演講摘要 | Abstracts

透過多方參與及科學化架構推進海洋哺乳動物的保育與福祉

Advancing Marine Mammal Conservation and Welfare through Multi-Stakeholder Engagement and Science Based Frameworks

演講人 Speaker：Dr. Lindsay Porter

全球海洋哺乳動物族群正面臨多重威脅，包括棲地退化、漁業混獲、船隻撞擊、氣候變遷與噪音污染。多項威脅可能同時作用於單一族群或物種，進而加劇個別威脅所造成的影響。雖然部分減緩措施能降低單一威脅的衝擊，但很少有威脅能被完全消除。近期一項以 IUCN 紅皮書標準為基礎、針對所有鯨豚物種保育狀態所進行的分析指出，超過四分之一的鯨豚物種正面臨滅絕威脅，約 10% 則屬於「近危」等級。地理分布範圍狹小、為單一國家特有，以及棲息於淡水或沿岸棲地的物種，面臨最高的滅絕風險。就全球而言，漁業混獲是最主要的威脅，尤其對小型海豚而言更是如此。對大型鬚鯨而言，在 1980 年代商業捕鯨停止後，其中三個物種的族群正在恢復；然而，該類群中的其他物種則仍處於下降趨勢。

亞洲是全球受威脅小型鯨豚的重要熱點地區，同時也需注意，在熱帶與亞熱帶棲地中，鰭足類動物的數量相當有限。人口高度密集的沿海城市，例如東京、上海與雅加達，因密集的資源開採活動而嚴重劣化沿岸棲地，包括漁業、水資源取用、採砂，以及都市、工業與農業污染。在所有威脅之中，與漁業的互動，包括混獲與纏繞，是所有鯨豚所面臨的主要威脅。傳統族群指標多著重於個別威脅所造成的影響；直到近年，累積性影響才逐漸被納入考量。然而，令人遺憾的是，當這些方法偵測到顯著族群下降時，族群可能已經來不及恢復。

慢性壓力源的影響，例如船舶噪音、獵物資源匱乏與棲地劣化，在評估族群狀態時雖會被考量，卻很少被充分納入分析。近年的海洋哺乳動物研究逐漸認識到，動物福利科學能夠有意義地補充保育框架，並協助填補我們在此方面的知識缺口；甚至可能在為時已晚之前，及早偵測出需要關注的族群或物種。新的工具已逐漸出現，旨在更深入理解自由活動海洋哺乳動物的福利狀態。這些工作受到「五大領域模式」的引導，該模式將動物的生理與功能狀態，連結至其主觀心理經驗。目前，亞洲已有兩個物種發展出初步的福利評估工具，分別為印度太平洋駝背豚與長江江豚。透過福利評估工具評估脆弱沿岸鯨豚，例如其身體狀況，可能可與保育狀態相互連結，進而提供比傳統保育狀態研究更快速的族群下降指標。因此，若能將福利指標直接嵌入更廣泛的海洋保育與管理策略中，便有機會更迅速地採取減少衝擊的介入措施。

多數從事海洋哺乳動物科學與保育工作的人，在某個階段都可能參與擱淺事件。所謂擱淺事件，是指一隻或多隻海洋哺乳動物被發現死亡；若仍存活，則可能因受傷或健康受損，而在短期或長期內無法返回其原本棲地。專門執行海洋哺乳動物擱淺計畫的設施，以及已有人為照護海洋哺乳動物經驗的水族館，都是救援、復健，以及在可能情況下將擱淺動物野放的重要角色。無論是專門救援中心或公共水族館，這些設施在擱淺計畫中都扮演雙重角色：

• 在大規模災害（例如漏油事件），以及個別事件（例如受傷海豚），執行救援行動；

• 透過分析擱淺個體與照護受傷動物，推進獸醫科學與保育知識，例如記錄新興疾病、生物毒素，以及進一步理解相關健康與環境風險。

儘管這些設施在擱淺計畫中扮演關鍵角色，聚焦於海洋哺乳動物保育的域外與域內合作仍相當少見。人為照護下的海洋哺乳動物可提供健康、營養與繁殖方面的參考基準，進而為野外族群評估提供關鍵資訊。相對地，野外資料也能為域外照護標準提供寶貴依據。展望未來，隨著氣候變遷所驅動的環境改變持續加劇其對海洋哺乳動物的衝擊，這些設施或許將從被動的緊急應變提供者，逐步發展為某些已無法適應棲地變化之物種的「安全庇護所」。此外，這些設施在公眾教育與保育政策倡議中的角色，也可能變得更加重要。

有鑑於這些缺口，本演講旨在提出一套以科學為基礎、結合多方利害關係人的藍圖，回應我們對於更深入理解海洋哺乳動物福利的需求，並探討如何善用域外與域內合作，以促進海洋哺乳動物取得更佳的保育狀態。

Globally, marine mammal populations face myriad threats from habitat degradation, fisheries bycatch, vessel strikes, climate change and noise pollution. Several threats may act on a single population or species at one time which often compounds the impact of individual threats. While some mitigation efforts can lessen the impacts of single threats, very few threats can be completely eliminated. A recent analyses of the conservation status of all cetacean species, using the IUCN Red List criteria as a basis, indicated that more than a quarter are threatened with extinction and  ~10% are “near threatened”. Species with small geographic ranges, those endemic to a single country and those inhabiting freshwater or coastal habitats face the highest extinction risk. Globally, bycatch in fisheries is the dominant threat, especially for the smaller dolphins. For the larger baleen whales, three species are recovering following the cessation of commercial whaling in the 1980s, however, all other species in this group are in decline.

Asia is a global hotspot for threatened small cetaceans, noting there are very few pinnipeds in the tropical and sub-tropical habitats. Coastal cities with high human densities , e.g., Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, severely degrade coastal habitats through intensive extraction activities, e.g., fisheries, water sourcing, sandmining, and urban, industrial and agricultural pollution. Of all threats, interactions with fisheries, including by catch and entanglement is the primary threat to all cetaceans. Traditional population metrics focus on the impacts of threats and only in more recent years, cumulative impacts. Unfortunately, by the time these methods detect a significant decline, it may be too late for the population to recover. 

The impact of chronic stressors, e.g., vessel noise, depauperate prey resources, degraded habitat, is considered but rarely accounted for when assessing population status. Recent marine mammal studies recognise that animal welfare science can meaningfully complement conservation frameworks and help fill this gap in our knowledge and, perhaps, detect populations or species of concern before it is too late. New tools have emerged that aim to better understand welfare in free ranging marine mammals. This work has been guided by the Five Domains Model, which links physical/functional conditions to the animal's subjective mental experiences. Preliminary welfare assessment tools (WATs) have been developed two species in Asia; the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and the Yangtze finless porpoise. By using WATs to assess vulnerable coastal cetaceans, e.g., body condition, could be correlated to conservation status and thus may provide a more rapid indicator of declining populations than traditional conservation status research. Thus, by embedding welfare metrics directly into broader marine conservation and management strategies interventions that reduce impacts could be implemented more rapidly.

Most people who work in the field of marine mammal science and conservation will, at some point, be involved in a stranding event. A stranding event is when one or more marine mammals are found dead or, if alive, be injured or compromised in such a way that they are unable to return to their usual habitat, either in the short or longer term. Facilities dedicated to marine mammal strandings programmes, in addition to aquariums that already have marine mammals under their care, are integral to the rescue, rehabilitation and, if possible, release of stranded animals. These facilities, whether dedicated rescue centres or public aquariums, play a dual role in strandings programmes; 

• rescue operations in both large scale disasters, e.g., oil spills, and individual events, e.g., an injured dolphin,  

• advancing veterinary science and conservation knowledge through the analyses of stranded specimens and the care of injured individuals, e.g., documenting emerging diseases, biotoxins, as well as by better understanding. 

Despite the critical role that these facilities play in strandings programmes, ex-situ–in-situ collaborations, focused on conserving marine mammals, are rare. Marine Mammals under human care could provide reference baselines for health, nutrition and reproduction, thus providing critical information for wild population assessments. Conversely, field data can provide valuable information for ex-situ husbandry standards. Looking forward, as climate driven change intensifies impacts on marine mammals, these facilities may well evolve from serving as a reactive emergency response provider into “safe havens” for species that can no longer adapt to changing habitat conditions. Further, the facility’s role in public education and conservation policy advocacy may become of increased importance. 

Recognising these gaps, this talk will aim to provide a science-based, multi-stakeholder blueprint addressing the need to better understand welfare and how ex situ-in situ collaborations may be leveraged to achieve better conservation statuses for marine mammals.

動物園與水族館海洋哺乳動物的未來：從控制走向選擇

The Future of Marine Mammals in Zoos and Aquaria: From Controlling Animals to Animal Choice

演講人 Speaker：Dr. Isabella Clegg 

海洋哺乳動物圈養機構正走向一個關鍵的十字路口。全球各地的公眾期待、福利科學與法規環境都在快速變化；而越來越明確的是，問題已不再是機構是否應該改變，而是這樣的轉型能以多快、且多有效的方式發生。本主題演講將從福利科學、全球標準與社會認可的角度，探討海洋哺乳動物管理的未來方向。福利評估框架與監測制度，已成為推動實證管理的重要催化力量。透過社會行為、預期行為、豐富化參與、行為多樣性，以及異常重複行為等面向的穩健指標，我們能夠理解哪些環境與管理模式有助於促進正向福利。在未來數年內，於社會與環境脈絡中提供更有意義且更主動的選擇，將是需要落實的關鍵改變之一。本演講最後將指出，許多海洋哺乳動物計畫正開始一場必要的轉型：從傳統上較高強度的管理系統，逐步走向更具適應性的管理方式。這樣的轉變與現代動物園運動的發展方向一致，而亞洲機構或許正擁有一個獨特的機會，能夠走在趨勢之前。

Marine mammal zoological facilities are approaching a critical crossroads. Around the world, public expectations, welfare science, and regulatory landscapes are changing rapidly, and increasingly the question is no longer whether facilities should evolve, but how quickly and how effectively that transition can occur. This keynote will explore the future direction of marine mammal management through the lens of welfare science, global standards, and social license. Welfare assessment frameworks and monitoring have been catalysts in the promotion of evidence-based management. Robust indicators across social behaviour, anticipatory behaviour, enrichment engagement, behavioural diversity, and Abnormal Repetitive Behaviours can be applied to understand what environments and management styles are conducive to positive welfare. Providing more meaningful and active choice across social and environmental contexts is one of the key changes to be implemented in the coming years. The presentation will conclude by showing that many marine mammal programs are beginning a necessary transition away from traditionally intensive management systems toward more adaptive approaches, in line with the modern zoo movement, and that Asian facilities might have a unique opportunity to be ahead of the curve.

從認知豐富化到棲地創新：提升人為照護下鯨豚的福利

From Cognitive Enrichment to Habitat Innovation: Advancing Welfare for Cetaceans Under Human Care

演講人 Speaker：Dr. Eszter Matrai 

確保人為照護下動物獲得最佳福利，需要一套全面性的策略，同時回應其生理與心理需求。提供潔淨環境與獸醫照護並不足夠；若要讓動物真正良好生活，牠們需要更多。環境豐富化是提供適當刺激與參與機會的核心方式，而認知豐富化則是環境豐富化中的一項特殊類別。認知豐富化的設計目的，在於刺激動物的問題解決能力、鼓勵自然行為，並提供動物選擇與控制的機會。它不只是提供新奇事物，而是創造機會，讓動物能主動與環境互動，並運用其認知能力。

海豚生活於複雜的社會群體中，合作在其中至關重要。牠們會共同覓食、照顧幼仔，或尋找配偶。因此，能鼓勵合作行為的目標式認知豐富化，具有特別重要的價值。過去十年間，香港海洋公園的研究團隊設計並測試了一系列認知豐富化裝置，這些裝置促發了自發性、親和性且群體層級的互動，呈現出前所未見的行為表現。透過這些裝置，我們證實了雌雄個體在合作行動上的差異，並發現了新的行為，例如自發性的合作遊戲。值得注意的是，我們也記錄到親社會性的食物分享行為；過去這類獨特行為僅曾以軼事觀察的形式被記載。此外，這些裝置的使用也為我們提供了獨特視角，以理解海豚社會組織的變化。理解這些社會關係，對於海豚群體的適當管理極為重要。十年間，我們已使用這些裝置進行超過 1,800 場研究場次，而海豚在每一場次中皆有參與，突顯出這些裝置所提供的豐富化具有不可取代的價值。

我們也正在製作不同大小的浮冰，讓海豹有機會練習其自然的平衡與上岸休息能力。這些浮冰提供了認知豐富化，為海豹帶來感官與心理刺激。透過使用浮冰，海豹能提升其協調與平衡能力；當浮冰變得太小、無法再供牠們上岸休息時，牠們也可以選擇將其食用。

本演講將會：

1. 介紹認知豐富化的概念；

2. 分享我們研究中的案例，以及其他相關研究案例；

3. 提供一套簡明指引，說明如何在您的機構中導入這類裝置。

此外，演講中也將探討鯨豚棲地環境複雜度的當前趨勢與未來可能方向，特別聚焦於硬體與設施改善的可能性，以及這些改善對動物福利的影響。

我們照護下動物的福利完全仰賴於我們。為牠們提供最好的生活環境，是我們的責任。認知豐富化是極具價值的工具，能協助我們提升人為照護下動物的生理與心理福利，並幫助我們達成這一目標。

Ensuring optimal welfare for the animals under our care demands a comprehensive strategy that addresses both physical and psychological needs. Providing a clean environment and veterinary care is not enough; they need much more to thrive. Environmental enrichments are central to providing appropriate stimulation and engagement. Cognitive enrichments represent a special category of environmental enrichments. They are specifically designed to stimulate problem-solving abilities, encourage natural behaviours, and provide animals with opportunities for choice and control. They are not simply about providing novelty, but creating opportunities for animals to actively engage with their environment and exercise their cognitive capacities. 

Dolphins live in complex social groups where cooperation is crucial. They work together to find food, look after their young ones or find mating partners. Therefore, targeted cognitive enrichments that encourage cooperative behaviours are especially valuable. In the past 10 years, the research team of Ocean Park Hong Kong designed and tested a series of cognitive enrichment devices that prompted spontaneous, affiliative, group-level interactions, unparalleled to anything seen before. Through the use of these devices, we have demonstrated intersexual differences in collaborative actions and discovered new behaviours, such as spontaneous cooperative play. Notably, we documented prosocial food-sharing, a unique behaviour that has been recorded only in anecdotal observation. Additionally, the use of our devices has provided a unique insight into the changes in the social organisation of the dolphins. Understanding these relationships is extremely important to the adequate management of dolphin groups. Throughout these 10 years, we have conducted over 1,800 research sessions using our devices, and the dolphins engaged with them in every single session, highlighting the invaluable enrichment these devices provide. 

We are creating ice floes of various sizes to give the seals the opportunity to practice their natural balancing and haul-out skills. These ice floes provide cognitive enrichment, offering sensory and mental stimulation for the seals. By using the floes, they can improve their coordination and balancing abilities. When the ice becomes too small for them to haul out, they also have the option to consume it. 

In this presentation, I will 

1. Introduce the concept of cognitive enrichments, 

2. Provide examples from our study, and other studies

3. Offer a simple guide on how to implement these devices in your facility. 

Additionally, I will address current trends in the environmental complexity of cetacean habitats and potential future directions, focusing particularly on possible hardware and facility improvements and their impact on welfare.

Our animals' welfare is entirely dependent on us. It is our duty to provide them with the best possible living environment. Cognitive enrichments are invaluable tools that can help us to improve both physical and mental welfare under human care, helping us achieve this goal.

有意義的相遇：重新思考現代水族館中的海洋哺乳動物互動活動

Meaningful Encounters: Rethinking Marine Mammal Interaction Programmes in Modern Aquariums

演講人 Speaker：Dr. Cloudia Tay 

水族館在海洋哺乳動物互動計畫中，處於一個格外複雜的位置。遊客參與、保育教育與動物福利，都是機構核心目標；而要設計出能同時回應這三者的計畫，必須仰賴謹慎且以證據為基礎的決策。

從教育與保育的角度來看，海洋哺乳動物互動計畫所累積的證據確實具有前景；然而，其成效在很大程度上取決於教育框架與計畫設計，而不只是互動經驗本身。這項發現指出的不是限制，而是機會。形式與意圖都很重要。另一方面，在福利層面，當代動物福利評估框架已正式將人與動物互動納入評估範圍，使此領域能以更健全的工具，從動物自主性、行為控制，以及動物是否能選擇退出互動等面向，評估計畫設計。福利不僅是飼養管理上的考量，更應是從設計初始即納入的核心原則。

本文將結合應用案例，探討機構目前已在實務中採行的做法，包括：在結構化互動流程中嵌入由動物主動選擇的節點；以福利為基礎設計互動場次，並設定明確標準，以作為調整或暫停計畫的依據；將行為指標整合至即時的計畫監測之中；以及建立與互動經驗直接連結的保育訊息框架，而非將保育教育作為平行於互動之外的附加內容。其目標在於建立一套可實際運作的模式，使商業可行性、教育完整性與動物福利能夠以真實且可信的方式共同推進。

Aquariums occupy a uniquely complex position when it comes to marine mammal programmes. Visitor engagement, conservation education, and animal welfare are all central institutional goals, and designing programmes that serve all three simultaneously requires careful, evidence-informed decision-making.

The evidence for marine mammal interaction programmes on educational and conservation grounds is genuinely promising, though outcomes depend meaningfully on educational framing and programme design rather than the experience alone, a finding that points toward opportunity rather than limitation. Format and intentionality matter. On the welfare side, contemporary animal welfare assessment frameworks have formally brought human-animal interactions into scope, giving the field robust tools to evaluate programme design with respect to animal agency, behavioural control, and the animal's ability to disengage. Welfare is not merely a husbandry consideration; it is a design principle from the outset.

Drawing on applied examples, practical approaches that institutions are already implementing include: structured interaction protocols that embed animal-initiated choice points; welfare-informed session design that sets clear thresholds for programme modification or suspension; integration of behavioural indicators into real-time programme monitoring; and conservation messaging frameworks tied directly to the interaction experience rather than delivered in parallel to it. The goal is a working model for pursuing commercial viability, educational integrity, and animal welfare together in a genuine and credible way. 

國內圈養海洋哺乳動物利用現況與福利評估政策

Current Utilization of Captive Marine Mammals and Animal Welfare Assessment Policies in Taiwan

演講人 Speaker：劉晉廷 專員 Mr. Jin-Ting Liu