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GENERATION OF POSSIBLE IDEAS
MODELS: Designers use physical models to visualize information about the context that the model represents. It is very common for physical models of large objects to be scaled down and smaller objects scaled up for ease of visualization. The primary goal of physical modelling is to test aspects of a product against user requirements. Thorough testing at the design development stage ensures that an appropriate product is developed.
Physical modelling not only allows designers to explore and test their ideas, but to also present them to others. Engaging clients, focus groups and experts to interact with physical models of products allows designers to gain valuable feedback that enable them to improve the design and product-user interface.
MOCK UPS: Term: Mockups – A scale or full-size representation of a product used to gain feedback from users.
Mock-ups are used to test ideas and gather feedback from users.
They can be either full-scale or scaled models of products
They can have some form of functionality, which means they could be considered a prototype as well.
A good example of how a design begins and gets to the mock up stage. It shows gathering of information to graphical and finally physical modelling.
USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DESIGN AND MAKING
understand the benefits of CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) when designing and manufacturing one-off production
CAD allows experts to create more accurate design representations. CAD replaced manual design drafting, allowing design development, alteration and optimization. CAD enables engineers to craft more precise designs and manipulate them virtually. CAD software calculates how multiple materials relate.
https://www.cadcrowd.com/blog/the-advantages-of-cad
What are the advantages of CAM CAD?
Greater speed in producing components. Greater accuracy and consistency, with each component or finished product exactly the same. Greater efficiency as computer controlled machines do not need to take breaks. High sophistication in terms of following complex patterns like tracks on circuit boards.
One off production is the manufacture of a single product/item. This can include large scale projects, such as a bridge, ship, stadium, multi- storey building or tower, Other examples of one offs are - specialist jewellery, made to measure clothing, bespoke furniture and many more.
understand the benefits of CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) when designing and manufacturing batch production
Larger quantities of identical products can be produced using this method. Each operation is completed for the whole batch of items before the next operation is carried out. Batch production can use ‘mass production’ manufacturing methods and the quantity produced can be increased or reduced easily, according to demand.
understand how CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) is used in industry
CNC MACHINES :
CNC MILLER/ROUTER/ENGRAVER: A CNC Router is a Computer Numerical Controlled machine that uses computer programming to control a high speed rotating cutter to perform cutting and shaping operations.
The main difference between a CNC lathe and a CNC mill is the way the machine and the part rotate. A CNC lathe rotates the workpiece or bar stock against the cutting tools to make a shape. By contrast, in a CNC mill, the cutting tools rotate around the bar stock.
MILLING: Milling is the process of machining using rotary cutters to remove material by advancing a cutter into a workpiece. This may be done by varying directions on one or several axes, cutter head speed, and pressure. CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control milling. This means that the milling machine is moved and monitored by numerical computer control rather than by hand. CNC milling tools perform a machining process similar to drilling and cutting parts with incredible precision, leaving no room for human error.
ROUTING: Routing is a high speed process of cutting, trimming, and shaping wood, metal, plastic, and a variety of other materials. A CNC (Computer Numerical Control) router is a machine designed to carve out complex shapes from soft materials like wood, plastic, expanded foam, sift metals, and, in some cases steel.
ENGRAVING: Almost any CNC machine can be used as an engraving machine, whether that's a CNC Router or a desktop CNC machine, although there are a few features that can make a particular machine more suitable for engraving. Ideally, a CNC machine used for engraving would include a high-speed spindle.
LATHE: A CNC lathe(CNC turning machine) is a machine that spins material around a central spindle and a fixed cutting tool. Instead of being controlled by physical labor, the movement of your components is determined by coded instructions fed to a computer.
LASER CUTTER: A CNC laser cutter is a piece of computer numerical control (CNC) equipment that uses a focused, high-powered laser beam to mark, cut, or engrave a material to form custom shapes. Its unique design and operation make it highly accurate, especially when cutting intricate shapes and small holes.
PRACTICAL DESIGN APPLICATION
understand the importance of ergonomics
Ergonomics is the application of a set of average sizes of humans to the design of products. The product must fit the person who will use it. For example, if you are designing a chair you will need to work out the average comfortable seating height.
understand the importance of anthropometrics
In ergonomics, anthropometric data are used to design workspaces, tools, safety equipment and personal protection, considering the differences between the characteristics, capacities and physical limits of the human body.
ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
recognise that different forms of energy sources exist, namely, fossil fuels.
What are fossil fuels? Fossil fuels are formed from the decomposition of buried carbon-based organisms that died millions of years ago. They create carbon-rich deposits that are extracted and burned for energy. They are non-renewable and currently supply around 80% of the world's energy.
What are the 4 types of fossil fuels?
Nonrenewable energy resources include coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy. Once these resources are used up, they cannot be replaced, which is a major problem for humanity as we are currently dependent on them to supply most of our energy needs.
recognise that different forms of energy sources exist, namely, nuclear.
Nuclear energy is the energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom. Atoms are tiny units that make up all matter in the universe, and energy is what holds the nucleus together. There is a huge amount of energy in an atom's dense nucleus.
recognise that different forms of energy sources exist, namely, renewable.
Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly being replenished. Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us. Examples of renewable energy sources include wind power, solar power, bioenergy (organic matter burned as a fuel) and hydroelectric, including tidal energy.
understand the difference between the finite and almost infinite nature of energy sources and how design can help to conserve all energy sources
The supply of a nonrenewable resource is finite, which means it cannot easily be replenished. Nonrenewable resources are extracted directly from the Earth. Most fossil fuels, minerals, and metal ores are nonrenewable resources.
Renewable energy, sometimes also referred to as green or sustainable energy, is energy that is generated by using a natural resource, such as the sun, wind, water or earth. These sources are infinite and are constantly replenished.
be aware of the responsibilities of designers towards sustainability of materials and other resources
Sustainable materials management (SMM) is a systematic approach to using and reusing materials more productively over their entire life cycles. It represents a change in how our society thinks about the use of natural resources and environmental protection. The harvesting of sustainable materials leads to far less waste than other types of materials, such as plastics, meaning less landfill waste, less energy consumption, and less impact on the environment as a whole. In short, natural wood has a lower life cycle cost than other materials.
select materials based on environmental considerations
Three pillars govern sustainability. These include social equity, economic viability, and environmental protection. Similarly, there are six factors involved in this concept, which are climate change, environment, innovation, technology, people, and ethics.
What environmental considerations should be made when selecting materials?
This will include issues such as consumption of raw resources, embodied carbon, water consumption, pollution impacts, etc. Thought should be given to specification of materials that are appropriate given the environmental conditions and skills of the local labour force.
understand the need for recycling
The more we recycle, the less garbage winds up in our landfills and incineration plants. By reusing aluminum, paper, glass, plastics, and other materials, we can save production and energy costs, and reduce the negative impacts that the extraction and processing of virgin materials has on the environment.
Five Benefits of Recycling
Recycling reduces waste sent to landfills and incinerators.
Recycling prevents pollution.
Recycling conserves natural resources.
Recycling conserves energy.
Recycling creates jobs, producing economic benefits.
identify materials that can be recycled and those that cannot, including the use of recycling symbols on products
CAN BE RECYCLED: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/recyclingmaterial.php#:~:text=The%20materials%20that%20can%20be,plastic%20product%2C%20rubber%2C%20etc.
CANNOT BE RECYCLED: https://www.plasticsforchange.org/blog/items-that-cannot-be-recycled
understand the importance of disassembly of products and the reuse of parts
Products that are designed for disassembly will have a reduced environmental impact by making it unnecessary to acquire and process raw materials. They will keep materials out of landfills.
https://mailchimp.com/courier/article/design-for-disassembly/
understand that products may be designed with a limited lifetime (planned obsolescence)
Planned obsolescence describes the practice of designing products to break quickly or become obsolete in the short to mid-term. The general idea behind this is to encourage sales of new products and upgrades, a practice that has been banned in some countries.
Some products inevitably become obsolete after a short time. Planned obsolescence examples in day-to-day life include disposable cameras, cutlery, shopping bags, water bottles and take-out containers.
https://utopia.org/guide/5-enraging-examples-of-planned-obsolescence-in-everyday-objects/#:~:text=Some%20products%20inevitably%20become%20obsolete,occur%20in%20more%20discrete%20ways.
WOOD JOINTS
CROSS HALVING
Cross halving joints are probably the most simple of joints to mark out and cut. They are used whenever it is necessary to join two pieces of wood that cross over each other. Sometimes these joints can be seen on the strengthening rails of tables and chairs.
DOVETAIL HALVING
A versatile joint that is remarkably strong due to its wedge shape. It is commonly used in framing applications which must resist tension forces.
HALF LAP
In a half lap joint or halving joint, material is removed from both of the members so that the resulting joint is the thickness of the thickest member. Most commonly in half lap joints, the members are of the same thickness and half the thickness of each is removed.
TEE HALVING
Tee Halving Joints are a type of Lap Joint in which the pieces of timber, which meet or cross each other, are halved in thickness so that when assembled, their faces are flush. They are used in low-cost frame-type constructions, especially those which are later skinned with Ply, Hardboard, MDF or similar.
TEE BRIDLE and CORNER BRIDLE
A bridle joint is best used in framing. It is often used in furniture framing to join rails to legs. A bridle joint is made up of 2 pieces, a mortise with an open-ended slot, and a tenon which has 2 protruding sides. Both pieces interlock with one another.
SHOULDER or REBATE or LAPPED
The shoulder or lapped joint is very common and is used for furniture and box constructions such as jewellery boxes. The joint to above is a simple lapped joint. The shoulder can be seen clearly, this is usually planed using a rebate/shoulder plane or combination plane.
DOWELLED MORTISE & TENON
This is another example of a mortise and tenon joint. However, in this example a piece of dowel rod is drilled through the mortise and the tenon. This helps keep the joint together even when it is under great pressure. This is used as a joint on chairs and other pieces of furniture so that the joints do not break apart when extra weight is applied. If a joint of this type is cut accurately, glue often is not needed to hold the parts together. When the dowel rod is 'tapped' into position the tenon is pulled into the mortise, creating a very tight joint.
PLAIN and WEDGED MORTISE & TENON
Below are two examples of ‘MORTISE AND TENON JOINTS’. These are used when making tables or cabinets and they are very strong when glued together with either PVA or cascamite adhesives. There are many different types of mortise and tenon joints.
The Plain Mortise and Tenon joint (shown below) is very common and is widely used for the joints of tables. Although it is quite strong, if enough force is placed on the joint it will eventually break or come lose.
On the other hand, the Wedged Mortise and Tenon joint is extremely strong because the tenon passes all the way through the mortise and is wedged at the other side. However, the Wedged Mortise and Tenon is more difficult to mark out and cut and requires much more technical skill. If the mortise and tenon joint is to used as part of a frame a secret or sloping haunch is used. The tenon does not show on the outer side of the joint and it gives greater gluing area, adding to the overall strength of the joint. The sloping haunch of the tenon can be clearly seen on the wedged mortise and tenon joint shown below.
TWIN MORTISE & TENON
This joint is used for rails for strengthening tables and chairs. As usual, wood working adhesive such as PVA or cascamite is used to make the joint permanent. This is a very strong mortise and tenon because the two tenons give a greater gluing area than a single tenon. It is used where great strength is required at a joint.
DOUBLE DOWELLED
Dowel joints are basically substitutes for mortise and tenon joints. A dowel joint is made by fitting a butt joint and then drilling corresponding holes in the two pieces of wood to be joined and inserting the dowel pin or pins before joining the pieces. Glue is used in this type of joint, and the dowel pins serve as round tenons, holding the two pieces together.
FINGER or COMB
A finger joint, also known as a comb joint, is a woodworking joint made by cutting a set of complementary, interlocking profiles in two pieces of wood, which are then glued. The cross-section of the joint resembles the interlocking of fingers between two hands, hence the name "finger joint".
THROUGH DOVETAIL
Two pieces of wood are joined together at their ends with a finger-like interlocking method which is seen from all outside surfaces. This method is used in everyday practice for joining the corners of frames, boxes, cabinets, and other items.
LAPPED DOVETAIL
Lap Dovetails are commonly used in drawer construction. The lap prevents End Grain showing on the drawer front and the Tails provide resistance to joint coming apart as the drawer is opened and closed. Tails are cut as normal and marked on the End Grain of the second work-piece as before - but aligned with the lap.
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