimate Size Comparison"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-middle-of-scale/ 

What Is Fire?

Animated Fact

• How Fire Works: https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/fire1.htm 

• Starting a Fire: https://www.forestschooltraining.co.uk/_webedit/uploaded-files/All%20Files/Student%20Resources/12%20day%20Level%203/SP14SCI.pdf 

• What is Fire? https://www.pbs.org/video/its-okay-be-smart-fire/ 

• What is a Flame? https://vimeo.com/40271657 

Why Is It So Hard to Break Bad Habits?

This piece is based on our video: "Change Your Life – One Tiny Step at a Time"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-change/