In a written or published work, an initial capital (also referred to as a drop capital or simply an initial cap, initial, initcapital, initcap or init or a drop cap or drop) is a letter at the beginning of a word, a chapter, or a paragraph that is larger than the rest of the text. The word is derived from the Latin initialis, which means standing at the beginning. An initial is often several lines in height and in older books or manuscripts are known as "inhabited" initials. Certain important initials, such as the Beatus initial or "B" of Beatus vir... at the opening of Psalm 1 at the start of a vulgate Latin. These specific initials in an illuminated manuscript were also called initiums.

In the present, the word "initial" commonly refers to the first letter of any word or name, the latter normally capitalized in English usage and is generally that of a first given name or a middle one or ones.


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In the very early history of printing, the typesetters would leave blank the necessary space, so that the initials could be added later by a scribe or miniature painter. Later initials were printed using separate blocks in woodcut or metalcut techniques.

The initials are morphologically classified: the rubricated letter (red); the epigraphic letter, imitating ancient Roman majuscules; the figurated initial (usually in miniatures); the historiated initial, that gives spatial support to scenes of a narrative character; etc.

The initial may sit on the same baseline as the first line of text, at the same margin, as it does here. This is the easiest to typeset on a computer, including in HTML. An example follows (using Lorem ipsum nonsense text):

Alternatively, the initial may be in the left margin, with the text indented, as shown here. In word processors and HTML, this may be implemented using a table with two cells, one for the initial and one for the rest of the text. The difference between this and a true drop cap may be seen when the text extends below the initial. For example:

With a drop cap, the initial sits within the margins and runs several lines deep into the paragraph, indenting some normal-sized text in these lines. This keeps the left and top margins of the paragraph flush.

The initial CSS keyword applies the initial (or default) value of a property to an element. It can be applied to any CSS property, including the CSS shorthand property all. With all set to initial, all CSS properties can be restored to their respective initial values in one go instead of restoring each one separately.

I was trying to run ab initio reconstruction for the stressosome data which the core has icosahedral symmetry, but I keep getting an wrong initial model from the reconstruction job which looks like an cakes.

the results of 2D classification looks like this:

2D1919591 293 KB

Thanks for reporting. For these highly symmetric particles (at least the core in your case) the squashed result can occur due to the fact that all projections look quite similar at low resolutions, so that the beginning, ab-initio reconstruction will rather assign all particles to the same viewing direction, when the initial model is very far from correct.

Along with the minibatch size, increasing the

Initial resolution (A): to 15 or 20 A and

Final resolution (A): to 8 or 6 A

will generaly help a lot when the only alignable signal is at higher resolutions. The job will run slower but give a better result. This also works for C1 reconstructions of apofettitin.

I encountered similar problem for my particles (Oh global symmetry). But neither increasing batch size to 1000 or 2000, nor resolution limits gave me correct initial model. My question is what would be now more sensible to change further: batch size or resolution? I need to admit that models generated now are better, but still far away from being correct.

I'm not sure why the second method you used (from the article) didn't work - as far as the simulator is concerned, the data it sees is the same, so there must have been a difference in the initial condition file being read, or there was a mistake in your setup.

I have a problem with the initial conditions in the capacitor. The initial condition seems to be ignored when the capacitor value is greater than 1 mF.

What could be the problem? Kindly help me find a solution to this issue.

Your problem is not the large capacitor value but the small resistor value. Quoting from the Spectre User Guide (support.cadence.com/.../cos;src=pubs;releaseName=;DocumentType=manuals;q=/spectreuser/spectreuser15.1/chap17.html#297523):


 The Spectre simulator sets initial conditions on a node by attaching a voltage source through a resistor. The default value of this resistor is 1, but you can control the value through the options parameter rforce. You can lower the value of rforce to bring the voltage values into agreement in one of the following ways:


Notice from spectre during IC analysis, during transient analysis `tran'.

 C0: Initial condition computed for node out is in error by 9.52381 mV

 (95.2381 %). 

 Decrease `rforce' to reduce error in computed initial conditions. 

 However, setting rforce too small may result in convergence 

 difficulties or in the matrix becoming singular.

Initial conditions are met by applying a voltage source in series with a resistor, rforce which defaults to 1ohm. So with a 5 ohm resistor, you'd expect to get the initial condition of approx 5/6*10mV - which is 8.333mV which is pretty much what you see. With a 50mOhm resistor, you're going to get a tiny proportion of the initial condition - hence the message above. If I set the option rforce=1m then you get closer to the initial condition (I would be wary of setting it too much lower than this though - generally speaking tiny resistors are bad for convergence). This rforce can be set on Simulation->Options->Analog or by adding:


IS200, Basic Incident Command System for Initial Response, reviews the Incident Command System (ICS), provides the context for ICS within initial response, and supports higher level ICS training. This course provides training on, and resources for, personnel who are likely to assume a supervisory position within ICS. 

The Emergency Management Institute developed its ICS courses collaboratively with:

Review and approval of Initial Teacher Preparation Programs in Florida consists of two parallel systems - one for initial approval and one for continued approval - both of which are governed by State Statute and Rule. The focus of the initial review is "process-oriented," whereas the focus of the continued review is "outcome-oriented."

Beyond the initial three-year validity period, an educator who does not yet meet the requirements for a Professional certificate, but who is employed by a South Carolina public school district, is eligible for an annual extension at the request of the employing district, subject to the following conditions.

Beyond the initial three-year validity period, an educator who holds an Initial certificate and is employed in a non-public school or educational setting in South Carolina (e.g., an independent or parochial school) may have their certificates extended annually at the request of the employer. The educational entity may request extensions each year for as long as the educator remains employed with the entity, so long as Annual Requirements for Initial Certificate Extensions are met every five extensions.

If you are seeking initial teacher certification in Texas you must contact an approved educator preparation program. If you are seeking initial educational aide certification, you must obtain a recommendation from a Texas school district.

This section outlines the steps required to create a case in E-Verify and the initial case results provided by E-Verify. For additional guidance specific to E-Verify employer agents, see the Supplemental Guide for E-Verify Employer Agents.

The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

When a company goes IPO, it needs to list an initial value for its new shares. This is done by the underwriting banks that will market the deal. In large part, the value of the company is established by the company's fundamentals and growth prospects. Because IPOs may be from relatively newer companies, they may not yet have a proven track record of profitability. Instead, comparables may be used. However, supply and demand for the IPO shares will also play a role on the days leading up to the IPO.

Initial Access consists of techniques that use various entry vectors to gain their initial foothold within a network. Techniques used to gain a foothold include targeted spearphishing and exploiting weaknesses on public-facing web servers. Footholds gained through initial access may allow for continued access, like valid accounts and use of external remote services, or may be limited-use due to changing passwords.

Initial assessments occur without an appointment for students seeking counseling or psychological services for the first time that term at UNC-Chapel Hill. The initial assessment is an opportunity to speak with a mental health professional about challenges and determine a plan for next steps. 006ab0faaa

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