Pasteuria ramosa is a bacterial parasite that infects hosts by transmitting their spores into them and killing them. (Duneau 2011)

Primary Literature Article: "Cloning of the unculturable parasite Pasteuria ramosa and its Daphnia host reveals extreme genotype-genotype interactions" (Luigckx et al 2011)

Pasteuria ramosa is a common endoparasite of many Daphnia species. (Duneau et al. 2011)

This species is closely related to Bacillus and Clostridium, which are two geni that contain species that cause human diseases. (Duneau et al. 2011)

When a host is infected by P. ramosa, they typically experience an increase in size. (Ebert 2008)

• P. ramosa also sterilizes its host and prolongs its death in order to use more of the host's resources and complete its development, while asexually reproducing and taking over the host. (Ebert 2008)

In this experiment, scientists test the hypothesis that the infection of Daphnia magna by Pasteuria ramosa is binary, and figure out the specificity of "host clone-parasite clone interaction". (Luijckx et al. 2011)

Scientists compared the infection patterns of four Pasteuria ramosa clones to the infection patterns of the single Pasteuria ramosa they were cloned from (the isolate). (Luijckx et al. 2011)

• The scientists did this by separately exposing 12 Daphnia magna clones to the four Pasteuria ramosa clones and the isolate. (Luijckx et al. 2011)

From the data in the table showing the results of this experiment, it was concluded that C1 and C2 were clones of Pasteuria ramosa because they had an almost identical infection pattern. (Luijckx et al. 2011)

• C3 and C4 were concluded to be different mixtures of more than one clone because their infection patterns were not similar to each other, C1 & C2, and the isolate. (Luijckx et al. 2011)