through technology transfer in radiotherapy and nuclear medicine. — In March 2009, WHO and the IAEA established the WHO–IAEA Joint Programme on Cancer Control. The main purpose of the Joint Programme is to coordinate activities and resources to provide evidence based and sustainable support to comprehensive cancer control programmes in low and middle income countries. REFERENCES [1.1] VIRCHOW, R., Cellular Pathology as Based Upon Physiological and Pathological Histology, Twenty Lectures Delivered in the Pathological Institute of Berlin in the Months of February, March and April, 1858, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA (1863). [1.2] WATSON, J.D., CRICK, F.H., Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid, Nature 171 (1953) 737–738. [1.3] DE VITA, V.T., Jr., ROSENBERG, S.A., Two hundred years of cancer research, N. Engl. J. Med. 366 (2012) 2207–2214. [1.4] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Setting Up a Radiotherapy Programme: Clinical, Medical Physics, Radiation Protection and Safety Aspects, IAEA, Vienna (2008). [1.5] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Planning National Radiotherapy Services: A Practical Tool, IAEA Human Health Series No. 14, IAEA, Vienna (2010). [1.6] SAMIEI, M., “Challenges of making radiotherapy accessible in developing countries”, Cancer Control 2013 (MAGRATH, I., Ed.), Global Health Dynamics Limited, Woodbridge, United Kingdom (2013) 85. [1.7] FERLAY, J., et al. (Eds), GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012 v1.0, IARC Cancer Base No. 11, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. [1.8] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Inequity in Cancer Care: A Global Perspective, IAEA Human Health Reports No. 3, IAEA, Vienna (2011). [1.9] VAN DER GIESSEN, P.H., et al., Multinational assessment of some operational costs of teletherapy, Radiother. Oncol. 71 3 (2004) 347–355. [1.10] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Cancer Control: Knowledge into Action, WHO Guide for Effective Programmes, Module 1: Planning, WHO, Geneva (2006). [1.11] YIP, Cheng Har, et al., Coordinating care and treatment for cancer patients, Asia Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 13 (2012) 23–36. 28 [1.12] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, National Cancer Control Programmes: Policies and Managerial Guidelines, WHO, Geneva (1995). [1.13] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, DIRAC (Directory of Radiotherapy Centres), https://dirac.iaea.org [1.14] ATUN, R., OGAWA, T., MARTIN-MORENO, J.M., Analysis of National Cancer Control Programmes in Europe, Imperial College London, London (2009). [1.15] World Health Assembly resolution WHA58.22, Resolution on cancer prevention and control, WHA58.22 (2005), www.who.int/cancer/eb1143/en/ [1.16] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, The 58th World Health Assembly adopts resolution on cancer prevention and control (2005), http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr_wha05/en/ [1.17] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT), http://cancer.iaea.org [1.18] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, WHO–IAEA join forces against cancer (2009), 08.html 29 Chapter 2 CONTRIBUTION OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY TO CANCER CURE AND PALLIATION D. Petereit, E. Rosenblatt, B. Vikram 2.1. BACKGROUND Over the past 30 years, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have made possible the three dimensional (3-D) visualization of gross tumour volume as well as organs at risk, enabling 3-D treatment planning and conformal therapy techniques. These techniques form the backbone of a large number of prospective, randomized clinical trials exploring radiation dose escalation, altered fractionation (in particular hypofractionation) and/or the addition of a variety of systemic agents. These trials constitute the basis of much of the contemporary practice of evidence based radiation oncology even today. Some illustrative examples are summarized below. More recently, for many kinds of cancers the use of FDG-PET (fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose