Rote exercises versus deduction and reasoning. Imitation versus creativity. Over the course of history, humans have devised endless methods to train their offspring and their own peers in the skills and knowledge that were deemed necessary to become functional members of any given society, at any given time. In the Western Hemisphere, the Enlightenment brought education and learning under scrutiny, leading to the flourishing of different learning theories over the course of the 20th century. Below are some of the most relevant.
Image credits - Upper left: Rklawton / CC BY-SA. Upper right: Roland Zumbühl, Picswiss / CC BY-SA.
Bottom left: Gerd Altmann from Pixabay. Botton right: Charles J Sharp / CC-BY-SA.