Low-surface temperature radiators LSTs, were originally designed for the NHS, where radiators couldn’t have a surface temperature above 43ºC. This was then accepted by nurseries, primary schools, homes for the elderly, disabled or infirm. 

These can come in a wide range of designs and colours, and can be used in a wet central heating system, or independently with an electrical element, for use during the summer when the heating system is not required. Towel rails can come with an inverted radiator, conventional tubular style or designer styles 

These work on a similar basis to the finned radiator. A copper heat exchanger mounted in the casing has lots of fins attached. This allows for additional surface area. Below this heat exchanger a low-volume electric fan is installed, which is operated by the heat exchanger warming up. These emitters can heat up large areas quickly. 

These are designed for rooms with limited wall space to mount a radiator, eg kitchens, bathrooms or stairwells. They are installed under the kitchen unit or vanity unit and blow warm air into the room via a grill mounted on the kick plinth.

There are also  skirting convectors available that supply background heating, they rely on convection and a disadvantage of this is that the fins can get blocked by dust .©