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PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
(b) WASTAGE/ADDITION - SELECT AND PERFORM THE FOLLOWING FORMS OF CUTTING AND REMOVAL OF MATERIAL, AND JOINING AND ADDING TO A MATERIAL TO PRODUCE THE REQUIRED SHAPE, FORM OR CONTOUR:
USE HAND SNIPS - Snips, also known as shears, are hand tools used to cut sheet metal and other tough webs. It is a cutting tool. Workers use various types of snips, either straight or blend one be obtained. The straight or bent being not only for straight cuts but for inside of the curvature or concave curvature too.
SAWS
TENON SAW - Tenon saws are commonly used to make the tenons used in mortise and tenon joints. These saws can be used on hard and soft woods. As standard a Tenon saw will have between 10 and 14 teeth per inch (TPI), this allows you to have more control over the depth and direction of the cut you are making.
COPING SAW - Coping saws are hand saws with a distinct U shape that are useful for making curved cuts on thinner materials around the home and shop. A coping saw uses a very thin steel or tungsten metal blade stretched on a metal frame to make turning cuts on wood, plastic or metal depending on the blade selected. Its appearance is similar to a common hacksaw, but with a larger gap, known as "the throat," between its blade and carrier. The U-shaped frame has a swiveling spigot (clip) at each end to hold the ends of the blade.
CHOP SAW - A chop saw is a power tool that used to make straight cuts in wood. It may have features that allow it to cut angles, which makes it a miter saw. A chop saw is similar in appearance to a circular saw.
BAND SAW - A band saw can be used to cut curves, even in thick lumber, such as in creating cabriole legs, to rip lumber and to crosscut short pieces. The most common use for the band saw, however, is in cutting irregular shapes. The second most common use is in resawing or ripping lumber into thinner slabs.
MITRE SAW - A miter cut simply means that you're changing the angle of the cross-cut from a perfect 90° to a different angle. This angle goes across the top of the workpiece—moving through the material from front to back.
RECIPROCATING SAW - a portable power saw with a reciprocating blade; can be used with a variety of blades depending on the application and kind of cut; generally have a plate that rides on the surface that is being cut
CIRCULAR SAW (HANDHELD) - In woodworking the term circular saw is most commonly used to refer to a hand-held, electric circular saw designed for cutting wood, but may be used for cutting other materials with different blades. Circular saws can be either left or right-handed, depending on the side of the blade where the motor sits.
CIRCULAR SAW (TABLE) - The table saw (or stationary circular saw) consists of a circular saw that can be raised and tilted, protruding through a slot in a horizontal metal table on which the work can be laid and pushed into contact with the saw.
FILES:
FLAT FILE - A double cut flat file is a hand tool used for quick and efficient deburring and removal of materials such as aluminium and alloy steel. They are also ideal for smoothing materials or in some cases sharped tools.
HALF ROUND FILE - A half round file is a type of hand tool used for deburring, smoothing and shaping a range of materials such as metal and wood. The combination of a flat side and rounded side means that the half round file is ideal for use on concave, convex and flat surfaces making it a very versatile tool.
TRIANGULAR FILE - The triangular or three-square file was traditionally used by carpenters to sharpen saw teeth. The file's unique three-sided form allows it to sharpen hard-to-reach places like the gaps between saw teeth.
SQUARE FILE - A square file is a type of hand tool designed to quickly and efficiently remove material, especially when changing a circular hole into an enlarged square hole. It features four equal sides with second cut coarseness to rapidly remove material and file edges.
USE ABRASIVE CUTTERS:
Rather than by cutting with saw teeth, abrasive cutting removes material through grinding and erosion. It accomplishes this by using a very thin, non-reinforced abrasive cutting wheel composed of countless sub-micron cutting particles particles embedded in a bonding material.
PORTABLE GRINDER - Portable grinders are handheld power tools that are used for grinding, cutting or polishing. These versatile tools can be used for a variety of tasks when used with the proper grinder wheels according to the manufacturer's recommendations, including: Removing paint, rust or mortar.
SIMPLE HOLE BORING BY HAND OR MACHINE INCLUDING:
PILOT HOLE - In construction, a pilot hole is a small hole drilled into a piece of construction material. Its purpose may be: to guide a larger drill to the appropriate location and ease the job of the larger drill.
CLEARANCE TAPPING HOLE - A clearance hole will allow a screw to pass through it without the threads biting into the material. This is particularly important when using screws with threads that are formed on the entire length of the screw shank, as with drywall screws.
COUNTERSUNK - To enlarge the upper part of (a hole) in timber, metal, etc, so that the head of a bolt or screw can be sunk below the surface. to drive (a screw) or sink (a bolt) into such an enlarged hole.
COUNTERBORED - Counterbore holes are utilized to increase a hole's opening and produce a flat bottom. As a result, socket-head screws can sit flush against the surface of the part. Counterbores typically serve a single purpose. To guarantee a secure assembly, lock washers may be used.
USE TAPS AND DIES FOR SCREW CUTTING BY HAND - Both taps and dies are used to create screw threads. Some sets are used as cutting tools, and others to form the threads. Taps cut or form the female of a mating pair or nut, while the die cuts or forms the male, or bolt. Tapping is the tap-process of cutting or forming threads, and the die-process is called threading.
PLANES
BLOCK PLANE - Block planes are used for planing end grain, bevelling edges and finishing joints. Its compact body can be held in many ways enabling work on difficult surfaces.
SMOOTHING PLANE - A smoothing plane or smooth plane is a type of bench plane used in woodworking. The smoothing plane is typically the last plane used on a wood surface, removing very fine shavings to leave a smooth finish. When used effectively it quickly produces a finish that equals or surpasses that made by sandpaper.
JACK PLANE - A jack plane is a general-purpose bench plane. It can be used for shaving off smaller amounts of wood to reduce a piece to the desired size (known as ‘sizing’) and for initial smoothing.
ROUTER PLANE - A router plane is a hand plane used in woodworking for smoothing out sunken panels, and more generally for all depressions below the general surface of the pattern. It planes the bottoms of recesses to a uniform depth and can work into corners that otherwise can only be reached with a chisel.
REBATE PLANE - A rabbet or rebate plane is, by definition, a plane designed to cut rabbets (also known as “rebates,” particularly in Great Britain) in the edges or ends of workpieces. To enable them to do so, the plane iron is milled to a size slightly greater than the width of the plane body.
CHISELS
BENCH - Beveled edged bench chisels are the most common and the most useful chisel you will find in a workshop. They are short, which enables the maximum amount of energy to reach the cutting edge when they're struck with a mallet. It also makes them easy to handle.They are beveled on the sides, which allows maximum access to dovetails. These chisels are the most important first set of chisels for any shop, and they come in the widest array of sizes available.
MORTISE - Mortise chisels are specialized chisels for chopping out a mortise. They are designed to withstand heavy blows with a mallet, and can be used for cutting directly across the grain, as well as for levering out waste material.
PARING - Traditionally used by cabinet- and pattern-makers for shaving thin slivers of wood. These paring chisels feature a long, flat, thin blade which tapers towards the cutting edge to give the finest of cuts when cleaning out grooves. Normally used for hand paring with one hand on the handle and the other controlling blade. Bevels on the top face enable access to the more difficult corners. In skilled hands a paring chisel causes wood to be removed effortlessly.
GOUGES
BENCH AND CABINET - As the name suggests, roughing gouges are used to reduce square spindle blanks to a cylinder, and then remove the bulk of the waste prior to detailed shaping with spindle gouges. This is called roughing out. They are never used for any sort of faceplate work.
FIRMER - A narrow-bladed gouge similar in manner of use to a firmer chisel.
RASPS
CABINET (HALF ROUND) RASP - Half Round File is rounded on one side and flat on the other side. It has multiple uses from sharpening, shaping, stock-removal and deburring jewellery, clocks, watches, soft-metal, etc. Ideal for rounding out holes, can be used on concave, convex or flat surfaces and leaves a smooth finish.
ROUND RASP - Round rasps are used to smooth the insides of carved detail and file straight or spiral line patterns onto wood surfaces.
SQUARE RASP - A rasp is a coarse form of file used for coarsely shaping wood or other material. Typically a hand tool, it consists of a generally tapered rectangular bar of case hardened steel with distinct, individually cut teeth.
USE ABRASIVE:
MOPS - For deep cleaning and heavy dirt: The abrasive microfibre mop in the classic pocket version with polyamide fibres and polypropylene bristles. The "Microfibre mop, short fibres, abrasive" cloth in the classic pocket version for universal applications.
DISCS - Abrasive Discs are circular portable tools that are generally made of high-abrasive materials for precision cutting, grinding, smoothing, finishing, or sanding different types of material surfaces by generating a form of mechanical or friction action.
BELTS - Abrasive Belt, also known as abrasive sanding belts, sanding belt. Sanding cloth belt have a cloth material backing of various weight with abrasive grains attached to its surface which is part of the 'coated abrasive' family of abrasive products.
USE:
CENTRE LATHE - Center lathe (Central lathe) or engine lathe machine: This is a type of lathe that is currently widely used and can perform operations such as turning, end face, grooving, knurling, and threading. The feed mechanism of the engine lathe can operate the cutting tool in both the longitudinal and lateral directions.
WOOD TURNING LATHE - Wood turning lathes are typically used to shape wood into cylindrical profiles. Objects made on a wood lathe include such items as furniture legs, lamp posts, baseball bats, bowls and other ornamental forms.
USE PORTABLE POWER TOOLS:
ROUTER - A router is a tool used to hollow out a piece of wood, metal, or plastic. It can cut grooves, fancy edges, or patterns. There are two types of routers a fixed base and a plunge base.
PALM ROUTER - Palm routers—the smallest member of the router family tree—are handheld power tools that let users easily create decorative edge profiles and perform joinery cuts on wooden workpieces.
SANDER - An electric sander is a power tool used to smooth and finish surfaces. To remove material from a surface, the sander moves a piece of sandpaper or another abrasive rapidly, often in a circular motion. You can use an electric sander for a variety of tasks in many industries, including woodworking and auto body repair.
PLANER - An electric (hand) planer is a tool used to take off small amounts wood by shaving it off in increments. They usually have two or three blades to achieve this and the maximum amount of material that can be removed in a single pass is usually around 3mm.
DRILL - A cordless drill is an electric drill which uses rechargeable batteries. Drills are primarily used for drilling circular holes in material, or for inserting screws and other threaded fasteners into material.
JIG SAW - A jigsaw is a sharp power tool that's used for cutting curvy lines in wood or other materials. While most saws can only cut in a straight line, a jigsaw makes it easier to cut complicated patterns and shapes. If you were making a jigsaw puzzle out of wood, you'd use a jigsaw.
BISCUIT JOINER - A biscuit jointer, sometimes referred to as a biscuit joiner, cuts notches in both pieces of wood you wish to join, into which you insert and glue a biscuit. The resultant joints are strong and reliable, preventing any lateral movement in your workpiece.
JOINING AND ASSEMBLY
use various methods of fabrication and fitting to join parts of products, permanently or temporarily
PERMANENT JOINING METHODS -
TEMPORARY JOINING METHODS -
understand the processes of soldering, brazing, welding, riveting/pop riveting
SOLDERING - Soldering is a joining process used to join different types of metals together by melting solder. Solder is a metal alloy usually made of tin and lead which is melted using a hot iron. The iron is heated to temperatures above 600 degrees fahrenheit which then cools to create a strong electrical bond.
BRAZING - Brazing is a joining process traditionally applied to metals (but also to ceramics) in which molten filler metal (the braze alloy) flows into the joint. Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve melting the work pieces.
The only difference between soldering and brazing is the temperature at which each process takes place. Soldering takes place at a temperature below 840°F (450°C), and brazing occurs at a temperature above 840°F (450°C).
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