pelvic radiation. 2.9. KEY POINTS — Three dimensional conformal radiotherapy has become the standard technique for the appropriate curative irradiation of most cancers. — For patients with high risk breast cancer treated with a modified radical mastectomy, radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy lead to better survival outcomes than chemotherapy alone. — In locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the CHART (continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy) regimen is superior to conventional radiotherapy in achieving local tumour control and survival. — In NSCLC, concurrent cisplatin and thoracic radiotherapy confer a long term survival benefit compared with the sequential delivery of these therapies. — Post-operative chemoradiotherapy should be considered for all patients at high risk of recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastrooesophageal junction. — Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy and proton beam therapy yield comparable tumour control outcomes in patients with early localized prostate cancer. Proton beam therapy is clearly more expensive. 40 — The question of whether radical prostatectomy is preferable to observation alone has not been resolved. — The added benefit of combined modality treatment — androgen deprivation therapy and radiotherapy — should be discussed with all patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. — Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy has become the standard approach for patients with intermediate stage (stages II–III resectable) and patients with inoperable non-metastatic or borderline inoperable rectal cancer. — In patients with oesophageal cancer treated with combined chemoradiotherapy, radiation doses above standard do not improve survival or locoregional control. — Adding external beam to intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy improves palliation in obstructive squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. — The addition of concomitant chemotherapy (cisplatin alone or combined with fluorouracil) significantly improved survival among women with locally advanced cervical cancer. — In some low income countries, however, these results have not been reproduced. — In endometrial carcinoma stage I, post-operative radiotherapy reduces locoregional recurrence but has no impact on overall survival. — Vaginal cuff brachytherapy is as effective as pelvic irradiation for patients with intermediate risk factors. — Patients with high risk factors (age, deep myometrial invasion, high grade and lymphovascular space invasion) may be better treated with external beam pelvic irradiation. REFERENCES [2.1] RAGAZ, J., et al., Locoregional radiation therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: 20-year results of the British Columbia Randomized Trial, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 97 2 (2005) 116–126. [2.2] SAUNDERS, M., et al., Continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Mature data from the randomized multicentre trial, Radiother. Oncol. 52 (1999) 137–148. [2.3] BRADLEY, J., et al., A randomized phase III comparison of standard-dose (60 Gy) versus high-dose (74 Gy) conformal chemoradiotherapy +/– cetuximab for stage IIIa/IIIb non-small cell lung cancer: Preliminary findings on radiation dose in RTOG 0617 (late-breaking abstract 2), RTOG 0617 (Proc. 53rd Annual Mtg Miami, 2011). 41 [2.4] BRADLEY, J.D., et al., A randomized phase III comparison of standard-dose (60 Gy) versus high-dose (74 Gy) conformal chemoradiotherapy with or without cetuximab for stage III non-small cell lung cancer: Results on radiation dose in RTOG 0617, J. Clin. Oncol. 31 (2013). [2.5] CURRAN, W.J., et al., Sequential vs. concurrent chemoradiation for stage III non-small cell lung cancer: Randomized phase III trial RTOG 9410, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 103 (2011) 1452–1460. [2.6] MacDONALD, J.S., et al., Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction, New Engl. J. Med. 345 (2001) 725–730. [2.7] PETEREIT, D., Full circle, BrachyNews (2013) 3. [2.8] MOYER, V.A., Screening for prostate cancer: