Dr Keir A. Nichols - Every in situ C-14 paper ever (?)

Every in situ C-14 paper ever (?)

Measuring and applying in situ C-14 was the focus of my PhD studies. In situ C-14 is a cosmogenic nuclide, a rare isotope produced in the upper few metres of Earth surface materials by the interaction of cosmic rays with target nuclei. We can measure the concentration of in situ C-14 to study, for example, the past behaviour of glaciers.

Whilst writing my PhD thesis, I realised I was probably quite close to finding every in situ C-14 paper ever written. I thought it might be a useful resource to keep an up-to-date list of all in situ C-14 papers, so here we are. I've included papers that make/use measurements of in situ C-14 from terrestrial rocks (mostly from the mineral quartz), so it doesn't include C-14 measurements from ice (e.g. Petrenko et al. (2016) and Dyonisius et al. (2023)) or from meteorites (e.g. Jull et al. (2013) and Mészáros et al. (2018)). I've separated the papers into a few categories:

Applications of in situ C-14.
Method of in situ C-14 extraction - laboratory updates including methodological advances, blank and standard measurements, and studies on the preparation of samples for in situ C-14 analysis.
Production rate studies (calibration sites and scaling methods).
Papers on the theory or reviews of in situ C-14 exposure dating, including data reduction.
Technical reports (e.g. USGS reports that use in situ C-14)
Some important PhD/MSc theses that focus on the extraction and application of in situ C-14

Please let me know if I've missed any!

Last updated: July 2025 (recently added papers in yellow)

All papers/reports/theses presenting new in situ C-14 measurements

A silly plot I almost put in my thesis.

Last updated: 23rd October, 2024

1) Applications:

Adams, J.R., Rood, D.H., Wilcken, K., Roberts, S.J., Johnson, J.S.: Paired 14C-10Be exposure ages from Mount Murphy, West Antarctica: Implications for accurate and precise deglacial chronologies, Geochronology Discussions, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2024-34, in review.

Alexanderson, H., Möller, P., Jain, M., Knudsen, M.F., Larsen, N.K., Perić, Z.M., Søndergaard, A.S., Thompson, W.: Coupled luminescence and cosmogenic nuclide dating of postglacial deflation surfaces and sand drift on a raised ice-contact delta at Veinge, SW Sweden, Quaternary Geochronology, 80, 101500, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2024.101500, 2024.

Andersen, J.L., Lifton, N.A., Linge, H., Stuart, F., Olsen, J., Pedersen, V.K.: Ice-burial history and early Holocene thinning of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet at Gaustatoppen, southern Norway, Quaternary Science Reviews, 361, ??-??, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109409, 2025.

Akçar, N., Yeşilyurt, S., Hippe, K., Christl, M., Vockenhuber, C., Yavuz, V. and Özsoy, B.: Build-up and chronology of blue ice moraines in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, Quat. Sci. Adv., 2(May), 100012, doi:10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100012, 2020.

Anderson, R. K., Miller, G. H., Briner, J. P., Lifton, N. A. and DeVogel, S. B.: A millennial perspective on Arctic warming from 14C in quartz and plants emerging from beneath ice caps, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(1), doi:10.1029/2007GL032057, 2008.

Balco, G., Todd, C., Huybers, K., Campbell, S., Vermeulen, M., Hegland, M., Goehring, B. M. and Hillebrand, T. R.: Cosmogenic-nuclide exposure ages from the Pensacola Mountains adjacent to the Foundation Ice Stream, Antarctica, Am. J. Sci., 316(6), 542–577, doi:10.2475/06.2016.02, 2016.

Balco, G., Brown, N., Nichols, K.A., Venturelli, R.A., Adams, J., Braddock, S., Campbell, S., Goehring, B.M., Johnson, J.S., Rood, D.H., Wilcken, K., Hall, B., Woodward, J.: Reversible ice sheet thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment during the Late Holocene, The Cryosphere, 17, 1787-1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1787-2023, 2023.

Balco, G., Todd, C., Goehring, B. M., Moening-Swanson, I. and Nichols, K.: Glacial geology and cosmogenic-nuclide exposure ages from the Tucker Glacier - Whitehall Glacier confluence, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, Am. J. Sci., 319(April), 255–286, doi:10.2475/04.2019.01, 2019.

Berg, S., White, D. A., Bennike, O., Fülöp, R. H., Fink, D., Wagner, B. and Melles, M.: Unglaciated areas in East Antarctica during the Last Glacial (Marine Isotope Stage 3) – New evidence from Rauer Group, Quat. Sci. Rev., 153, 1–10, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.021, 2016.

Bierman, P. R., Davis, P. T., Corbett, L. B., Lifton, N. A. and Finkel, R. C.: Cold-based laurentide ice covered New England’s highest summits during the Last Glacial Maximum, Geology, 43(12), 1059–1062, doi:10.1130/G37225.1, 2015.

Corbett, L.B., Bierman, P.R., Neumann, T.A., Graly, J.A., Shakun, J.D., Goehring, B.M., Hidy, A.J., Caffee, M.W.: Measuring multiple cosmogenic nuclides in glacial cobbles sheds light on Greenland Ice Sheet processes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 554, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116673, 2021.

Crump, S. E., Young, N. E., Miller, G. H., Pendleton, S. L., Tulenko, J. P., Anderson, R. S. and Briner, J. P.: Glacier expansion on Baffin Island during early Holocene cold reversals, Quat. Sci. Rev., 241, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106419, 2020.

Fogwill, C. J., Turney, C. S. M., Golledge, N. R., Rood, D. H., Hippe, K., Wacker, L., Wieler, R., Rainsley, E. B. and Jones, R. S.: Drivers of abrupt Holocene shifts in West Antarctic ice stream direction determined from combined ice sheet modelling and geologic signatures, Antarct. Sci., 26(6), 674–686, doi:10.1017/S0954102014000613, 2014.

Fülöp, R. H., Bishop, P., Fabel, D., Cook, G. T., Everest, J., Schnabel, C., Codilean, A. T. and Xu, S.: Quantifying soil loss with in-situ cosmogenic 10Be and 14C depth-profiles, Quat. Geochronol., 27, 78–93, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.003, 2015.

Fülöp, R. H., Codilean, A. T., Wilcken, K. M., Cohen, T. J., Fink, D., Smith, A. M., Yang, B., Levchenko, V. A., Wacker, L., Marx, S. K., Stromsoe, N., Fujioka, T. and Dunai, T. J.: Million-year lag times in a post-orogenic sediment conveyor, Sci. Adv., 6(25), doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz8845, 2020.

Gilbert, A., Flowers, G. E., Miller, G. H., Refsnider, K. A., Young, N. E. and Radić, V.: The projected demise of Barnes Ice Cap: Evidence of an unusually warm 21st century Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44(6), 2810–2816, doi:10.1002/2016GL072394, 2017.

Goehring, B. M., Schaefer, J. M., Schluechter, C., Lifton, N. A., Finkel, R. C., Jull, A. J. T., Akçar, N. and Alley, R. B.: The Rhone Glacier was smaller than today for most of the Holocene, Geology, 39(7), 679–682, doi:10.1130/G32145.1, 2011.

Goehring, B. M., Balco, G., Todd, C., Moening-Swanson, I. and Nichols, K.: Late-glacial grounding line retreat in the northern Ross Sea, Antarctica, Geology, 47(4), 1–4, doi:10.1130/G45413.1, 2019.

Goehring, B.M., Brown, N., Moon, S., Blisniuk, K.: The Transport History of Alluvial Fan Sediment Inferred From Multiple Geochronometers, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface., 126 (9), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006096, 2021.

Goehring, B.M., Menounos, B., Osborn, G., Hawkins, A., Ward, B.: Reconciling the apparent absence of a Last Glacial Maximum alpine glacial advance, Yukon Territory, Canada, through cosmogenic beryllium-10 and carbon-14 measurements, Geochronology, 4, 311-322, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-311-2022, 2022.

Goehring, B.M., Miller, E., Birdsell, K., Schultz-Fellenz, Kelley, R., French, S., Stauffer, P.H.: Cliff Retreat Rates Associated with a Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility in Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. GeoHazards, 5 (2), 547-558, https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards5020028, 2024.

Goodfellow, B.W., Stroeven, A.P., Lifton, N.A., Heyman, J., Lewerentz, A., Hippe, K., Näslund, J-O., Caffee, M.W.: Last ice sheet recession and landscape emergence above sea level in east-central Sweden, evaluated using in situ cosmogenic 14C from quartz, Geochronology, 6, 291-302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-291-2024 , 2024.

Gorin, A., Shakun, J.D., Jones, A.G., Kennedy, T.M., Marcott, S.A., Goehring, B.M., Zoet, L.K., Jomelli, V., Bromley, G.R.M., Mateo, E.I., Mark, B.G., Rodbell, D.T., Gilbert, A., Caffee, M.W.: Recent tropical Andean glacier retreat is unprecedented in the Holocene. Science, 385 (6708), 517-521, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg7546, 2024.

Graham, B. L., Briner, J. P., Schweinsberg, A. D., Lifton, N. A. and Bennike, O.: New in situ 14C data indicate the absence of nunataks in west Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quat. Sci. Rev., 225, 105981, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105981, 2019.

Handwerger, D. A., Cerling, T. E. and Bruhn, R. L.: Cosmogenic 14C in carbonate rocks, Geomorphology, 27(1–2), 13–24, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00087-7, 1999.

Hall, A.M., Sugden, D.E., Binnie, S.A., Hein, A., Dunai, T., Ritter, B., Stewart, M.: Inherited terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides in landscapes of selective glacial erosion: lessons from Lochnagar, Eastern Grampian Mountains, Scotland, Journal of Quaternary Science, 39 (4), 515-530, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3605, 2024.

Harrington, C., Whitney, J. W., Jull, A. J. T. and Phillips, W.: Cosmogenic Dating and Analysis of Scarps Along the Solitario Canyon and Windy Wash Faults, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. [online] Available from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/, 1999.

Hawkins, A.C., Goehring, B.M., Menounos, B.: Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide bedrock depth profiles used to infer changes in Holocene glacier cover, Vintage Peak, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Geochronology, 7, 157-172, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-7-157-2025. 2025.

Hippe, K., Kober, F., Zeilinger, G., Ivy-Ochs, S., Maden, C., Wacker, L., Kubik, P. W. and Wieler, R.: Quantifying denudation rates and sediment storage on the eastern Altiplano, Bolivia, using cosmogenic 10Be, 26Al, and in situ 14C, Geomorphology, 179, 58–70, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.07.031, 2012.

Hippe, K., Ivy-Ochs, S., Kober, F., Zasadni, J., Wieler, R., Wacker, L., Kubik, P. W. and Schlüchter, C.: Chronology of Lateglacial ice flow reorganization and deglaciation in the Gotthard Pass area, Central Swiss Alps, based on cosmogenic 10Be and in situ 14C, Quat. Geochronol., 19, 14–26, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2013.03.003, 2014.

Hippe, K., Gordijn, T., Picotti, V., Hajdas, I., Jansen, J. D., Christl, M., Vockenhuber, C., Maden, C., Akçar, N. and Ivy-Ochs, S.: Fluvial dynamics and 14 C-10 Be disequilibrium on the Bolivian Altiplano, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 44(3), 766–780, doi:10.1002/esp.4529, 2019.

Hippe, K., Jansen, J.D., Skov, D.S., Lupker, M., Ivy-Ochs, S., Kober, F., Zeilinger, G., Capriles, J.M., Christl, M., Maden, C., Vochenhuber, C., Egholm, D.L.: Cosmogenic in situ 14C-10Be reveals abrupt Late Holocene soil loss in the Andean Altiplano, Nature Communications, 12 (2456), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22825-6, 2021.

Jeong, A., Lee, J. Il, Seong, Y. B., Balco, G., Yoo, K. C., Yoon, H. Il, Domack, E., Rhee, H. H. and Yu, B. Y.: Late Quaternary deglacial history across the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica, Quat. Sci. Rev., 189, 134–148, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.011, 2018.

Jones, A.G., Marcott, S.A., Gorin, A.L., Kennedy, T.M., Shakun, J.D., Goehring, B.M., Menounos, B., Clark, D.H., Romero, M., and Caffee, M.W.: Four North American glaciers advanced past their modern positions thousands of years apart in the Holocene, The Cryosphere, 17, 5459–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5459-2023 , 2023.

Johnson, J. S., Smith, J. A., Schaefer, J. M., Young, N. E., Goehring, B. M., Hillenbrand, C. D., Lamp, J. L., Finkel, R. C. and Gohl, K.: The last glaciation of Bear Peninsula, central Amundsen Sea Embayment of Antarctica: Constraints on timing and duration revealed by in situ cosmogenic 14C and 10Be dating, Quat. Sci. Rev., 178, 77–88, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.11.003, 2017.

Johnson, J. S., Nichols, K. A., Goehring, B. M., Balco, G. and Schaefer, J. M.: Abrupt mid-Holocene ice loss in the western Weddell Sea Embayment of Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 518, 127–135, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.002, 2019.

Johnson, J. S., Roberts, S. J., Rood, D. H., Pollard, D., Schaefer, J. M., Whitehouse, P. L., Ireland, L. C., Lamp, J. L., Goehring, B. M., Rand, C. and Smith, J. A.: Deglaciation of Pope Glacier implies widespread early Holocene ice sheet thinning in the Amundsen Sea sector of Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 548, 116501, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116501, 2020.

Jomelli, V., Swingedouw, D., Vuille, M., Favier, V., Goehring, B.M., Shakun, J., Braucher, R., Schimmelpfennig, I., Menviel, L., Rabatel, A., Martin, L.C.P., Blard, P.-H., Condom, T., Lupker, M., Christl, M., He, Z., Verfaillie, D., Gorin, A., Aumaître, G., Bourlès, D. L., Keddadouche, K.: In-phase millennial-scale glacier changes in the tropics and North Atlantic regions during the Holocene. Nature Communications, 13, 1419, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28939-9 , 2022.

Kelley, S.E., Doughty, A.M., Lifton, N.A., Pendleton, S., O'Brien, C., Warren, G.: Reconstructing the late Pleistocene glacial history of the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, using paired cosmogenic 10Be and 14C, Journal of Quaternary Science, ? (?), ??-??, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3721, 2025.

Kim, D. E., Seong, Y. B., Byun, J., Weber, J. and Min, K.: Geomorphic disequilibrium in the Eastern Korean Peninsula: Possible evidence for reactivation of a rift-flank margin, Geomorphology, 254, 130–145, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.11.022, 2016.

Kim, K. J., Lal, D., Englert, P. A. J. and Southon, J.: In situ 14C depth profile of subsurface vein quartz samples from Macraes Flat New Zealand, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 259(1), 632–636, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.02.009, 2007.

Koester, A.J., Shakun, J.D., Bierman, P.R., Davis, P.T., Corbett, L.B., Goehring, B.M., Vickers, A.C., Zimmerman, S.R.: Laurentide ice sheet thinning and erosive regimes at Mount Washington, New Hampshire, inferred from multiple cosmogenic nuclides, Untangling the Quaternary Period—A Legacy of Stephen C. Porter, Richard B. Waitt, Glenn D. Thackray, Alan R. Gillespie, https://doi.org/10.1130/2020.2548(15), 2021.

Kober, F., Hippe, K, Salcher, B., Ivy-Ochs, S., Kubik, P.W., Wacker, L., Hählen, N.: Debris-flow–dependent variation of cosmogenically derived catchment-wide denudation rates, Geology, 40 (10), 935-938, https://doi.org/10.1130/G33406.1, 2012.

Kober, F., Hippe, K, Salcher, B., Grischott, R., Zurfluh, R., Hajdas, I., Wacker, L., Christl, M., Ivy-Ochs, S..: Postglacial to Holocene landscape evolution and process rates in steep alpine catchments, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 44 (1), 242-258, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4491 , 2018.

Matmon, A., Shaked, Y., Porat, N., Enzel, Y., Finkel, R., Lifton, N., Boaretto, E. and Agnon, A.: Landscape development in an hyperarid sandstone environment along the margins of the Dead Sea fault: Implications from dated rock falls, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240(3–4), 803–817, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.059, 2005.

Miller, E. D., Staufer, P. H., Birdsell, K. H., Schultz-Fellenz, E. S., Goehring, B. M. and French, S. B.: Quantifying Holocene Cliff Retreat Rates at Technical Area 54, a Low- and Mixed-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Site, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico. [online] Available from: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1566075, 2019.

Miller, G. H., Briner, J. P., Lifton, N. A. and Finkel, R. C.: Limited ice-sheet erosion and complex exposure histories derived from in situ cosmogenic 10Be, 26Al, and 14C on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, Quat. Geochronol., 1(1), 74–85, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2006.06.011, 2006.

Nichols, K. A., Goehring, B. M., Balco, G., Johnson, J. S., Hein, A. S. and Todd, C.: New Last Glacial Maximum ice thickness constraints for the Weddell Sea Embayment, Antarctica, Cryosph., 13, 2935–2951, doi:10.5194/tc-13-2935-2019, 2019.

Paige, C., Gosse, J., Wacker, L., Kirby, E., McDonald, E., Margreth, A., Lifton, N.: Combined soils and in situ 14C approach to evaluate erosion of non-lithified landforms. Atlantic Geology, 57, - I don't have access to this one, but it's found here.

Pendleton, S., Miller, G., Lifton, N. and Young, N.: Cryosphere response resolves conflicting evidence for the timing of peak Holocene warmth on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, Quat. Sci. Rev., 216, 107–115, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.015, 2019a.

Pendleton, S. L., Miller, G. H., Lifton, N., Lehman, S. J., Southon, J., Crump, S. E. and Anderson, R. S.: Rapidly receding Arctic Canada glaciers revealing landscapes continuously ice-covered for more than 40,000 years, Nat. Commun., 10(1), 1–8, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08307-w, 2019b.

Rand, C. and Goehring, B. M.: The distribution and magnitude of subglacial erosion on millennial timescales at Engabreen, Norway, Ann. Glaciol., 60(80), 73–81, doi:10.1017/aog.2019.42, 2019.

Rand, C., Jones, R.S., Mackintosh, A.N., Goehring, B.M., Lilly, K.: A thicker, rather than thinner, East Antarctic Ice Sheet plateau during the Last Glacial Maximum. The Cryosphere Discussions (in review), https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2674

Sbarra, C.M., Briner, J.P., Graham, B.L., Poinar, K., Thomas, E.K., Young, N.E.: Evidence for a more extensive Greenland Ice Sheet in southwestern Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum. Geosphere, 18 (40), 1316-1329, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02432.1, 2022.

Schimmelpfennig, I., Schaefer, J.M., Lamp, J., Godard, V., Schwartz, R., Bard, E., Tuna, T., Akçar, N., Schlüchter, C., Zimmerman, S., ASTER Team.: Glacier response to Holocene warmth inferred from in situ 10Be and 14C bedrock analyses in Steingletscher's forefield (central Swiss Alps). Climate of the Past, 18 (1), 23-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-23-2022, 2022.

Schweinsberg, A.D., Briner, J.P., Licciardi, J.M., Bennike, O., Lifton, N.A., Graham, B.L., Young, N.E., Schaefer, J.M., Zimmerman, S.H.: Multiple independent records of local glacier variability on Nuussuaq, West Greenland, during the Holocene, Quaternary Science Reviews, 215, 253-271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.007, 2019.

Slosson, J.R., Hoke, G.D., Lifton, N.A.: Non-Steady-State 14C-10Be and Transient Hillslope Dynamics in Steep High Mountain Catchments, Geophysical Research Letters, 49 (24), https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100365, 2022.

Søndergaard, A. S., Larsen, N. K., Steinemann, O., Olsen, J., Funder, S., Egholm, D. L. and Kjær, K. H.: Glacial history of Inglefield Land, north Greenland from combined in situ 10Be and 14C exposure dating, Clim. Past, 16(5), 1999–2015, doi:10.5194/cp-16-1999-2020, 2020

Søndergaard, A. S., Andersen, J.L., Larsen, K.L., Steinemann, O., Haghipour, N., Olsen, J., Egholm, D.L.: Multi‐million‐year evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet in InglefieldLand, North Greenland, Journal of Quaternary Science, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3725 , 2025.

Søndergaard, A. S., Rosenberd, A., Knudsen, M.F., Hippe, K., Christl, M., Haghipoir, N., Steinemann, O., Kjær, K. H., Larsen, N.K.: A North Greenland-wide in situ cosmogenic 14C ice sheet chronology since the Lateglacial, Boreas, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.70029 , 2025.

Spector, P., Stone, J. and Goehring, B.: Thickness of the divide and flank of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet through the last deglaciation, Cryosph., 13, 3061–3075, doi:10.5194/tc-13-3061-2019, 2019.

Towers, A.H., Mudd, S.M., Attal, M., Clubb, F.J., Binnie, S.A., Dunai, T.J., Haghipour, N.: Denudation rates and Holocene sediment storage dynamics inferred from in situ 14C concentrations in the Feshie basin, Scotland, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 50 (4), 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70043, 2025.

Vickers, A. C., Shakun, J. D., Goehring, B. M., Gorin, A., Kelly, M. A., Jackson, M. S., Doughty, A. and Russell, J.: Similar Holocene glaciation histories in tropical South America and Africa, Geology, 49(2), 140–144, doi:10.1130/g48059.1, 2021.

White, D., Fülöp, R. H., Bishop, P., Mackintosh, A. and Cook, G.: Can in-situ cosmogenic 14C be used to assess the influence of clast recycling on exposure dating of ice retreat in Antarctica?, Quat. Geochronol., 6(3–4), 289–294, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2011.03.004, 2011.

Wirsig, C., Ivy-Ochs, S., Akçar, N., Lupker, M., Hippe, K., Wacker, L., Vockenhuber, C. and Schlüchter, C.: Combined cosmogenic 10Be, in situ 14C and 36Cl concentrations constrain Holocene history and erosion depth of Grueben glacier (CH), Swiss J. Geosci., 109(3), 379–388, doi:10.1007/s00015-016-0227-2, 2016.

Yokoyama, Y., Caffee, M. W., Southon, J. R. and Nishiizumi, K.: Measurements of in situ produced 14C in terrestrial rocks, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 223–224, 253–258, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.051, 2004.

Young, N. E., Lamp, J., Koffman, T., Briner, J. P., Schaefer, J., Gjermundsen, E. F., Linge, H., Zimmerman, S., Guilderson, T. P., Fabel, D. and Hormes, A.: Deglaciation of coastal south-western Spitsbergen dated with in situ cosmogenic 10Be and 14C measurements, J. Quat. Sci., 33(7), 763–776, doi:10.1002/jqs.3058, 2018.

Young, N.E., Lesnek, A.J., Cuzzone, J.K., Briner, J.P., Badgeley, J.A., Balter-Kennedy, A., Graham, B.L., Cluett, A., Lamp, J.L., Schwartz, R., Tuna, T., Bard, E., Caffee, M.W., Zimmerman, S., Schaefer, J.M.: In situ cosmogenic 10Be–14C–26Al measurements from recently deglaciated bedrock as a new tool to decipher changes in Greenland Ice Sheet size, Climate of the Past, 17 (1), 419-450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, 2021.

2) Extraction/sample prep.:

Fülöp, R. H., Naysmith, P., Cook, G. T., Fabel, D., Xu, S. and Bishop, P.: Update on the performance of the SUERC in situ cosmogenic 14C extraction line, Radiocarbon, 52(3), 1288–1294, doi:10.1017/S0033822200046373, 2010.

Fülöp, R. H., Wacker, L. and Dunai, T. J.: Progress report on a novel in situ 14C extraction scheme at the University of Cologne, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 361, 20–24, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2015.02.023, 2015.

Fülöp, R. H., Fink, D., Yang, B., Codilean, A. T., Smith, A., Wacker, L., Levchenko, V. and Dunai, T. J.: The ANSTO – University of Wollongong in-situ 14C extraction laboratory, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, (January), 0–1, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2018.04.018, 2019.

Goehring, B. M., Schimmelpfennig, I. and Schaefer, J. M.: Capabilities of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in situ 14C extraction laboratory updated, Quat. Geochronol., 19(March), 194–197, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2013.01.004, 2014.

Goehring, B. M., Wilson, J. and Nichols, K.: A fully automated system for the extraction of in situ cosmogenic carbon-14 in the Tulane University cosmogenic nuclide laboratory, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2019.02.006, 2019.

Hippe, K., Kober, F., Baur, H., Ruff, M., Wacker, L. and Wieler, R.: The current performance of the in situ 14C extraction line at ETH, Quat. Geochronol., 4(6), 493–500, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2009.06.001, 2009.

Hippe, K., Kober, F., Wacker, L., Fahrni, S. M., Ivy-Ochs, S., Akçar, N., Schlüchter, C. and Wieler, R.: An update on in situ cosmogenic 14C analysis at ETH Zürich, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 294, 81–86, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2012.06.020, 2013.

Jull, A. J. T., Donahue, D. J., Linick, T. W. and Wilson, G. C.: Spallogenic 14C in high-altitude rocks and in Antarctic meteorites, Radiocarbon, 31(3), 719–724, doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200012315, 1989.

Jull, A. J. T., Wilson, A. E., Burr, G. S., Toolin, L. J. and Donahue, D. J.: Measurements of Cosmogenic 14C Produced by Spallation in High-Altitude Rocks, Radiocarbon, 34(3), 737–744, doi:10.1017/s003382220006402x, 1992.

Lal, D. and Jull, A. J. T.: Studies of cosmogenic in-situ 14CO and 14CO2 produced in terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples: experimental procedures and applications, Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B, 92(1–4), 291–296, doi:10.1016/0168-583X(94)96021-6, 1994.

Lamp, J. L., Young, N. E., Koffman, T., Schimmelpfennig, I., Tuna, T., Bard, E. and Schaefer, J. M.: Update on the cosmogenic in situ 14C laboratory at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, (April), 1–6, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2019.05.064, 2019.

Lifton, N., Wilson, J., Koester, A.: Technical note: Studying lithium metaborate fluxes and extraction protocols with a new, fully automated in situ cosmogenic 14C processing system at PRIME Lab. Geochronology, 5 (2), 361-375 https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-361-2023, 2023

Lifton, N., Goehring, B., Wilson, J., Kubley, T. and Caffee, M.: Progress in automated extraction and purification of in situ14C from quartz: Results from the Purdue in situ14C laboratory, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 361(August), 381–386, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2015.03.028, 2015.

Lifton, N. A., Jull, A. J. T. and Quade, J.: A new extraction technique and production rate estimate for in situ cosmogenic 14C in quartz, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65(12), 1953–1969, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00566-X, 2001.

Lupker, M., Hippe, K., Wacker, L., Steinemann, O., Tikhomirov, D., Maden, C., Haghipour, N. and Synal, H. A.: In-situ cosmogenic 14C analysis at ETH Zürich: Characterization and performance of a new extraction system, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 457(July), 30–36, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2019.07.028, 2019.

Naysmith, P., Cook, G.T., Phillips, W.M., Lifton, N.A., Anderson, R.: Preliminary results for the extraction and measurement of cosmogenic in situ 14C from quartz, Radiocarbon, 46(1), 201–206, doi:10.1017/S0033822200039527, 2004.

Nichols, K. A. and Goehring, B. M.: Isolation of quartz for cosmogenic in situ 14C analysis, Geochronology, 1, 43–52, doi:10.5194/gchron-1-43-2019, 2019.

Pigati, J.S., Lifton, N.A., Jull, A.J.T., Quade, J.: Extraction of in situ cosmogenic 14C from olivine, Radiocarbon, 52(2–3), 1244–1260, doi:10.1017/S0033822200046336, 2010.

Pigati, J. S., Lifton, N. A., Jull, A. J. T. and Quade, J.: A simplified in situ cosmogenic 14C extraction system, Radiocarbon, 52(2–3), 1236–1243, doi:10.1017/S0033822200046324, 2010.

Schiffer, M., Stolz, A., López, D. A., Spanier, R., Herb, S., Müller-Gatermann, C., Heinze, S., Binnie, S., Melchert, J., Kivel, N., Schumann, D., Rethemeyer, J., Dunai, T. and Dewald, A.: Method developments for accelerator mass spectrometry at CologneAMS, 53Mn/3He burial dating and ultra-small 14CO2 samples, Glob. Planet. Change, 184(September 2019), doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.103053, 2020.

Shimizu, Y., Miyairi, Y., Yokoyama, Y.: An in situ cosmogenic 14C extraction system at the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo. Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 539, 190-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2023.03.026 (2023)

Sliz, M.U., Hofmann, B.A., Leya, I., Szidat, S.: An update on the performance of the in situ 14C extraction line at the University of Bern, Radiocarbon, 62 (5), 1371-1388, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.38, 2020.

3) Production rate studies:

Argento, D.C., Reedy, R.C., Stone, J.O.: Modeling the eath's cosmic radiation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 294, 464-469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2012.05.022, 2013.

Borchers, B., Marrero, S., Balco, G., Caffee, M., Goehring, B.M., Lifton, N., Nishiizumi, K., Phillips, F., Shcaefer, J., Stone, J.: Geological calibration of spallation production rates in the CRONUS-Earth project, Quaternary Geochronology, 31, 188-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.009, 2016.

Fenton, C. R., Niedermann, S., Dunai, T. and Binnie, S. A.: The SPICE project: Production rates of cosmogenic 21Ne, 10Be, and 14C in quartz from the 72 ka SP basalt flow, Arizona, USA, Quat. Geochronol., 54(September), 101019, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2019.101019, 2019.

Fenton, C. R., Niedermann, S., Binnie, S. A., Dunai, T.: The SPICE Project: Cross-calibration of six terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide production rates in quartz, olivine, and pyroxene from the 72 ka SP lava flow, AZ, USA, Goldschmidt abstract (poster) (2022) - note to self to update this when it's published.

Koester, A. and Lifton, N.A.: Technical note: A software framework for calculating compositionally dependent in situ 14C production rates, Geochronology, 5 (1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-21-2023 (2023)

Lifton, N., Caffee, M., Finkel, R., Marrero, S., Nishiizumi, K., Phillips, F.M., Goehring, B.M., Gosse, J., Stone, J., Schaefer, J., Theriault, B., Jull, A.J.T., Fifield, K.: In situ cosmogenic nuclide production rate calibration for the CRONUS-Earth project from Lake Bonneville, Utah, shoreline features, Quaternary Geochronology, 26, 56-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2014.11.002, 2015.

Lupker, M., Hippe, K., Wacker, L., Kober, F., Maden, C., Braucher, R., Bourlès, D., Romani, J. R. V. and Wieler, R.: Depth-dependence of the production rate of in situ 14C in quartz from the Leymon High core, Spain, Quat. Geochronol., 28(April), 80–87, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.004, 2015.

Masarik, J., Reedy, R.C.: Terrestrial cosmogenic-nuclide production systematics calculated from numerical simulations, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 136 (3-4), https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00169-D, 1995.

Schimmelpfennig, I., Schaefer, J. M., Goehring, B. M., Lifton, N., Putnam, A. E. and Barrell, D. J. A.: Calibration of the in situ cosmogenic 14C production rate in New Zealand’s Southern Alps, J. Quat. Sci., 27(7), 671–674, doi:10.1002/jqs.2566, 2012.

Young, N. E., Schaefer, J. M., Goehring, B., Lifton, N., Schimmelpfennig, I. and Briner, J. P.: West Greenland and global in situ 14C production-rate calibrations, J. Quat. Sci., 29(5), 401–406, doi:10.1002/jqs.2717, 2014.

To add:

Balco (2017)

Heisinger et al. (2002) a and b

Heisinger and Nolte (2000)

4) Theory/Reviews:

Dennis, D.P., Scherler, D.: A Combined Cosmogenic Nuclides Approach for Determining the Temperature-Dependence of Erosion, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 127 (4), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006580, 2022.

Hippe, K.: Constraining processes of landscape change with combined in situ cosmogenic 14C-10Be analysis, Quat. Sci. Rev., 173, 1–19, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.07.020, 2017.

Hippe, K. and Lifton, N. A.: Calculating Isotope Ratios and Nuclide Concentrations for In Situ Cosmogenic 14C Analyses, Radiocarbon, 56(03), 1167–1174, doi:10.2458/56.17917, 2014.

Lal, D. and Jull, A. J. T.: In-situ cosmogenic 14C: Production and examples of its unique applications in studies of terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes, Radiocarbon, 43(2B), 731–742, doi:10.1017/s0033822200041394, 2001.

Mudd, S. M.: Detection of transience in eroding landscapes, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 42 (1), 24-41, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3923, 2017.

Muzikar, P.: Exposure-age and erosion rate determination using the in-situ nuclide pair 10Be–14C, Quat. Geochronol., 58(March), 101076, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2020.101076, 2020.

Nichols, K.A.: A decade of in situ cosmogenic 14C in Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 1-6., https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.13, (2022).

Pigati, J. S. and Lifton, N. A.: Geomagnetic effects on time-integrated cosmogenic nuclide production with emphasis on in situ 14C and 10Be, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 226(1–2), 193–205, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.031, 2004.

Skov, D. S., Egholm, D. L., Jansen, J. D., Sandiford, M. and Knudsen, M. F.: Detecting landscape transience with in situ cosmogenic 14C and 10Be, Quat. Geochronol., 54(June), doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2019.101008, 2019.

5) Technical reports:

6) In situ C-14 - focused theses:

Dugan, B.: New Production Rate Estimates for In Situ Cosmogenic 14C from Lake Bonneville, Utah, and Northwestern Scotland, MSc Thesis, University of Arizona, 2008. Also presented at a CRONUS Earth/EU workshop in 2008. I noticed that Young et al. (2014) cite Dugan et al. (2008, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta) but I can't find anything beyond the MSc thesis - I think the results were ultimately published as part of the Lifton et al. (2015) paper, and that B. Dugan is now B. Thericault (co-authored the Lifton et al. paper).

Fülöp, R.-H.: Quantifying the magnitude and timing of Holocene soil erosion events on parent materials of known age using in-situ cosmogenic C-14 and Be-10 depth-profiles, PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow., 2012.

Goehring, B. M.: Cosmogenic Nuclides, Climate Change and Glacial Erosion, PhD Thesis, Columbia University., 2010.

Hippe, K.: Combining cosmogenic 10Be and in situ 14C in earth surface sciences a new 14C extraction system and two case studies on sediment transfer and surface exposure dating, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich., 2012.

Koester, A.: Applications of in situ 14C to glacial landscapes in Sweden and Antarctica, PhD Thesis, Purdue University, 2023.

Lifton, N. A.: A new extraction technique and production rate estimate for in situ cosmogenic 14C in quartz, PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona., 1997.

Naysmith, P.: Extraction and measurement of cosmogenic in situ 14C from quartz, MSc Dissertation, University of Glasgow., 2007.

Nichols, K.A.: The Glacial History of the Weddell Sea Embayment, Antarctica, PhD Thesis, Tulane University, 2020.

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