12,022 In A Nutshell

This piece is based on the videos we released on our main YouTube channel in 12,022.

The detailed sources can be found here:

• What happens if the Moon crashes into Earth?

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-moon-crash/ 

• Are there lost alien civilizations in our past?

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-earthaliens/ 

• We WILL fix climate change!

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-can-we-fix-climate/ 

• The most horrible parasite: Brain eating amoeba

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-brain-eater/ 

• You are not where you think you are

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-jiggle-of-existence 

• Change your life – one tiny step at a time

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-change/ 

• The last human – a glimpse into the far future

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-last-human/ 

• The deadliest virus on Earth

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-rabies/ 

• Is civilization on the brink of collapse?

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-civilization-collapse/ 

• Why you are lonely and how to make friends

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-friendship/ 

• Let's travel to the most extreme place in the universe

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-smallest-thing/ 

• What happens if a supervolcano blows up?

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-supervolcanoes/ 

• Why don't we shoot nuclear waste into space?

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-nuclearwaste/ 

• The most extreme explosion in the universe

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-supernovadeath 

• The horror of the slaver ants

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-slaver-ants/ 

• Black holes star – the star that shouldn't exist

https://sites.google.com/view/sources-black-hole-star 

Year in Review Space Edition

Animated Fact

• James Webb Space Telescope: 

  • https://www.cbsnews.com/news/james-webb-space-telescope-fun-facts/

  • https://webb.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/facts.html

• DART Mission:

https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-dart-mission-impact-changed-asteroid-s-motion-in-space 

• Exoplanets discovered:

https://www.google.com/url?q=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/TblView/nph-tblView?app%3DExoTbls%26config%3DPS&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1674146098937642&usg=AOvVaw2yAWn7SSIZQC4w8Fi7bg4S 

• Sagittarius A* picture:

  • https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_First_Sgr_A_Results 

  • https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy 

  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Event_Horizon_Telescope_and_Global_mm-VLBI_Array_on_the_Earth.jpg 

Are You Human or a Machine?

Fully Developed Story

Central papers:

• A. Turing (1950) 

https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238

• Turing Test: 50 years later

http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11693/24987/Turing%20Test%2050%20Years%20Later.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 

ELIZA (perhaps) the first program to pass?:

• ELIZA A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine
  https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/365153.365168

• The Social and Interactional Dimensions of Human-Computer Interfaces, p.112 https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Social_and_Interactional_Dimensions/3Yn6dc2avfcC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=isbn:9780521453028&printsec=frontcover 

Jeopardy vs Watson:

• https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/14/i-b-m-supercomputer-watson-to-challenge-jeopardy-stars/ 

• https://web.archive.org/web/20110522000925/http://www.jeopardy.com/news/IBMchallenge.php 

• Turing’s misunderstood imitation game and IBM’s Watson success

https://www.academia.edu/474617

Blog post about AI and ART

http://artent.net/2015/03/27/art-and-artificial-intelligence-by-g-w-smith/ 

Chinese Room (argument against consciousness in machines running a program?):

• Searle thought experiment

https://home.csulb.edu/~cwallis/382/readings/482/searle.minds.brains.programs.bbs.1980.pdf 

• Short story

http://q-bits.org/images/Dneprov.pdf 

Learning Machines:

• http://www.chedd-angier.com/frontiers/season2.html 

How to measure Machine Intelligence (modern approaches)

• Metrics for Machine Intelligence:

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/9/6/681/htm 

• Measuring machine intelligence:

https://arxiv.org/pdf/0712.3329.pdf 

AI in medical consultation will fail the Turing Test:

• https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e16222/ 

Nordic Seagulls:

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31037404_Subcognition_and_the_Limits_of_the_TuringTest 

Standard Interpretation:

• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011254505902 

Singularity is near

• https://web.archive.org/web/20190417002644/http://www.singularitysymposium.com/definition-of-singularity.html

• https://catalogue.library.cern/literature/3sjjb-7dp17 

News and other links:

• LaMDA: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-61784011 

• Long Bet: https://longbets.org/1/ 

• ELIZA Effect: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA_effect 

Dino Calendar 6: Pteranodon

Animated Fact

• Witton, Marc Paul (2010): Pteranodon and beyond:  The history of giant pterosaurs from 1870 onwards. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258391482_Pteranodon_and_beyond_The_history_of_giant_pterosaurs_from_1870_onwards 

• Taxonomy and systematics of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea). https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4467188#page/6/mode/1up 

• On the size and flight diversity of giant Pterosaurs, the use of birds and Pterosaur analogues and comments on pterosaur flightlessness. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013982 

Evolution Stories III: Mitochondria

Animated Fact

Origin of Mitochondria:

• Endosymbiosis:

https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=lynn_margulis

• When and how long?

  • 1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12139

    2. http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/1084/1/PbV54_13.pdf

    3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC341452/ 

General Reference:

• https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590/

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9896/ 

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/endosymbiosis 

• https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82884-z#:~:text=Nearly%20all%20living%20eukaryotic%20cells,a%20cell

How they work:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NA2yzQJNq-4&t=307s

• https://www.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk/files/5-what-mitochondria-do.pdf 

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26894/#:~:text=In%20the%20mitochondria%2C%20the%20metabolism,each%20molecule%20of%20glucose%20oxidized.

• https://vcell.science/project/atpsynthase 

How well they work:

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684129/ 

• https://www.mpg.de/11997935/muscle-cells-mitochondria

The Largest Stars to Have Ever Existed?

This piece is based on our video: "Black Hole Star – The Star That Shouldn't Exist"

• Begelman, Mitchell C. et al. (2006): “Formation of supermassive black holes by direct collapse in pre-galactic haloes”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 370, Issue 1. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/370/1/289/1026607 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-black-hole-star 

Guided Tour Through The Solar System: Uranus

Animated Fact

• Uranus tilt, 13 rings, 27 moons:

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/uranus/in-depth/ 

• Uranus orbit:

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/ 

• Ancient impact:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200406092843.htm 

• Retrograde and inclined moons:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List 

• 42 years per sunrise:

https://www.weather.gov/fsd/uranus 

• “Unusual transparency” p.6:

https://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/1991/No39%20Fegley%20et%20al%201991%20Uranus.pdf 

• Gases in atmosphere:

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/what-uranus-cloud-tops-have-in-common-with-rotten-eggs

How Can We Terraform Mars Quickly?

This piece is based on our video: "How To Terraform Mars – WITH LASERS"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-mars-terraforming 

You're at the Center of Your Own Universe

This piece is based on our video: "You Are Not Where You Think You Are"

• NASA (2016). Hubble Reveals Observable Universe Contains 10 Times More Galaxies Than Previously Thought. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/hubble-reveals-observable-universe-contains-10-times-more-galaxies-than-previously-thought

• ESA (2015). Barycentric balls Figure A1. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2015/05/P07_Barycentric_balls_Figure_A1

• Moon Fact Sheet, NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html

• Laetitia Rodet (2021). How much does the Earth "wobble" in its orbit due to the Moon's gravity? http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/the-universe/galaxies/37-our-solar-system/the-moon/the-moon-and-the-earth/1101-how-much-does-the-earth-wobble-on-its-orbit-due-to-the-moon-s-gravity-intermediate

• Alison Klesman (2020). In which direction does the Sun move through the Milky Way? https://astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2020/07/in-which-direction-does-the-sun-move-through-the-milky-way

•  Wikimedia Commons (2017). Motion of Sun, Earth and Moon around the Milky Way. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg

• Ethan Siegel (2019). Earth Is Drifting Away From The Sun, And So Are All The Planets. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/08/30/our-motion-through-space-isnt-a-vortex-but-something-far-more-interesting/?sh=3adc623a7ec2

• The Solar System Is Not A Vortex, But It Might As Well Be (retrieved 19 Jan 2022). http://www.rhysy.net/solar-system-vortex.html

• Murchikova, E.M. et al. (2019). A cool accretion disk around the Galactic Centre black hole. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1242-z

• Messier 33 (The Triangulum Galaxy), NASA Hubble’s Messier Catalog (2019). https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/messier-33-the-triangulum-galaxy

• Hubble Shows Us the Future, NASA Solar System and Beyond (2021). https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/hubble-shows-us-the-future

• Michael S. Petersen and Jorge Peñarrubia (2021). Detection of the Milky Way reflex motion due to the Large Magellanic Cloud infall. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-01254-3

• Erkal D. et al. (2019). The total mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud from its perturbation on the Orphan stream. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.08192.pdf

• Eugene Vasiliev, Vasily Belokurov, Denis Erkal (2020). Tango for three: Sagittarius, LMC, and the Milky Way. https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.10726

• Tully et al. (2014). The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.0880.pdf

• R. Brent Tully (1987). More about clustering on a scale of 0.1 c. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1987ApJ...323....1T

• Horvath et al. (2013). The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.1104.pdf

• Wang et al. (2021). Possible observational evidence for cosmic filament spin. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01380-6.pdf

Attack of the Slaver Ants

This piece is based on our video: "The Horror of the Slaver Ants"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-slaver-ants/ 

Why do Planets Rotate in a Disk?

Reaction to Question

• Why do planets orbit in the same direction?https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/why-do-planets-orbit-in-the-same-direction/

• Shu et al. (1993). The collapse of clouds and the formation and evolution of stars and disks. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1993prpl.conf....3S

• Pringle, J. E. (1981). Accretion disks in astrophysics. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.aa.19.090181.001033 

Open Access: https://courses.physics.ucsd.edu/2019/Winter/physics116_216/Pringle_%20Accretion%20Disks.pdf 

What if our own Planet Launched a Nuclear Attack on us?

Fully Developed Story

• National Park Service (2022): Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). https://www.nps.gov/subjects/volcanoes/volcanic-explosivity-index.htm

• #Newhall, C. G. & Self, S. (1982): The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87 (C2).

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chris-Newhall-2/publication/215755320_The_Volcanic_Explosivity_Index_VEI_An_Estimate_of_Explosive_Magnitude_for_Historical_Volcanism/links/5494d5050cf2ec1337581c09/The-Volcanic-Explosivity-Index-VEI-An-Estimate-of-Explosive-Magnitude-for-Historical-Volcanism.pdf

• Rampino, M. (2002): Supereruptions as a Threat to Civilizations on Earth-like Planets. Icarus, Vol. 156 (2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222827939_Supereruptions_as_a_Threat_to_Civilizations_on_Earth-like_Planets

• Wärtsilä (retrieved 2022): Ultra large crude carrier HELLESPONT ALHAMBRA. https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/ultra-large-crude-carrier-hellespont-alhambra 

• Bhattacharyya, A. & Hunter, G. (2020): A study of the Damaging Effects of Acoustic Shock Waves from a “Controlled” Explosion on Nearby Buildings. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, Vol. 42 (1) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349647738_A_study_of_the_Damaging_Effects_of_Acoustic_Shock_Waves_from_a_Controlled_Explosion_on_Nearby_Buildings 

• NOAA (retrieved 2022): Tsunami Event Information Reference #237. https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/1142

• World Nuclear Weapon Stockpile, Plougshares Fund, 2018. https://www.ploughshares.org/world-nuclear-stockpile-report

• United States nuclear forces, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00963402.2018.1438219?needAccess=true

•  A way to calculate the explosive power of an eruption of a given VEI: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226059447_Poisson-distributed_patterns_of_explosive_eruptive_activity 

• Energy breakdown of volcanic activity: https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/records/33960#/.Y5ChSuzMLDJ 

Why do Black Holes Look Like That?

Animated Fact

This piece was created based on personal conversations with Prof. M. Caplan. 

Further Reading:

• Seeing the Unseeable: http://blackholes.stardate.org/resources/article-seeing-the-unseeable.html 

• Black Hole Shadows, Photon Rings and Lensing Rings: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.00873 

What is Nuclear Waste?

This piece is based on our video: "Why Don't We Shoot Nuclear Waste Into Space?"

• U.S. NRC (2019): Backgrounder on Radioactive Waste. https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/radwaste.html

• Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (2021): Low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste. http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/waste/low-and-intermediate-waste/index.cfm

• IAEA (2022): Status and Trends in Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series, No. NW-T-1.14 (Rev. 1) https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/PUB1963_web.pdf

• World Nuclear Association (retrieved 2022): What is nuclear waste, and what do we do with it? https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-essentials/what-is-nuclear-waste-and-what-do-we-do-with-it.aspx

• Health Physics Society (2012): Answer to Question #10009 Submitted to "Ask the Experts", Category: Decommissioning and Radioactive Waste Disposal — US High Level Waste Issues (Yucca Mountain). https://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/q10009.html

• IAEA (retrieved 2022): Getting to the Core of Radioactive Waste. Managing the by-products of nuclear technologies to protect people and the environment. https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/10/radioactivewaste.pdf 

• IAEA (2021): Nuclear Power Reactors in the World. Reference Data Series No. 2. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/RDS-2-41_web.pdf

• Stimson Center (2020): Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage and Disposal. An examination of spent nuclear fuel storage and disposal around the world. https://www.stimson.org/2020/spent-nuclear-fuel-storage-and-disposal/  

• IAEA (2022): New IAEA Report Presents Global Overview of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/new-iaea-report-presents-global-overview-of-radioactive-waste-and-spent-fuel-management  

• CNBC (2022): SpaceX raises prices for rocket launches and Starlink satellite internet as inflation hits raw materials. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/23/spacex-raises-prices-for-launches-and-starlink-due-to-inflation.html

• NASASpaceflight.com (2019): SpaceX and Cape Canaveral Return to Action with First Operational Starlink Mission. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/11/spacex-cape-return-first-operational-starlink-mission/

• CSIS (2022): Space Launch to Low Earth Orbit: How Much Does It Cost? https://aerospace.csis.org/data/space-launch-to-low-earth-orbit-how-much-does-it-cost/

• GAO (2017): Surplus Missile Motors. Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-17-609.pdf

• World Nuclear Association (2022): Economics of Nuclear Power. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/economic-aspects/economics-of-nuclear-power.aspx

• World Nuclear Association (2022): Radioactive Waste – Myths and Realities. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-wastes/radioactive-wastes-myths-and-realities.aspx

The Most Powerful Explosion in the Universe

This piece is based on our video: "The Most Extreme Explosion in the Universe"

• NASA (2018): Sun Fact Sheet. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html

• Branch, D. (2003): Supernovae. In: Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/type-ia-supernovae

• Sukhbold, T. & Woosley, S. E.  (2016): The Most Luminous Supernovae. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 820 (2). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8205/820/2/L38

• NASA (2017): How Many Stars in the Milky Way? https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/blueshift/index.php/2015/07/22/how-many-stars-in-the-milky-way/

• HubbleWebbESA (2020): Time-Lapse of Supernova in NGC 2525. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hB2QQyEyF5k

• ICAN: How destructive are today’s nuclear weapons? (retrieved 2022) https://www.icanw.org/how_destructive_are_today_s_nuclear_weapons

• Branch, D. (2003): Supernovae. Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/type-ia-supernovae

• Johnson, J. A. (2019): Populating the periodic table: Nucleosynthesis of the elements. Science, Vol. 363. https://www.drkohn.org/uploads/1/4/0/9/14095127/science_-_populating_the_periodic_table_-_nucleosynthesis_of_the_elements_science.aau9540.pdf

Solar Flares – Should We Be Worried?

This piece is based on our video: "Could Solar Storms Destroy Civilization? Solar Flares 6 Coronal Mass Ejections"

• The northern lights:  https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/item/what-are-the-northern-lights/

• Frequency of extremely energetic solar events: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2012JA017706

• Cataclysmic solar superstorms: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-studies-warn-of-cataclysmic-solar-superstorms/

• New York railroad superstorm: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019SW002250

• Solar storm risk to the North American electric grid: https://www.lloyds.com/news-and-risk-insight/risk-reports/library/natural-environment/solar-storm

• What would happen if a solar storm wiped out technology as we know it: https://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-what-would-happen-if-solar-storm-wiped-out-technology-geomagnetic-carrington-event-coronal-mass-ejection 

Evolution Stories II: Wings

Animated Fact

• Three different mechanisms of flight: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/origins.html

• Flight in vertebrates: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/enter.html

• Origin of insect wings: 

Reviews different theories and suggests a new: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1711128115#:~:text=The%20first%20hypothesis%2C%20called%20the,fly%20(5%E2%80%937).

Recent paper on the origin: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28624-x

• Pterosaurs died in the mass extinction K-event: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5849296/ 

• Animalia overall 1,454,039

Aves (birds): 10,599 _ less than hundred are flightless so it shouldn't change the ratio that much

Chriptera (Bats) 1,449

https://www.catalogueoflife.org/

• Flying Insects: 960,445

https://www.onezoom.org/life/@Pterygota=1048707?img=best_any&anim=flight#x-432,y1061,w6.4452

Deep Sea Mining - Great or Horrible Idea?

Fully Developed Story

• The rare earth industry: https://academic.oup.com/book/25755/chapter-abstract/193313217?redirectedFrom=fulltext; https://stratcomcoe.org/cuploads/pfiles/senkaku_crisis.pdf 

• Carbon storage in Plankton: https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2022/july/carbon-storage-in-plankton.html

• Potential effects of deep seabed mining: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X18306407 

• How ocean 'pumps' affect climate change: https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/ocean-pumps-carbon-cycle-climate-change-377692/ 

• The ocean, a carbon pump: https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2.-The-ocean-a-carbon-pump-scientific-fact-sheets-2019.pdf 

• Overview of seabed mining: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418/full 

• A geological model of polymetallic nodule deposits in the clardidon-clipperton fracture zone: https://isa.org.jm/files/files/documents/tstudy6.pdf 

• Research project that develops a deepsea mining system: https://blue-nodules.eu/ 

• Ocean acidification: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=wjelp

• Human health and ocean pollution: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7731724/

An Important Message For Your Life

This piece is based on our video "What Are You Doing With Your Life? The Tail End"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-tailend/ 

Shooting Nuclear Waste to Space – the Best Idea Ever?

This piece is based on our video "Why Don't we Shoot Nuclear Waste to Space?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-nuclearwaste/ 

POV: Gold Apocalypse

This piece is based on our video: "What if the World Turned to Gold? The Gold Apocalypse" 

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sourcesgoldapocalypse/ 

Guided Tour Through the Solar System: Saturn

Animated Fact

• Saturn Radius/ Earth radius ~10

Saturn orbit/Earth orbit ~10

Density 687 kg/m^3

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/ 

• Saturn has 53 confirmed moons plus 29 unconfirmed:

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/overview/ 

• Ring waves:

https://phys.org/news/2016-08-visualization-saturn.html 

• Particle average distance:

https://sciencing.com/close-rocks-saturns-rings-13152.html

• Km-sized objects:

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/12482/cassini-sees-objects-blazing-trails-in-saturn-ring/ 

• Ring wobbles due to Saturn interior:

https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.13385 

POV: You're the President and a Nuclear Attack is Imminent

Fully Developed Story

This piece was created based on personal conversations with Prof. M. Caplan. 

Why is the Night Sky Black?

Reaction to Question

• Olbers' Paradox: https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/GR/olbers.html https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1990IAUS..139....3H/0000003.000.htmlc https://pages.uoregon.edu/imamura/123cs/lecture-5/olbers.html 

• The universe may be infinite, but it's not infinitely old: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.06209.pdf 

• The light of the furthest galaxies has not had time to reach you: https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EFEEEFD8D71E59F86DDA82FDF576EFD3/S132335800000607Xa.pdf/expanding-confusion-common-misconceptions-of-cosmological-horizons-and-the-superluminal-expansion-of-the-universe.pdf 

• The universe had a beginning: https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/08/20/why-is-the-sky-dark-at-night/?sh=45e9780c237b 

Earth Leaving the Solar System

This piece is based on our video: "What If Earth Got Kicked Out of the Solar System? Rogue Earth"

• Francoise Crifo et al. (2010): Towards a new full-sky list of radial velocity standard stars.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45795023_Towards_a_new_full-sky_list_of_radial_velocity_standard_stars

• Raul and Carlos de la Fuente Marcos, Template. (2018): An independent confirmation of the future flyby of Gliese 710 to the solar system using Gaia DR2. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.02644.pdf

• Gregory Laughlin and Fred C. Adams (2000): The Frozen Earth: Binary Scattering Events and the Fate of the Solar System. https://planetologist.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/laughlin_adams_2000-frozen-earth1.pdf

Dino Calendar Facts: Giraffatitan

Animated Fact

• Overview for years/size and diet facts:

https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf

• Scientific sources:

  • http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/pubs/taylor2009/Taylor2009-brachiosaurus-and-giraffatitan.pdf

  • http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/tmp/papers/Mazzetta-et-al_04_SA-dino-body-size.pdf

  • https://paleoglot.org/files/Janensch1950b.pdf

  • https://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/giraffe

• Funny non-scientific:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan

Categorizing Alien Civilizations

This piece is based on our video: "What Do Alien Civilizations Look Like? The Kardashev Scale"

Dino Calendar Facts: Tanystropheus

Animated Fact

• Spiekmann, S. et.al. (2020): Aquatic Habits and Niche Partitioning in the Extraordinarily Long-Necked Triassic Reptile Tanystropheus. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982220310174

• Riepel, O. et.al. (2010): Tanystropheus cf. T. longobardicus from the early Late Triassic of Guizhou Province, southwestern China. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zuoyu-Sun/publication/235744894_Tanystropheus_cf_T_longobardicus_from_the_Early_Late_Triassic_of_Guizhou_Province_Southwestern_China/links/56726d3408aecc73dc0c61b4/Tanystropheus-cf-T-longobardicus-from-the-Early-Late-Triassic-of-Guizhou-Province-Southwestern-China.pdf

• Non-scientific (german) source: https://www.rnd.de/wissen/giraffenhalssaurier-das-skurille-tanystropheus-verwundert-forscher-jetzt-ist-das-ratsel-des-dinosauriers-gelost-JZDD3B4V2ZCWOQUBBFWRVXZ2IM.html 

 https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1999/13/791-Image.html?news=true

Guided Tour Through the Solar System: Jupiter's Most Spectacular Moon

Animated Fact

• Volcanic plumes rise 200 km above surface:

 https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1999/13/791-Image.html?news=true

• And as high as 500 km:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103508002054?via%3Dihub 

• Calderas, lava flow fields, no craters:

https://phys.org/news/2012-03-geologic-jupiter-moon-io-otherworldly.html

• Tidal heating source of geological heat:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Io-satellite-of-Jupiter 

• Equator bulges by 100m:

https://www.usgs.gov/news/volcano-watch-eye-ios-volcanism

• Io most volcanic:

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/in-depth/

• 400 volcanoes:

https://www.worldatlas.com/space/the-volcanoes-of-io.html

• 20x Earth heat flow:

https://www.space.com/16419-io-facts-about-jupiters-volcanic-moon.html 

• Boösaule Montes 17,500m tall mountain:

https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/05/ios-10-mile-high-mountains-result-from-a-shrinking-crust/ 

https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/854 

• Metis:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metis_(moon) 

The Importance of Decisions

This piece is based on our video: "What Are You Doing With Your Life? The Tail End"

Whale Ancestors

Fully Developed Story

• How did whales evolve?

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-did-whales-evolve-73276956/

• Original papers:

  • https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48501/ID352.pdf

  • http://www-personal.umich.edu/~gingeric/PDFfiles/PDG133_Pakicetus.pdf

• Transitional record:

https://evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2

Supervolcanoes Intro

This piece is based on our video: "What Happens if a Supervolcano Blows Up?"

• Anzellini, S. et al. (2013): Melting of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction. Science, Vol. 340 (6131)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236339096_Melting_of_Iron_at_Earth's_Inner_Core_Boundary_Based_on_Fast_X-ray_Diffraction

• Lay, T. et al. (2008): Core–mantle boundary heat flow. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1

https://www.geol.umd.edu/~mcdonoug/KITP%20Website%20for%20Bill/papers/Earth_Models/Lay_etal_(NatureG_08).pdf 

• World Nuclear Association (2022): Supply of Uranium

https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-resources/supply-of-uranium.aspx 

• Peterson, B. T. & Depaolo, D. J. (2007): Mass and Composition of the Continental Crust Estimated Using the CRUST2.0 Model. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007.

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.V33A1161P/abstract

• Borexino Collaboration (2020): Comprehensive geoneutrino analysis with Borexino. Physical Review D 101

https://journals.aps.org/prd/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.012009

• NASA (2022): Earth. Our Home Planet

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/in-depth/#otp_structure  

• Homutová, I. & Blažek, J. (2006): Differences in fruit skin thickness between selected apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars assessed by histological and sensory methods. Horticultural Science, Vol. 33 (3)

https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/51351.pdf

• Kurzgesagt (2019): What If We Detonated All Nuclear Bombs at Once?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyECrGp-Sw8

• Kurzgesagt (2019): Sources – All the bombs.

https://sites.google.com/view/sourcesallthebombs/

What Came First: Flowers or Bees?

Reaction to Question

• Earliest Pollinator:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/gallery/earliest-pollinator/ 

• Early History of Pollinators and Plants:

https://extension.illinois.edu/blogs/garden-scoop/2020-06-26-early-history-pollinators-and-plants 

• Review of Angliosperm Radiation:

http://nrm.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1081317/FULLTEXT01

• History of Bees:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-beguiling-history-of-bees-excerpt/  

• “Abominable Mystery”:

https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.0800150 

• On early angliosperm-pollinator coevolution:

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0707989105 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838258/ 

• First Flowers:

https://plantevolgen.org/Papers/2000/Molecular%20evolution%20of%20flower%20development.pdf 

• First Bee:

https://www.museumoftheearth.org/bees/evolution-fossil-record 

The Volcanic Boom-Meter

This piece is based on our video: "What Happens if a Supervolcano Blows Up?"

• National Park Service (2022): Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/volcanoes/volcanic-explosivity-index.htm

• Newhall, C. G. & Self, S. (1982): The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):

An Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87 (C2).

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chris-Newhall-2/publication/215755320_The_Volcanic_Explosivity_Index_VEI_An_Estimate_of_Explosive_Magnitude_for_Historical_Volcanism/links/5494d5050cf2ec1337581c09/The-Volcanic-Explosivity-Index-VEI-An-Estimate-of-Explosive-Magnitude-for-Historical-Volcanism.pdf

• Rampino, M. (2002): Supereruptions as a Threat to Civilizations on Earth-like Planets. Icarus, Vol. 156 (2)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222827939_Supereruptions_as_a_Threat_to_Civilizations_on_Earth-like_Planets

• Wärtsilä (retrieved 2022): Ultra large crude carrier HELLESPONT ALHAMBRA https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/ultra-large-crude-carrier-hellespont-alhambra 

• Global Volcanism Program (2022): Report on Semeru (Indonesia), Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, Vol. 47 (1)

https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN202201-263300

• Schultze, M. et al. (2010): Introduction of river water as a tool to manage water quality in pit lakes. IMWA Annual Conference 2005

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241886433_Introduction_of_river_water_as_a_tool_to_manage_water_quality_in_pit_lakes

• Yuen, D. A. et al. (2022): Under the surface: Pressure-induced planetary-scale waves, volcanic lightning, and gaseous clouds caused by the submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano. Earthquake Research Advances, Vol. 2 (3)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772467022000227 

• PBS News Hour (2022): Experts explain why Tonga eruption was so big

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/experts-explain-why-tonga-eruption-was-so-big

• Bhattacharyya, A. & Hunter, G. (2020): A study of the Damaging Effects of Acoustic Shock Waves from a “Controlled” Explosion on Nearby Buildings. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, Vol. 42 (1)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349647738_A_study_of_the_Damaging_Effects_of_Acoustic_Shock_Waves_from_a_Controlled_Explosion_on_Nearby_Buildings 

• NOAA (retrieved 2022): Tsunami Event Information Reference #237

https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/1142

• ARRL (retrieved 2022): A Tutorial on the Decibel

http://www.arrl.org/files/file/A%20Tutorial%20on%20the%20Decibel%20-%20Version%202_1%20-%20Formatted.pdf

• Bradley, R. S. (1988): The explosive volcanic eruption signal in northern hemisphere continental temperature records. Climatic Change, Vol. 12 (3)

http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/bradley/bradley1988.pdf

• NASA (retrieved 2022): Blue Moon

https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/07jul_bluemoon/

• NASA (2009): The year without a summer. Peering through volcanic veils

https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/183/the-year-without-a-summer/ 

• Oppenheimer, C. (2003): Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, Vol 27 (2)

• https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1191/0309133303pp379ra  

• French, B. M. (1998): Traces of Catastrophe. A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures. LPI Contribution No. 954, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, p. 15

https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/CB-954/CB-954.pdf

• Encyclopaedia Britannica (2022): Tsar Bomba

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tsar-Bomba

• Miller, G. H. et al. (2012): Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39 (2)

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011GL050168

• McConnell, J. R. et al. (2020): Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom. PNAS, Vol. 177 (27)

https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2002722117

Guided Tour Through the Solar System: Jupiter

Animated Fact

• Liquid Metallic Hydrogen conductivity:

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1707918114 

• Jupiter mass: 1898 x 10^24 kg

Mass of all other planets: 768.6 x 10^24 kg

Jupiter diameter: 142,984 km

Earth diameter: 12,756 km 

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/ 

• 80 moons:

https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/amateur-astronomer-discovers-new-moon-of-jupiter/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethhowell1/2021/07/21/amateur-spots-possible-jupiter-moon-in-old-telescope-images/?sh=197537227752 

• Jupiter trojan asteroids: 1 million over 1 km:

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/497571 

https://appel.nasa.gov/2021/10/26/pioneering-spacecraft-bound-for-jupiter-trojan-asteroids/ 

• Great Red Spot:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Red-Spot 

• Jupiter radial composition: 12,000 km solid core, 58,000 km liquid, 1000 km gas = 71,000 km radius total

Liquid fraction: (70^3 - 12^3)/(71^3) = 0.953

https://atmos.nmsu.edu/data_and_services/atmospheres_data/SATURN/logs/nasa-sp-446-Pioneer-First-to-Jupiter-Saturn-and-Beyond.pdf 

• About metallic hydrogen:

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0002104

• Metallic hydrogen state in Jupiter:

https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/laboratory-laser-energetics-jupiter-of-metallic-hydrogen-329292/

• Metallic hydrogen role in Jupiter’s magnetic field:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X19305710

• 9.5 hour rotation:

https://www.psi.edu/epo/resources/inmotion/jupiter_earth

•  Lightning and mushballs

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/shallow-lightning-and-mushballs-reveal-ammonia-to-nasas-juno-scientists/ 

Most Extreme Place in the Universe Endcard 

This piece is based on our video "Let's Travel to The Most Extreme Place in The Universe"

Most Extreme Place in the Universe Intro

This piece is based on our video "Let's Travel to The Most Extreme Place in The Universe"

• Conselice, C. J. et al. (2016): THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY NUMBER DENSITY AT z < 8 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 830 (2). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83

• Lauer, T. R. et al. (2020): New Horizons Observations of the Cosmic Optical Background. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 906 (2) https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.03052.pdf

• NASA (2015): How many stars in the Milky Way? https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/blueshift/index.php/2015/07/22/how-many-stars-in-the-milky-way/ 

• ESA (2019): Hubble takes gigantic image of the Triangulum Galaxy. https://esahubble.org/news/heic1901/

• De Boer, T. J. L. et al. (2014): The episodic star formation history of the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 572 (A10). https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2014/12/aa24119-14/aa24119-14.html   

Dino Calendar Facts: Estemmenosuchus

Animated Fact

• Overview for years/size and diet facts:

​​http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/estemmenosuchidae.html#Estemmenosuchus

• Tverdokhlebov, V. et.al. (2005): Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. https://cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/5/537/files/2019/07/2005Tverdokhlebov.pdf (last access: 09/28/22)

How Radioactive are Your Teeth?

Fully Developed Story

• 520 nuclear tests, yield of 545 megatons:

https://www.unscear.org/docs/publications/1993/UNSCEAR_1993_Report.pdf

• 10,000 cancers per megaton, including FvH commentary:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08929880903368682?journalCode=gsgs20

• Summary article as a general source

https://www.americanscientist.org/article/fallout-from-nuclear-weapons-tests-and-cancer-risks

Guided Tour Through the Solar System: Venus

Animated Fact

• 90% gravity and size:

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html 

• Surface temperature:

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/ 

• Volcanic rock and surface wrinkles:

http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci/text/venusgeol.htm 

https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/venusmodeling2017/pdf/8027.pdf 

• Cloud acid:

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Acid_clouds_and_lightning 

• Slice of heaven:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24298536_Astrobiology_The_Case_for_Venus 

• 100 hour wind circulation:

https://www.science.org/content/article/wind-hitting-venus-s-mountains-makes-planet-rotate-faster 

• Polar vortices:

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Double_vortex_at_Venus_South_Pole_unveiled 

Tectonic Plates

Short Form Fully Developed Story

• Scotese, C. (2018): Atlas of Future Plate Tectonic Reconstructions: Modern World to Pangea Proxima (+250 Ma). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323511465_Atlas_of_Future_Plate_Tectonic_Reconstructions_Modern_World_to_Pangea_Proxima_250_Ma (last access: 09/19/22)

POV: You're a Brain Eating Amoeba

This piece is based on our video "The Most Horrible Parasite: Brain Eating"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-brain-eater/ 

How to Make Friends Endcard 

This piece is based on our video "Why You Are Lonely and How to Make Friends"

Why is Pluto no Longer a Planet?

Reaction to Question

• International Astronomical Union: “Pluto and the Developing Landscape of Our Solar System” (retrieved 2022) https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/ 

• Soter, S. (2006): “What is a planet?”, The Astronomical Journal. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/508861/meta   

How to Make Friends Intro

This piece is based on our video "Why You Are Lonely and How to Make Friends"

• Holt-Lunstad, J. et al. (2015): Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2015, Vol. 10(2), pp. 227–237 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25910392/ 

• Valtorta, N. K. et al. (2016): Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart Vol. 102, pp. 1009–1016

https://heart.bmj.com/content/102/13/1009 

• Achterbergh, L. et al. (2020): The experience of loneliness among young people with depression: a qualitative meta-synthesis of the literature. BMC Psychiatry Vol. 20 (415) https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-02818-3#citeas 

• Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport (2019): Community Life Survey 2018-19 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/820610/Community_Life_Survey_2018-19_report.pdf

Dino Calendar Fact - Anomalocaris

Animated Fact

• Lerosey-Aubril, R. et.al. (2014): Arthropod Appendages from the Weeks Formation Konservat-Lagerstätte: New Occurences of Anomalocaridids in the Cambrian of Utah, USA. http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/fulltext/1442_Lerosey-Aubril.pdf (last access: 09/09/22)

• Lerosey-Aubril, R. (2019): Data from: New Suspension-feeding Radiodont Suggests Evolution of Microplanktivory in Cambrian Macronekton.

https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.1cf2fb0 (last access: 09/09/22)

• Paterson, J. et.al. (2011): Acute Vision in the Giant Cambrian Predator Anomalocaris and the Origin of Compound Eyes. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10689 (last access: 09/09/22)

This piece is based on our video "What Dinosaurs ACTUALLY Looked Like"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-mysteries-of-the-past/

Metamorphosis 

Evolution Stories I

• Casartelli, M. & Tettamanti, G. (2019): Cell Death During Complete Metamorphosis. 

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstb.2019.0065 (last access: 09/09/22)

• Rolff, J. et.al. (2019): Complete Metamorphosis of Insects. 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6711294/pdf/rstb20190063.pdf (last access: 09/09/22)

• Truman, J. (2019): The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis.

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0960-9822%2819%2931315-6 (last access: 09/09/22)

• Yong, E. (2013): 3-D Scans Reveal Caterpillars Turning Into Butterflies. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/3-d-scans-caterpillars-transforming-butterflies-metamorphosis (last access: 09/09/22)

LoFi Quacks

Educational content about LoFi music

• All Music. https://www.allmusic.com/style/lo-fi-ma0000002701 (last access: 09/09/22)

• Harper, A. (2014): Lo-Fi Aesthetics in Popular Music Discourse.

https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cc84039c-3d30-484e-84b4-8535ba4a54f8/download_file?safe_filename=AHarper%2B-%2BLo-Fi%2BAesthetics%2BThesis.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Thesis (last access: 09/09/22)

• Hochberg, B. (2020): Chill Hop, Jazz Hop, LoFi, Whatever You Call It, It’s Catching On With Gen-Z

https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhochberg/2020/09/08/chill-hop-jazz-hop-lofi-whatever-you-call-it-its-driving-gen-z-mild/?sh=2d9d843f4ddf (last access: 09/09/22)

• Saywood, L. & Winston, E. (2019): Beats to Relax/Study to: Contradiction and Paradox in LoFi Hip Hop.

https://iaspmjournal.net/index.php/IASPM_Journal/article/view/949/pdf_1 (last access: 09/09/22)

Civilizational Collapse

This piece is based on our video "Is Civilization on the Brink of Collapse?"

• National Geographic Society (2021): The Kingdom of Aksum. 

http://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/kingdom-aksum/

• Encyclopedia Britannica (2021):Teotihuacán. 

https://www.britannica.com/place/Teotihuacan

• Encyclopedia Britannica (2021): Byzantine Empire

https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire

• Ord, T. (2020): The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity. P. 124

• Backman, C. R. (2015):  Cultures of the West: A History https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780190240455/stu_res/ch11/im/

• Link to an interactive map showing the extent of the spread of the Black Death at six time points: https://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/uscompanion/us/static/companion.websites/9780190240455/Map11.5/Map11.5.html

• Izdebski, A. et al. (2022): Palaeoecological data indicates land-use changes across Europe linked to spatial heterogeneity in mortality during the Black Death pandemic. Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 6, pp. 297–306

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01652-4

• Aberth, J. (2020): The Black Death: A New History of the Great Mortality in Europe, 1347-1500

https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-black-death-9780199937981?cc=de&lang=en&

• OWID (2021): Population

https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population?time=1200..1804&country=~Europe

•  International Committee of The Red Cross (ICRC) (accessed June 2022): Hiroshima & Nagasaki

https://www.icrc.org/en/hiroshima-nagasaki

• Tomonaga, M. (2019): The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Summary of the Human Consequences, 1945-2018, and Lessons for Homo sapiens to End the Nuclear Weapon Age. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, Vol. 2 (2),pp. 491-517

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2019.1681226

• U.S. Department of Energy (accessed June 2022): The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima. The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History

https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1945/hiroshima.htm

• City of Hiroshima (accessed June 2022): Statistical Profile

https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/search.html?cx=002997608326326859846%3Abb2ukufp1ul&cof=FORID%3A11&ie=UTF-8&q=statistical&sa=%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2&siteurl=www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp%2Fsite%2Fenglish%2Flist1377.html&ref=www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp%2Fsite%2Fenglish%2Flist1379-2473.html&ss=1650j387882j11#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=statistical%20profile&gsc.sort=:~:text=Statistical%20Profile%20The%20City%20of%20Hiroshima%20The%20

• UN (1963): Demographic Yearbook 1962, p. 341 https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dybsets/1962%20DYB.pdf

Human Cube

This piece is based on our video "The Last Human – A Glimpse Into The Far Future"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-last-human/  

Chicken Heads

Fully Developed Story

Primary Sources: 

• Steck F, Wandeler A, Nydegger B, Manigley C & Weiss, M (1980) Die Tollwut in der Schweiz 1967-1978. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 122, 605-636.

• Steck F, Wandeler A, Bischsel P, Capt S & Schneider LG (1982) Oral Immunisation of foxes against Rabies. A field study : Zbl. Vet. Med., 29B, 372-396.

• https://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org/

• https://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/gemp/avis/B058-rabies/mod0/0138-oral-wild.html

Supplementary sources: 

• https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/massachusetts/articles/2021-05-02/helicopter-to-distribute-rabies-vaccines-over-cape-cod

• https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-017-0459-9

• https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/heil-aus-huehnerkoepfen-a-af8a7a4b-0002-0001-0000-000040350236