1. academic. Referencing abstract, rare, specialized, and disciplinary-specific words/phrases indicative of academic writing (e.g., barometric pressure, light-year)
2. citation. Referencing words/phrases (typically verb phrases) where ideas are attributed from a third party source (e.g., say, remark, indicate that, argue, contend, claim, report that, establish that).
3. contingency. Referencing words/phrases indicating actions/events rooted in accident rather than motive, purpose, rule, or law (e.g., accident, chance, falls to, come into, occasioned, turn out, happen, occur, conditional if…then).
4. descriptive. Referencing words/phrases activating any of the five senses, including everyday objects and properties with strong activation potential in the mind’s eye for being seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted) (e.g., most every everyday visual objects (bacon, apple, garbage, stairway) and properties (sizzling, tasty, smelly, spiral) as well as literary combinations that combine the visual with additional senses: sizzling bacon, tasty apple, smelly garbage, spiral stairway).
5. directives. Referencing imperatives (e.g., sentence initial base-form verbs like do, go, stop, come back, stop fooling around.).
6. elaborative syntax. Referencing words/phrases that lengthen clauses through conjunction (and, or), or subordination (that and which used to form relative clauses (that left yesterday; which she likes to eat) and that, if, and whether used to form noun clauses (that they left didn’t bother me; they didn’t know if she left; they didn’t know whether she left).
7. emotions positive. Referencing emotions like calm, delight, elation, enthusiasm, gratify, pride, relief, satisfaction.
8. emotions negative. Referencing emotions like desperate, devastated, discontent, discouraged, exasperation, fear, fuss, guilt, hypersensitive, joyless, nervous, pain, paranoid, regret, reluctance, resignation sadness.
9. emotion surprise. Referencing surprise (e.g., astonish, bowled over, caught surprised, didn’t see it coming).
10. expository devices. Referencing classification, categorization, comparison, similarity, difference, definition, resemblance, exception, quantification, examples, illustration. (e.g., can be classified/defined/quantified as, with the exception, for example, resembles the, similar to, different from).
11. first person. Referencing first person singular or plural (e.g., I, me, my, our, us).
12. forceful. Referencing words/phrasings in sentences that are likely to receive metrical stress (e.g., bracing, brand spanking new, bottomless pit, hit a home run, bring down the house, torrid, incredible, unbelievable, never, forever.)
13. future. Referencing future time involved modal “will” and a large variety of lexical words and phrases that assert or presuppose future time (e.g., will arrive, anticipate, await, pending, impending, expect, forecast, prediction, projection, omen).
14. inquiry. Referencing mental exploration and discovery (e.g., arouse interest, curiosity, explain, ponder, wonder, explore, intrigue, mystery, puzzle, oddity, question something, examine, investigate, probe).
15. interactivity. Referencing verbs of communication, interrogative questions, and requests (e.g., advise, broach, clarify, dialogue, converse, say to me, do you know who…?, can you please….?).
16. meta discourse. Referencing discourse used to give readers directional signals about navigating the textual flow (e.g., additionally, moreover, however, by way of contrast, similarly, to be sure, to be clear, to begin, in conclusion, another point to consider).
17. narrativity. Referencing words/phrases that signal transitions from event to event along an explicit or implicit timeline or temporal sequence. It further includes all manner of temporal adverbs that fill in timeline or sequencing information (e.g., begin, end, came, saw, conquered, started, stopped, lived, worked, retired, died, after she left, for the next five weeks, during her campaign, the next time he spoke).
18. past. Referencing verbs in the past tense (e.g., came) but also verb phrases expressing present aspect (e.g., have come) or past [pluperfect] aspect (e.g., had come). Present aspect indicates a continuous past with a relevance that ripples to the present (e.g., she has resigned [causing bad news for us now]). Past aspect divides the past into a deeper and shallower past with the deeper past typically interrupted by the shallower past (e.g., she had been eating breakfast when the earthquake struck). This category also applies to many words/phrases that reference past time lexically (e.g., ancestral, biblical, tradition, historical, legacy, provenance, erstwhile, once, once upon a time, nostalgia.)
19. persons. Referencing sentient creatures (humans, animals) that can form goals, satisfy goals, experience blocked goals, and can occupy agent and object case slots in sentences. Persons are mostly referenced as common nouns (e.g., man, woman, boy, girl) but they also include personal pronouns (e.g., he, she, ze, sie, hir, co, and ey), proper nouns (e.g., Harry, Sally, Mao), and titles (Mr., Ms., Mrs. Dr.).
20. personal. Referencing the expression of inner minds of persons typically shielded from public view through words/phrases signaling disclosure, confession, admission, confiding, innermost, inwardness, candor, frankness, honesty (e.g., disclose that, confess that, admit that, confide that, innermost desire, in all candor, to be frank).
21. public. Referencing institutions (e.g., government, legislation, law, policy, judiciary, media, corporations, non-profits, NGOs), institutional power (e.g., authorization, approval, consent, ratify, vote into law, pass/reject bills, vote up/down legislation), and roles (e.g., president, prime minister, governor, senator).
22. reasoning. Referencing processes supporting inference through evidence, including the lexicon of premises and conclusions along with phrasing that involves reasoning (e.g., it stands to reason, reason that) inference (e.g., can be inferred that), and implication (e.g., implies that). This category further includes the language of argument/counterargument and inferences that “follow” (e.g., it follows that) along with inferences that “don’t follow”) and that speakers seek to “block” through retorts, rebuttals, and refutations.
23. relations positive. Referencing positive relations (e.g., social unity, friendly companionship, liking, love, friendship, solidarity).
24. relations negative. Referencing negative relations (e.g., social-division, dislike, enmity, rivals, envied.)
25. reporting. Referencing verbs that lack the specialization of academic experience, the institutional trappings of public experience, and the concrete tangibility of narrative experience (e.g. cede, exhibit, exclude, pay back).
26. strategic. Referencing the advancing/blocking goals through plans at the individual, group or institutional level (e.g., plans, goals, tactics, shrewd, canny, clever, competition, logistics).
27. values negative. Referencing standards-to-renounce (e.g., injustice, unfairness)
28. values positive. Referencing standards to uphold (e.g. justice, fairness).