Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. Its sp2 type bonding character and dimensionally provides excellent strength (200 times stronger than steel) and plasticity of this material. The unique structure of graphene gives linear energy spectrum which is described by Dirac Hamiltonian and imposes characteristic pseudospin nature called as chirality. This exceptional band structure results in high conductivity approaching to ballistic regime and magnetism in graphene.

Based on these properties, graphene exhibits abnormal quantum Hall effect (Nobel prize in 2010) and ultra-high clock speed (100 GHz) in graphene-based transistor, and interesting physics such as half metallicity and quantum spin Hall effect are also expected. Additionally, interesting products such as flexible display and spin valve are under active research worldwide.