Table of Contents

Preface..…………………….………………………………....…vii

Acknowledgments………………...………………………….....ix

Chapter 1………………………………………………...…….....1

Medical Histology……………………………….…....….......1

Definition………………………………….…….………….....1

Introduction……………………………………….……….....1

History………………………………………..……....…….....2

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC…………………….….2

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD…………………………........2

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD........3

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD………………….......4

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD………………........6

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD…………………...…17

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD…………….……23

References…………………………………………………...24

Chapter 2…………………………………………………….….29

Medical Anatomy……………………………………….......29

Definition………………………………………………....…29

Introduction…………………………………………..…….29

History…………………………………………………....….30

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC…………………...….30

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD…………………………......33

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD.......39

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD……………………..43

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD………………......51

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD………………...……57

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD……………….....61

References…………………………………………………...….62

Chapter 3………………………………………………………..67

Medical Physiology………………………………………….67

Definition………………………………………………….…67

Introduction………………………………………………....67

History………………………………………………….…….68

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC……………………….68

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD……………….……….…….69

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD……78

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD………………….…..80

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD……………………86

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD…………………..….101

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD……………...….116

References …………………………………..…….…...118

Chapter 4………………………………………………….........130

Medical Biochemistry……………………………….…......130

Definition……………………………….....…………...……130

Introduction…………………………...…………………....130

History…………………………………………………..…...131

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC……………….…......131

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD……………………….....…132

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD…..136

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD…………………....138

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD……………….....142

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD………………….....148

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD………..……….158

References………………………………………………….158

Chapter 5………………………………………………………166

Medical Psychology…………………………………...…..166

Definition…………………………………………………..166

Introduction…………………………………………..…...166

History……………………………………………………...167

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC………………….....167

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD……………………………172

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD....192

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD………………...…199

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD……………..….215

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD………………...….233

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD……………..…255

References…………………………………………………256

Chapter 6………………………………………………………271

Medical Microbiology……………………………………..271

Definition…………………………………………………..271

Introduction…………………………………………..…...271

History………………………………………………...…...272

Early records, 3500 BC - 500 BC……………….....….272

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD……………………………274

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD....279

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD………………...…287

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD……………...….291

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD…………………….304

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD……………..…318

References…………………………………………………320

Chapter 7………………………………………………………331

Medical Immunology………………………………..……331

Definition…………………………………………………..331

Introduction…………………………………………..…...332

History……………………………………………………...332

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC…………………......332

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD……………………………334

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD.....342

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD…………………....346

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD………………....355

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD…………………....364

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD……………......379

References………………………………………………....381

Chapter 8………………………………………………………389

Medical Neurosciences………………………………......389

Definition…………………………………………………..389

Introduction…………………………………………….....389

History……………………………………………………...390

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC………………….....390

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD……………………………394

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD....403

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD…………………...408

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD………………....421

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD…………………....439

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD…………….….454

References……………………………………………...….455

Chapter 9………………………………………………………470

Medical Pharmacology……………………………….......470

Definition…………………………………………………..470

Introduction…………………………………………….....470

History………………………………………………….…..471

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC…………………......471

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD…………………………....476

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD.....486

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD……………………494

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD……………...….504

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD………………….....516

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD……………...…538

References……………………………………………….…540

Chapter 10……………………………………………………..553

Medical Pathology…………………………………………553

Definition…………………………………………………..553

Introduction…………………………………………..…...553

History……………………………………………………...554

Early Records, 3500 BC - 500 BC………………….....554

Antiquity, 500 BC - 500 AD……………………………556

Middle Ages (Medieval Times), 500 AD - 1400 AD....565

Early Modern, 1400 AD - 1800 AD……………….......569

Middle Modern, 1800 AD - 1900 AD………………....577

Late Modern, 1900 AD - 2000 AD………………….....603

Current Modern, 2000 AD - 2019 AD……………..….615

References……………………………………………….....616

INDEX……………………………………………………..….....628