Glomus spp.

Intoduction:

Glomus spp. Is the largest genus of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and is commonly found across a multitude of habitats, including marine. Glomus spp. Is a known obligate symbiote meaning that it relies upon other organisms (most commonly plant roots) in order to maintain their life cycles to completion (Plenchette 1991).

Figure 3: Glomales I

Background:

Fungi are an extremely diverse group and are estimated to have roughly 2.2-3.8 million species, with glomus containing roughly 11% of samples gathered (De Queiroz et al. 2020).
Glomus spp. Is a genus of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi) which has a wider range of categorization which can be attributed to about 82 species, with 5 orders, 11 families, and 22 genera in an estimated 8 countries (De Queiroz et al. 2020).
Of the AMF species recorded worldwide, Glomus composed 11% of the total (De Queiroz et al. 2020).
VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal) fungi are obligate symbionts, meaning that they live within the body/cells of another organism, often having a mutualistic relationship, and have been attempted to be cultivated in vitro to be used for inoculation (Strullu et al. 1991).
Taxonomy:

Kingdom: Fungi

Phylum: Mucoromycota

Class: Glomeromycetes

Order: Glomerales

Family: Glomeraceae

Genus: Glomus

Species: Glomus spp.

Topics to Understand:

Mycorrhizal root pieces are used for inoculation, however a method to implant them has not been clearly established (Strulu et al. 1991).
Glomus has a high Cu (Copper) absorption rate in comparison to other tested groups, however the absorption rate varies based on the Glomus subgroup (Gonzalez-Chavez et al. 2002).
Glomus ssp. Has a prevalence through marine ecosystems, as well as wetlands, mangroves, and lentic and lotic environments and are in multiple countries ranging from Brazil, to Sweden, to China, making them a semi-globally present fungi (De Queiroz et al. 2020).

Data Analysis:

The mycelium of a non polluted Glomus mosseae is compared to three AMF from the same polluted soil were measured for their Cu absorption capacity. There were varying types of Glomus: G. mosseae BEG25, G. claroideum BEG134, G. mosseae BEG132, and G. caledonium BEG133. The soil was measured to contain copper and arsenate as the two predominant factors. Scientists isolated the samples and measured the Cu absorbtion capacity of each and compared them to see how different types of Glomus absorbed from the soil (Gonzalez-Chavez et al. 2002).

Out of the samples, copper containing aggregates were only found in the hyphal cytoplasm of sample BEG 132, Cu absorption was prominent, with little traces of Fe (Gonzalez-Chavez et al. 2002).

The absorption rates of the AMF mycelium were found to be prominent with varying results regarding what they were absorbing; BEG 25 was the sample from non polluted soil and it had leveled out prior to the other samples, indicating it reached its capacity. The scientists were able to conclude that due to these results, Glomus subspecies were showing promise of diversity via different organisms and their capabilities (Gonzalez-Chavez et al. 2002).

Figure 4: Data Analysis Referenced Graph

Conclusion

Researchers were able to learn how Glomus spp. Is able to absorb Cu, which indicates it could be a useful tactic for cultivation protection (Gonzalez-Chavez et al. 2002).
Mycorrhizal roots were studied and found to be useful for the protection of viruses against other plants, the isolation of these for the implementation on other plants is being actively studied (Strulu et al. 1991).
Importance: The use of Mycorrhizal roots to protect against viruses will be useful in cultivation and the preservation of crops and even endangered marine species.
Future studies can be conducted to see how the implementation of Mycorrhizal roots into other plants and even marketable crops would protect against common agricultural viruses.

Figure 5: Glomus Mosseae

References:

Besa De Queiroz, M., Jobim, K., Margarito Vista, X., Aparecida Souza Leroy, J., Ruth Basilio Silva Gomes, S., & Tomio Goto, B. (2020, June). Mycotaxon. http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/Queiroz-v135-2-checklist.pdf

Gonzalez-Chavez, C., D'Haen, J., Vangronsveld, J. et al. Copper sorption

and accumulation by the extraradical mycelium of different Glomus spp. (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) isolated from the same polluted

soil. Plant and Soil 240, 287–297 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015794622592

Strullu, D.G., Romand, C. & Plenchette, C. Axenic culture and encapsulation of the intraradical forms of Glomus spp.. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 7, 292–297 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329394

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