Band-Aid adhesive allergy 

bone graft

Titanium  /tɪˈteɪnɪəm,tʌɪˈteɪnɪəm/  钛

 Zirconia  /zəːˈkəʊnɪə/ 氧化锆

artificial teeth: denture

Dental related

dental scaling and polishing:

• scaling :  the removal of the scales from something. 

• polishing:  make the surface of (something) smooth and shiny by rubbing it. 

General Anesthesia /ˌanɪsˈθiːzɪə,ˌanɪsˈθiːʒə/  全身麻醉

Local Anesthesia 局部麻醉

Anesthetic麻药 /ˌanɪsˈθɛtɪk/ 

Tartar /ˈtɑːtə/ / Calculus  /ˈkalkjʊləs/ 牙石

Mouth Rinse漱口水

(Dental) Floss /flɒs/牙线

Toothpicks 牙签

Orthodontist /ˌɔːθəˈdɒntɪst/  齿列矫正医师

Crown 牙冠

Root 牙根

Neck 牙颈

Molar 臼齿

Premolar 小臼齿

Canine 犬齿 /ˈkeɪnʌɪn,ˈkanʌɪn/ 

Incisor 门牙 /ɪnˈsʌɪzə,ɪnˈsʌɪzɔː/ 

Wisdom tooth 智齿

Upper Teeth 上排牙齿

Lower Teeth 下排牙齿

Gum/Gum Tissue 牙龈

enamel  /ɪˈnam(ə)l/  牙釉质

Dentin/Dentine 牙本质  /ˈdɛntiːn/  hard dense bony tissue forming the bulk of a tooth, beneath the enamel 

Cement 牙骨质 /sɪˈmɛnt/ a thin layer of bony material that fixes teeth to the jaw. 

• jaw: each of the upper and lower bony structures in vertebrates forming the framework of the mouth and containing the teeth. 

Nerve 牙神经

Root Canal: a procedure to replace infected pulp in a root canal with an inert material.  根管治疗，根管治疗就是将牙齿内部的有害细菌彻底清除，并预防牙齿再次感染 

• pulp: a soft, wet, shapeless mass of material. 

• inert: lacking the ability or strength to move. 

Tooth Filling/ Dental Restoration补牙：若有龋齿，牙医会告诉你有几个 filling 要做。

Cavity / Tooth Decay 蛀牙

Tooth Wear 牙齿磨损

Tooth Extraction 拔牙

Implant 植牙

Denture artificial teeth 假牙

Toothbrush 牙刷

Toothpaste 牙膏

Brackets  /ˈbrakɪt/ : Dental Braces /breɪs/ 矫正器

Crooked Tooth /ˈkrʊkɪd/  bent or twisted out of shape or out of place.  牙齿歪斜不整齐

Plaque /plak,plɑːk/  牙菌斑 a sticky deposit on teeth in which bacteria proliferate. 

Crowding 牙齿拥挤

Excessive Spacing 牙齿疏松

Underbite 地包天 (in non-technical use) the projection of the lower teeth beyond the upper.

Overjet 龅牙: the overlap of the teeth in the horizontal dimension. This means that the top teeth protrude over the bottom ones 

Open Bite 牙齿开咬

Crown 烤瓷牙

Metal-Ceramic Crown /sɪˈramɪk/  金属烤瓷牙

All-Ceramic Crown 全瓷烤瓷牙

Dental Cleaning/Deep Cleaning 洗牙/深度洗牙

Laughing Gas 笑气

Sensitive Teeth 敏感性牙齿

Inflammation /ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/  发炎

Gum Disease牙龈疾病：

• Gingivitis  /ˌdʒɪn(d)ʒɪˈvʌɪtɪs/  牙龈炎 Gingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness and swelling (inflammation) of your gingiva, the part of your gum around the base of your teeth 

  • Gingiv-:  gum

  • -itis: inflammation

• Periodontitis /ˌpɛrɪədɒnˈtʌɪtɪs/ 牙周病 inflammation of the tissue around the teeth, often causing shrinkage of the gums and loosening of the teeth.

Toothache 牙疼

Symptoms of a Band-Aid adhesive allergy

Canker Sore 口腔溃疡

• canker: an often spreading sore that eats into tissue 

Infection 感染

Cavity / Tooth Decay 蛀牙

Bleeding Gums 牙龈出血

Swollen Gums 牙龈肿胀

Receding Gums 牙龈萎缩

For for deep cleaning, would you like to have local anesthesia? 深度洗牙的时候，你想要局部麻醉吗？

I need some kind of hideous bone graft. /ˈhɪdɪəs/  需要做个可怕的植骨手术

• • hideous: extremely unpleasant/ugly

How long after bone grafting can I get dental implants?

Soft tissue and bone grafting procedures for placement of dental implants 软组织和 植骨:  can be used to cover an exposed root or correct uneven gum lines 

if the patient is missing teeth for a long time, patients with alveolar bone resorption is more severe, you need to bone graft. 如果患者缺牙比较久，患者牙槽骨吸收比较厉害，则需要植骨。

• • alveolar bone： /ˌalvɪˈəʊlə/  relating to or denoting the bony ridge that contains the sockets of the upper teeth.  牙槽骨

  • resorption:  /rɪˈsɔːpʃn/ the process or action by which something is reabsorbed. 

adhesive bandages /ˈbandɪdʒ/  创可贴

Teeth：

• incisor teeth 门牙 the sharp teeth at the front of the mouth that bite into food and cut it into smaller pieces. They are flat with a thin edge. They are also called anterior teeth 

• canine teeth 犬齿: the sharp, pointed teeth that sit next to the incisors and look like fangs 

•  molar teeth 臼齿: Molars are the biggest of all the teeth. They have a large, flat surface with ridges that allow them to chew food and grind it up 

Abutment Teeth: This term refers to the teeth that support a bridge or partial denture. The bridge is attached to the abutment tooth during a full crown prep or inlay/onlay preps. For a partial denture, clasps or rests are used to support the denture on the abutment tooth. 基牙

• abut: (of a building or an area of land) be next to or have a common boundary with.  Ex: "gardens abutting Great Prescott Street" 邻接

Ceramic: Ceramic is a material used to make dental implants. This material is made of clay and hardened by heat before it’s placed in your mouth

Crown: A crown, also referred to as a cap, replaces a single tooth

Dentures: artificial teeth 假牙

Endosteal Implant: The endosteal implant is the most commonly used type of implant exercised in modern dentistry 骨内植入物

• endo-: internal

Eposteal Implant: An eposteal implant receives support by resting directly on the jawbone. This is not used as commonly by dentists today and is often seen as an outdated way of placing an implant 后置植入物

Osseointegration: Osseointegration comes from Greek and Latin words meaning “bone” and “to make whole.” This biologic process allows a dental implant to fuse with your existing bone, improving the strength between the living bone and the load-bearing implant. 骨整合

• osseous : /ˈɒsɪəs/  consisting of or turned into bone; ossified. 

Subperiosteal Implant: A subperiosteal implant sits on top of the jaw with the posts of the metal framework protruding through the gum to hold the prosthetic tooth (or teeth) in place. If a patient has minimal bone height or is unable to wear conventional dentures, a dentist might use this method for attaching an implant. 骨膜下

Titanium  /tɪˈteɪnɪəm,tʌɪˈteɪnɪəm/  钛

 Zirconia  /zəːˈkəʊnɪə/ 氧化锆

• artificial teeth: denture

• sinusitis:  /ˌsʌɪnəˈsʌɪtɪs/  an inflammation, or swelling, of the tissue lining the sinuses 鼻窦炎

• pethidine /ˈpɛθɪdiːn/ 杜冷丁 

• Acidosis /ˌasɪˈdəʊsɪs/  酸中毒

  •  -ose -osis: denoting a process or condition. 

• Excessive exercise 过度运动 

• Hypoparathyroidism  /ˌhʌɪpəʊˌparəˈθʌɪrɔɪdɪz(ə)m/ : Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands don't produce enough parathyroid hormone 

  • hypo-: below, not enough

  • para-

  • parathyroid  甲状旁腺 

hypoglycemia shock: /ˌhaɪ.poʊ.ɡlaɪˈsiː.mi.ə/  低血糖休克

• hypoglycemia /ˌhʌɪpəʊɡlʌɪˈsiːmɪə/: deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream.

  1. • hypo-, hyp-： Greek: under, below, beneath; less than; too little; deficient, diminished; used as a prefix

     • glyco-, glyc-：Greek: sweet, sugar

     • -emia, -aemia：Greek: a suffix; blood, usually a diseased condition of the blood

• Leukemia : /l(j)uːˈkiːmɪə/ 白血病 a malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leucocytes. These suppress the production of normal blood cells, leading to anaemia and other symptoms.

• leucocyte : /ˈluːkə(ʊ)sʌɪt/: a colourless cell which circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell 

  • leukos-: white

• Purine-rich diet /ˈp(j)ʊəriːn/  富含嘌呤的饮食

• Renal failure : relating to the kidneys.  肾功能衰竭

• Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis/renal calculi/urolithiasis )  肾结石

  • nephrolithiasis

    • nephro-: /ˈnɛfrəʊ/  of a kidney; relating to the kidneys. 

    • -lithiasis /lɪˈθʌɪəsɪs/ the formation of stony concretions (calculi) in the body, most often in the gall bladder or urinary system.

  • calculus (pl: calculi ) /ˈkalkjʊləs/  结石

    • calc- /kalk/ (used chiefly in geological terms) of lime or calcium. 

  • urolithiasis /ˌjʊərə(ʊ)lɪˈθʌɪəsɪs,ˌjɔːrə(ʊ)lɪˈθʌɪəsɪs/ 

    • uro-: /ˈjʊərəʊ/  relating to urine or the urinary organs. 

• Hyperuricemia  /ˌhʌɪpəjʊərɪˈsiːmɪə/  an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood, associated especially with the disease gout.高尿酸血症

• gout /ɡaʊt/ a disease in which defective metabolism of uric acid causes arthritis, especially in the smaller bones of the feet, deposition of chalk-stones, and episodes of acute pain.  通风

  • deposition : the action of depositing something. 

  • chalk-stones: a chalky deposit of sodium urate sometimes occurring in the joints of persons affected by gout.

• uric acid  尿酸 

• Diuretics /ˌdʌɪjʊˈrɛtɪk/  a diuretic drug. 利尿剂。

  • dia-: through

• Certain chemotherapy drugs  某些化疗药物

• 化验单英文代号

  • UREA /jʊˈriːə/ 尿素 a colourless crystalline compound which is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine.

  • CR/CREA (Creatinine /krɪˈatɪniːn/ )肌酐 a compound which is produced by metabolism of creatine and excreted in the urine.

  • UA (uric acid) 尿酸

  • β2-MG： β2-微球蛋白：能较好地了解肾小球滤过功能 

  • Cys-C：  胱抑素C： 可用于糖尿病性肾病肾脏滤过功能早期损伤评价、高血压肾功能损害早期诊断 

• Glomerulonephritis- /ɡlɒˌmɛrjʊləʊnɪˈfrʌɪtɪs/  It is a condition in which the structures of the kidney used to filter the blood are inflamed 肾小球肾炎

• Creatinine Levels Are High: /krɪˈatɪniːn/ 肌酐 refer  to 

• lateral view: 侧视图

  • lateral: of, at, toward, or from the side or sides. Ex: the plant takes up water through its lateral roots

• ECG: ElectroCardioGram.   心电图

• ventricle  心室，心脏内部下面的两个空腔,是肌肉泵, 完成射血功能, 肌肉雄厚 

• atrium /ˈeɪtrɪəm/ 心房,心脏内部上面的两个空腔, 是贮血器，起辅助泵的作用 

• Vent rate: ventricular rate, the number of times the main pumping portion of the heart beats in a minute. The normal range is between 60-100 beats per minute.  A rate faster than that is known as bradycardia, more rapid heart beat is called tachycardia.

  • bradycardia /ˌbradɪˈkɑːdɪə/ : the heart beat rate less than 60

    • brady- : slow

  • tachycardia: the heart beat rate more than 100

  • bpm: beats per minute    

• sudden cardiac arrest:  stop or check (progress or a process).  心脏骤停

•  arrhythmias  /eɪˈrɪðmɪə/ : a condition in which the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm.

  • a-: lost

  • -rhythm: rhythm

• hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure. 

• hyper- vs hypo-

  • hyper:  over/in excess:  Ex: hypertension

  • hypo-: under/below: Drug users who share  hypodermic needles can transmit disease.

    • dermis : the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true skin 

• lipid disorders:  血脂异常

  • lipid: any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids. 

• Maltodextrin /mɒltəʊˈdɛkstrɪn/: dextrin containing maltose, used as a food additive. : 麥芽糊精 

  • dextrin /ˈdɛkstrɪn/  糊精

• serology /sɪəˈrɒlədʒi/ : the scientific study or diagnostic examination of blood serum, especially with regard to the response of the immune system to pathogens or introduced substances.

• serum /ˈsɪərəm/: an amber-coloured, protein-rich liquid which separates out when blood coagulates. 血清 ex: "the researchers examined blood serum obtained from 471 men and women"

• coagulate /kəʊˈaɡjʊleɪt/: (of a fluid, especially blood) change to a solid or semi-solid state. Ex: "blood had coagulated round the edges of the gash"

• gash:  a long, deep cut or wound. Ex: "a bad gash in one leg became infected"

• carb: dietary carbohydrates. 

• Whey: the watery part of milk that remains after the formation of curds. 

• Concentrate. Whey protein in this form is used in many products, from protein shakes and bars to infant formula. Each has different amounts of lactose (a sugar found in milk) and fat, depending on its intended use.

• Isolate. Whey is processed to reduce its fat and lactose content, leaving mainly protein. Whey protein isolate may be better for people who have trouble digesting lactose (lactose intolerance). But it’s not for people with milk allergies.

• Hydrolysate /hʌɪˈdrɒlɪseɪt/ .  When whey protein is hydrolyzed, its protein chains are broken down, which makes it easier to digest. This type of whey is most often used in infant formulas.

lactose <-> maltose <-> sucrose

↓                  ↓                     ↓ 

milk                starch              sugar

• lactose /ˈlaktəʊz,ˈlaktəʊs/ : a sugar present in milk. It is a disaccharide containing glucose and galactose units. 乳糖 

  • disaccharide /dʌɪˈsakərʌɪd/ : any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues. 二糖；双糖 

  • di- two

  • -saccharide: sugar

  • lac-: milk

  • -ose: sugar

• maltose /ˈmɔːltəʊz,ˈmɔːltəʊs,ˈmɒltəʊz,ˈmɒltəʊs/ : a sugar produced by the breakdown of starch, e.g. by enzymes found in malt and saliva. It is a disaccharide consisting of two linked glucose units.  麦芽糖 

• starch /stɑːtʃ/ : an odourless, tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet. 

• sucrose /ˈs(j)uːkrəʊz,ˈs(j)uːkrəʊs/ :  a compound which is the chief component of cane or beet sugar.   甜菜糖
  "The common sugars that form part of the diet are sucrose, lactose (milk sugar), and maltose."

• sciatica /sʌɪˈatɪkə/ : pain affecting the back, hip, and outer side of the leg, caused by compression of a spinal nerve root in the lower back, often owing to degeneration of an intervertebral disc.坐骨神经痛

  • intervertebral /ˌɪntəˈvəːtɪbr(ə)l/: situated between vertebrae. 

• crotch /krɒtʃ/ : the part of the human body between the legs where they join the torso 裆

• torso: the trunk of the human body 躯干

• thyroid /ˈθʌɪrɔɪd/：a large ductless gland in the neck which secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism.甲状腺

  • metabolism /mɪˈtabəlɪz(ə)m/: the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

  • ductless:  denoting a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream, such as an endocrine gland or a lymph gland.

• thyroid gland

• Total thyroidectomy: removal of the thyroid gland by surgery.

  • -ectomy /ˈɛktəmi/ : denoting surgical removal of a specified part of the body.

Supraventricular tachycardia 室上性心动过速

• Supra-ventricular

  • supra-: above

  • ventricul-, ventriculo-: a small cavity in an organ; especially of the heart or brain

• tachy-cardia

• ventricular: Pertaining to the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, as in ventricular fibrillation and ventricular septal defect心室

• fibrillation: making a quivering movement

  • • fibrillate /ˈfʌɪbrɪleɪt,ˈfɪbrɪleɪt/： (of a muscle, especially in the heart) make a quivering movement due to uncoordinated contraction of the individual fibrils. 

• septal /ˈsɛpt(ə)l/ : relating to a septum or septa 隔膜

  • • septum: a partition separating two chambers, such as that between the nostrils or the chambers of the heart.

      • -> plural noun:  septa

• tachy-: fast

• presbyopia

  • presby-: old

    • Presbyterian /ˌprɛzbɪˈtɪərɪən/ : relating to or denoting a Christian Church or denomination governed by elders according to the principles of Presbyterianism. For example: a Presbyterian minister

• myopia ↔ myopic adj.

cytotoxic drugs, /sʌɪtə(ʊ)ˈtɒksɪk/  which doctors use to treat cancer

antipsychotics: /ˌantɪsʌɪˈkɒtɪk/ 

anticonvulsants /ˌantɪkənˈvʌls(ə)nt/ 

tetracyclines:  /ˌtɛtrəˈsʌɪkliːn/ 

heavy metals

Iron deficiency anemia : /əˈniːmɪə/  A condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness. 

blood clots: A thick mass of coagulated liquid, especially blood, or of material stuck together. 

coagulated /kəʊˈaɡjʊleɪt/  :  (of a fluid, especially blood) change to a solid or semisolid state.  凝固的

fluid buildup in the lung cavity

pneumonia: Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation may affect both lungs ( double pneumonia ), one lung ( single pneumonia ), or only certain lobes ( lobar pneumonia ). 

• pneumon- : lung

hemoglobin /ˌhiːməˈɡləʊbɪn/ : a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom

 bound to a heme group. 血红蛋白

• haemato-globulin 

• haemato: relating to the blood. 

• globulin : any of a group of simple proteins soluble in salt solutions and forming a large fraction of blood serum protein.

heme /hiːm/ :  an iron-containing compound of the porphyrin class which forms the nonprotein part of hemoglobin and some other biological molecules. 

Hemochromatosis: /ˌhiːmə(ʊ)ˌkrəʊməˈtəʊsɪs/  a hereditary disorder in which iron salts are deposited in the tissues, leading to liver damage, diabetes mellitus, and bronze discoloration of the skin. 血色素沉着症. 

• hemo- (“blood”) +‎ chromat- (“color”) +‎ -osis (“disease”) 

When a person has an excess of iron in the body, it can cause hemochromatosis. One symptom of hemochromatosis is skin hyperpigmentation. This may result in discoloration of the lips. Some other symptoms of hemochromatosis include:

• joint inflammation

• fatigue

• abdominal pain

• unintentional weight loss

• liver disease

• low libido /lɪˈbiːdəʊ/ 

• erectile  /ɪˈrɛktʌɪl/ 

hereditary /hɪˈrɛdɪt(ə)ri/ :  (of a characteristic or disease) determined by genetic factors and therefore able to be passed on from parents to their offspring or descendants. 

A person may also develop cyanosis if they have abnormal hemoglobin：/ˌsʌɪəˈnəʊsɪs/  a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. 

an outpatient clinic: a patient who attends a hospital for treatment without staying there overnight.血红素

inpatient: a patient who lives in hospital while under treatment.

"a psychiatric disorder": /sʌɪkɪˈatrɪk/ / relating to mental illness or its treatment. 

• psych-, psycho-, -psyche, -psychic, -psychical, -psychically: mind, sprit

• iatro-, iater-, -iatria, -iatric, -iatrician, -iatrics, -iatrist, -iatry; -iatricians, -iatrists, -iatries: physician; heal, cure, treat; medical healing 

postmenopausal /ˌpəʊs(t)mɛnəˈpɔːz(ə)l/:

• post- after

• meno- month; moon

• pausal-stop

senile: /ˈsiːnʌɪl/ (of a person) having or showing the weaknesses or diseases of old age, especially a loss of mental faculties.

• "she couldn't cope with her senile husband"

femoral neck 股骨颈: Relating to the femur or the thigh.

• femur /ˈfiːmə/ the bone of the thigh or upper hindlimb, articulating at the hip and the knee.  股骨  

• femoral /ˈfɛ m (ə)r(ə)l/: relating to the femur or the thigh. 

• thigh /θʌɪ/: the part of the human leg between the hip and the knee. 股，大腿 

  • articulating: form a joint. 

  • hindlimb: either of the two back limbs of an animal. 后肢 

The lumbar spine(腰椎) is the lower back that begins below the last thoracic vertebra (胸椎T12) and ends at the top of the sacral spine(骶骨), or sacrum (S1)

• lumb-, lumbo-: by extension, the lower back

• lumbar /ˈlʌmbə/ : Relating to the lower part of the back 腰椎: example: backache in the lumbar region 

• thoracic /θəˈrasɪk,θɔːˈrasɪk/: relating to the thorax.

• thorax /ˈθɔːraks/: the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration; the chest.

• vertebra /ˈvəːtɪbrə/ each of the series of small bones forming the backbone, having several projections for articulation and muscle attachment, and a hole through which the spinal cord passes. 

• dorsal /ˈdɔːs(ə)l/: on or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ. 椎/椎骨 <-> lumbar 

  • • Dorsal vertebrae attached to the ribs are called thoracic vertebrae, while those without ribs are called lumbar vertebrae. 

osteo- /ˈɒstɪəʊ/: relating to the bones.

• Osteoporosis has no symptoms：骨质疏松症

  • Osteoporosis /ˌɒstɪəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/

• osteopenia“/ˌɒstɪəʊˈpiːnɪə/: 骨质减少

  • -penia- (s), -penias (pl), -penic, pen-, penia-: abnormal reduction, decrease in, insufficient, deficiency. Originally, the meaning was poverty, need; sometimes it is erroneously or incorrectly rendered as -poenia

    • calcipenia, chloropenia, cytoglucopenia, cytopenia, eosinopenia, erythroblastopenia

• osteoarthritis /ˌɒstɪəʊɑːˈθrʌɪtɪs/ degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone, most common from middle age onward. It causes pain and stiffness, especially in the hip, knee, and thumb joints. 骨关节炎 

arthritis /ɑːˈθrʌɪtɪs/ a disease causing painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.  关节炎 

• arthro-, arthr-: joint, pertaining to the joints or connecting bone structures

• -itis: inflammation, burning sensation; by extension, disease associated with inflammation

cartilage /ˈkɑːt(ɪ)lɪdʒ/ :  firm, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract  软骨 

larynx /ˈlarɪŋks/  : the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box. 喉 

Bone mineral densitometer (BMD) is a test done to measure a person's bone mineral density

• densitometer /ˌdɛnsɪˈtɒmɪtə/: an instrument for measuring the photographic density of an image on a film or photographic print. 

Varicocele /ˈvarɪkə(ʊ)ˌsiːl/:  a term used to describe abnormally dilated veins (called the “pampiniform plexus” of veins) in the scrotum 精索静脉曲张

Varicose /ˈvarɪkəʊs,ˈvarɪkəs,ˈvarɪkəʊz/:  veins are abnormally swollen or enlarged blood vessels in the leg caused by the failure of the valves in the veins 

dilated /dʌɪˈleɪt,dɪˈleɪt/: make or become wider, larger, or more open. 

scrotum /ˈskrəʊtəm/: a pouch of skin containing the testicles.阴囊

pouch /paʊtʃ/: 1) a pocket-like abdominal receptacle in which marsupials carry their young during lactation. 2) a baggy area of skin underneath a person's eyes. 

testicles /ˈtɛstɪk(ə)l/: either of the two oval organs that produce sperm in men and other male mammals, enclosed in the scrotum behind the penis. 睾丸

oval /ˈəʊv(ə)l/: having a rounded and slightly elongated outline or shape like that of an egg. 

elongated /ˈiːlɒŋɡeɪtɪd/ : long in relation to width, especially unusually so. 

marsupial /mɑːˈsuːpɪəl/: a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly.  有袋动物

a mammal of an order 哺乳动物

• order： BIOLOGY,  a principal taxonomic category that ranks below class and above family.

• taxonomic  [,taksəˈnɒmɪk] : concerned with the classification of things, especially organisms. 

suckle /ˈsʌk(ə)l/: feed (a baby or young animal) from the breast or teat.哺乳 <-> suck: draw into the mouth by contracting the muscles of the lips and mouth to make a partial vacuum 

teat /tiːt/: a nipple of the mammary gland of a female mammal, from which the milk is sucked by the young. 乳头

• mammary /ˈmaməri/ denoting or relating to the human female breasts or the milk-secreting organs of other mammals.

lactation /lakˈteɪʃ(ə)n/: the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.  哺乳期

Ask for a Second Opinion: A second opinion means that you choose to see another doctor or specialist after you’ve received an initial diagnosis or treatment plan for a medical condition

microsurgical varicocelectomy

• varicocele-ctomy

• -tomy /təmi/: cutting, especially as part of a surgical process.

• microsurgical: relating to or involving intricate surgery performed using miniaturized instruments and a microscope. 

Flexibility indicates the ability of an individual to move the joints in their highest ranges 

Elasticity /ɛlaˈstɪsɪti,iːlaˈstɪsɪti,ɪlaˈstɪsɪti/  has to do with the ability of our muscles to contract and stretch 

ophthalmic /ɒfˈθalmɪk,ɒpˈθalmɪk/ :  relating to the eye and its diseases. "an ophthalmic surgeon"

• ophthalmo-, ophthalm-, -ophthalmia, -ophthalmic, -ophthalmos-- sight, visual

surgeon: a medical practitioner qualified to practise surgery. 

-opia /ˈəʊpɪə/ : denoting a visual disorder. 

• myopia: lack of foresight or intellectual insight. 

• presbyopia: long-sightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.

  • op-, opt-, optico-, opsi-, opso-, -opia, -ops, -opsia, -opsis, -opsy, -optic, -opic, -opy: eye, sight

  • pre-, prae-: before

  • presby-, presbyo-: relationship to old age, elderly, elder

left interior retinal tear

laser retinopexy: 激光视网膜手术

• -operxy: fixation of muscles of 手术

• myopexy, colopexy, cryopexy, rheopexy, aortopexy, caecopexy, colpopexy. 

a fully calcified 2 mm nodule in the apicoposterior segment of the left upper lobe probably represents a benign calcified granuloma

• The left upper lobe apicoposterior segment is one of the bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe 

• apicoposterior:  尖后段 

• calcified : hardened by deposition of or conversion into calcium carbonate or another insoluble calcium compound. 

• granuloma /ˌɡranjʊˈləʊmə/ : a mass of granulation tissue, typically produced in response to infection, inflammation, or the presence of a foreign substance. 肉芽肿 

• Cancerous lung nodules tend to be more irregularly shaped and larger than benign granulomas 

• nodule /ˈnɒdjuːl/ : a small swelling or aggregation of cells in the body, especially an abnormal one. 结节/结核

  • A granuloma is a little lump, or nodule

no suspicious pulmonary nodule, lung consolidation or pleural effusion is evident

• pulmonary /ˈpʌlmən(ə)ri/ : relating to the lungs 肺： pulmonary blood flow 

  • pulmonary artery/vein

  • pulmo-, pulmoni-, pulmono-, pulmon-, -pulmonary, -pulmonic: lung

• pleural /ˈplʊərə/l : 胸腔

• pleura /ˈplʊərə/: each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals.胸膜.

• thorax /ˈθɔːraks/ 

• effusion /ɪˈfjuːʒ(ə)n/ : an instance of giving off something such as a liquid, light, or smell. 积液

• pleural  effusion  胸腔 积液

• lung consolidation: 肺实变

bilateral mild upper lobe scarring is probably post-infective

• bilateral: having or relating to two sides; affecting both sides. 

• scarring: mark with a scar or scars. 疤痕

no gross abnormal mediastinal or axillary masses are present in this unenhanced study

• mediastinum 纵膈,是描述胸腔中心为疏松结缔组织所包围的构造 

• mediastinal [miːdɪæs'taɪnəl] 纵隔的 

• axillary  /akˈsɪləri/ relating to the armpit.  <->Auxiliary /ɔːɡˈzɪlɪəri,ɒɡˈzɪlɪəri/ : providing supplementary or additional help and support. 

no suspicious destructive lesion is identified :

• lesion /ˈliːʒ(ə)n/:  a region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease, such as a wound, ulcer, abscess, or tumor.  损害；损伤；障碍 

There is no associated traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis 支气管扩张/支气管扩张

• bronchiectasis /ˌbrɒŋkɪˈɛktəsɪs : abnormal widening of the bronchi or their branches, causing a risk of infection. It is a lung condition that causes coughing up of mucus 

• bronchiolectasis: a manifestation of chronic bronchitis characterized by saccular dilatation of the terminal bronchioles 

modular is consisting of separate modules; especially where each module performs or fulfills some specified function and could be replaced by a similar module for the same function, independently of the other modules 

nodular is of or relating to a nodule or nodules. 

Lung-RADS category 1: negative, <1% chance of malignancy

• malignancy /məˈlɪɡnənsi/ : the quality of being malign or malevolent. 

• malignant

Electrophysiological study and ablation 电生理学研究和消融

ablation : the surgical removal of body tissue

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT): An abnormally fast heart rhythm arising from improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart.

Supra-ventricular means “above the ventricles, 

ventricles /ˈvɛntrɪk(ə)l/  a hollow part or cavity in an organ.  心室

tachycardia /ˌtakɪˈkɑːdɪə/: an abnormally rapid heart rate.

• tachy- /ˈtaki/: rapid.

• cardia /ˈkɑːdɪə/: the upper opening of the stomach, where the oesophagus enters.

• oesophagus /ɪˈsɒfəɡəs/: the part of the alimentary canal which connects the throat to the stomach. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane. 食管

• canal : a tubular duct in a plant or animal, serving to convey or contain food, liquid, or air. 

• alimentary  /alɪˈmɛnt(ə)ri/ relating to nourishment or sustenance.

• alimentary canal:  消化道

priligy: 

viagra /vʌɪˈaɡrə/ : a drug taken to increase blood flow to the penis and improve erectile function.

Menopause: the time that marks the end of your menstrual cycles. 

• meno- month; moon

menstrual /ˈmɛnstrʊəl/ : relating to the menses or menstruation. "menstrual blood"

meno-: relating to menstruation. 

menstruation /mɛnstrʊˈeɪʃ(ə)n/: the process in a woman of discharging blood and other material from the lining of the uterus at intervals of about one lunar month from puberty until the menopause, except during pregnancy. 

uterus /ˈjuːt(ə)rəs/: the organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth; the womb. 子宫

gestate /dʒɛˈsteɪt/: carry a fetus in the womb from conception to birth.  妊娠

fetus: an unborn or unhatched offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human more than eight weeks after conception. 

osteoporosis /ˌɒstɪəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/ : a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

finger: thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger, little/pinkie finger

toe: Hallux/Big/great/1st Toe, Index/Pointer/long/2nd Toe, Middle/3rd Toe, Ring/4th Toe, Outermost/Pinky/small/5th toe

• hallux /ˈhaləks/