The Brief History of Antigravity

The scientific quest to understand gravity began in 1604 when Galileo Galilei's study of the world revealed that the distance an object of any mass falls, is proportional to the square of the time elapsed. He proved that gravity is a constant force and causes all bodies to fall to earth at a constant acceleration. 

Prior to this, naturalists, such as Aristotle, believed that force causes speed rather than acceleration and the heavens were the realm of the Gods.

Johannes Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Astria and, like Galileo, played a significant role in the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century. He had a deep-seated belief that God had created the universe according to an intelligible plan that is revealed through the light of reason. His belief in reason and the natural order can be seen in the evolution of the Scientific Method. 

Between 1609 and 1619, Kepler used Tycho Brahe's precise astronomical observations to frame his Laws of Planetary Motion. These laws are empirical and fall short of a description of gravity. He instead described a mathematical proportion in the motion of an object in orbit. Kepler's laws simply state: 1. All of the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. 2. The radius vector sweeps out equal areas in equal times. 3. The square of the period of a planet’s orbit is directly proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the Sun.

Sir Isaac Newton expanded on these ideas in 1666 when he sought to understand the behavior of his now-famous falling apple and the one-time heretical idea that planets, like Earth, orbit the sun. He conceived of the Law of Universal Gravitation.

Newton's law states, that any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other by a force acting along the line intersecting the two particles. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Newton's and other observations, such as Plank's work with electromagnetism, led to the Inverse Square Law.  This law is a description of one of the innate properties of four-dimensional space and states that: The intensity of something radiating through space, such as light, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

Albert Einstein's seminal work, General Theory of Relativity, was published in 1915.  Similar to Newton's apple, Einstein imagined he was riding on a photon of light or in an accelerating rocket as he contemplated the mysteries of the universe. 

Einstein saw gravity as a geometric property of four-dimensional spacetime in which energy and momentum caused a curvature in the fabric of space.  In other words, gravity is not a force, it is the result of a change in the local geometry of spacetime which is not a ridged background structure.

Properties of Antimatter

Antigravity enthusiasts have long looked to antimatter to exhibit characteristics such as negative energy. While Einstein considered a repulsive force in his equations, Relativity does not allow for antigravity except under contrived circumstances.  Remember Galilao's Equivalence Principle states that all bodies fall at the same rate regardless of their composition or mass. In other words, all known types of matter are coupled to gravity. 

It is believed by many in the scientific community that antimatter, such as a positron, is very much like normal matter but with the opposite charge.  A team from Aarhus University in Denmark led by Jeffrey Hangst tried to confirm this. Their results seem to show that antihydrogen atoms experience a downward pull from gravity that is 75% as strong as ordinary matter, + or - 20%. However, their conclusions have not been confirmed and are inconclusive.  Antimatter has to be confined within a magnetic trap that may have influenced the outcome of this delicate measurement. These premature results may be a case of taking a wide-ranging set of data and seeing the conclusions that they expected.

Given antimatter's inherent dangers it is not a practical path to manifest a negative gravitational field regardless of Hangst's results.

While Relativity generally says "no" to antigravity with the exception of a "negative mass," Quantum Field Theory and what can be seen in verified UFO videos screams "yes." It seems those who still deny Earth is being visited by aliens from another world are like the last cloistered few who still subscribe to Ptolemy's view that the Earth and mankind are at the center of God's creation. 

The inertial mass of an object will be modified with a better understanding of the world around us. 

Interest in Antigravity

Interest in antigravity began in earnest during WWII with reports of foo fighters following allied planes and ships. Originally,  it was thought these sightings were German experimental aircraft, however, when the war ended it was learned military personnel of all nations had similar encounters. 

Many of the 1940s descriptions of foo fighters are also identical to UFO sightings made by military personnel today.  

Interest in antigravity and gravity controlled propulsion originated with the U. S. Air Force. By the end of WWII, the military started investing heavily in this kind of research until the Mansfield Amendment of 1973 attempted to restrict the Department of Defense's spending on long-running projects that showed few results or had no explicit military applications.

This unbridled period of spending filtered down into the privet sector through the Modern Physics Research branch of the Aeronautical Research Laboratory at Wright Patterson Air Force Base and included some of the biggest names in physics.  It is no coincidence that Wright Patterson was the alleged recipient of Roswell crash debris in 1947 and became the center of military research into the new science of inertial mass reduction and gravity drive research by 1950.

In 1948, the founder of Babson College, Roger Babson, formed the Gravity Research Foundation to study gravitational shielding.  While the organization eventually established itself as credible and attracted many pioneers in science and industry, such as Igor Sekorski who invented the helicopter, the group was considered rather eccentric. One early GRF bulletin suggested the bible story of Jesus walking on water and the ability of angles to defy gravity was evidence of antigravity. Since Babson's death, the group has been largely dormant but still holds an annual essay contest with a broader focus on understanding gravity. 

George Bunker, chairman of the Glenn L. Martin Company, formed the Research Institute for Advanced Study in 1955 and employed such people as theoretical physicist Burkhard Heim. Their research was focused more on practical application than theory and merged back into Martin Marietta Corporation in 1973. Coincidently, this is the same year the Mansfield Amendment put restrictions on the Department of Defense's funding of such projects.

In 1956, Agnew H. Bahnson, a Gravity Research Foundation trustee, helped found the Institute of Field Physics at the University of North Carolina. Because of a perception that the scientific community regarded so-called “anti-gravity research” as being similar to the last century’s search for a perpetual motion machine. The IOFP placed  a ‘disclaimer’ on all their publication that stated: "The work in field physics and gravitation theory carried on at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and financed by the Institute of Field Physics, as fundraising agency, has no connection with so-called “anti-gravity research.”

Robert Bigelow, originally a real estate entrepreneur, became a big player in research into gravity.  He founded the Nation Institute for Discovery Science in 1995 and unapologetically pursued his interests in ufology stating that he was "absolutely convinced" extraterrestrials have visited Earth. In 1996, he extended his interests to the paranormal and purchased the infamous Skinwalker Ranch. 

Bigelow later realized his childhood dream and reached for the stars. He founded Bigelow Aerospace in 1999 and pursued advanced research for the Defense Department that included Space-time Modifications for Aerospace Applications, Wormholes in Space-time, Warp Drives, and Metamaterials for Aerospace Applications. 

The Institute for Exotic Science was a short-lived public benefits corporation specializing in developing new frontiers of science including gravity modification founded by Richard Eskridge, a retired NASA engineer, and his daughter Amy Eskridge in 2018. The fledgling company fell into obscurity after the sudden death of Amy at the age of 34 on June 11, 2022. 

At about 50 minutes into a public forum sponsored by HAL5.org, Richard Eskridge discloses gravitational anomalies he witnessed during tests of Claude Poher’s rotating superconductor in a magnetic field device while at NASA. The results of these experiments were never published. 

Attempts at Solving the Antigravity Puzzle

Gravity is the result of a change in the local geometry of spacetime caused by the energy density of space. However, it is important to note that spacetime is composed not just of Einstein's 4-dimensional continuum but of 11 dimensions or dimensionality. The ability to control the gravitational mass of an object is dependent on our ability to influence dimensionality and control the moment of inertia of an object. Such a theoretical device is known as an Inertial Mass Reduction Device or IMRD. 

There have been numerous attempts at creating such a device, however, none to date have been successful. Conspiracy theories to the contrary are baseless simply because an IMRD would so profoundly change the course of human industrial evolution and solve so many common problems that it could not be concealed and kept secret for long.  

Gravitational Shielding

Gravity shields have been popular subjects in science fiction, such as H. G. Wells' book, "The First Man  In The Moon," and was one of Roger Babson's obsessions. Hypothetically, such a material would create a conical region, like a shadow, in the shape of the shield reducing gravity. However, this seems predicated on the idea that gravity is a force radiating out from a source -  not a curvature in the fabric of spacetime.

Most avenues to create a gravitational shield violate the equivalence principle and are inconsistent with both Newton's laws and General Relativity.

Superconductivity 

In the early 90s, Dr. Ning Li & Dr. Douglas Torr published several papers on superconductors and gravitational effects while at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. They theorized a superconductor within a magnetic field would produce a gravitomagnetic field perpendicular to their spin axis producing a strong repulsive force. They reported a weight change of 0.05 - 2.1% for a test mass suspended above a rotating superconductor.  

• “Effects of a Gravitomagnetic Field on Pure Superconductors”, Physical Review D, V43, N2, p. 457 (1991)

• “Gravitational Effects on the Magnetic Attenuation of Superconductors”, Physical Review B, V46, N9, p. 5489 (1992)

• “Gravitoelectric-Electric Coupling via Superconductivity",  Foundations of Physics Letters, V6, N4, p. 317 (1993)

Dr. Li disappeared shortly after receiving a grant from the United States Department of Defense and stopped publishing. Ning has become the subject of several internet conspiracies relating to the government and her conspicuous absence. There is little published on Wikipedia regarding her life and work except that she was struck by a vehicle while crossing the street in 2014 and suffered permanent brain damage.

Dr. Torr became a United States Department of Defense contractor and has been awarded several patents related to this gravitomagnetic effect. A list of patents by Douglas Torr can be found here.

In 1992, Eugene Podkletnov also claimed that objects held above a rotating superconducting disc underwent a similar reduction of between 0.5 and 2% in weight. However, none of his claims have ever been verified experimentally.  In theory, Podkletonv idea has some merit but it is unlikely that he or anyone will be able to rotate a superconductor at a high enough angler velocity,  without adding energy from another source, to achieve the energy density needed to alter spacetime. 

Claude Poher is the director of the Aurora Laboratory developing industrial applications of the quantum model of gravitation. He has also done some interesting work with rotating superconductors similar to Dr. Ning Li and includes subjects such as “Basic Patterns in UFO Observations.” His work can be found on Research Gate. 

A theoretical room-temperature superconductor, one that did not require cooling to transition to a state of 0 electrical resistance, would interestingly enough qualify as a perpetual motion machine and violate our present understanding of the laws of thermodynamics. 

Gyroscopic Devices

The 1852 discovery of a mechanical gyroscope is attributed to French physicist, Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault.  His simple, but profoundly useful, device is comprised of a mass called a rotor mounted in gimbal rings. When the mass is rotated, its angular momentum causes the gyroscope to maintain its attitude even when it is tilted.

A gyroscope's unique properties are used in engineering applications from satellites in orbit to bicycles on a playground.

Gyroscopes have wrongly been associated with antigravity because of their upward motion under an external torque. Mathematical models of gyroscopes’ inertial torques, which can be more complex than presented in textbooks, are well-described by Newton's laws of motion. 

Thomas Townsend Brown's Gravitator or Electrogavitics

Thomas Townsend Brown was an American inventor who passionately sought a connection between strong electric fields and phenomena such as gravity and propulsion.

His lifelong obsession with antigravity began while he was still in high school when he was experimenting with an x-ray vacuum tube.  When he placed the vacuum tube on a balanced scale and applied power - the scale would move. If the tube's anode was facing up the mass seemed to decrease and when the anode was facing down the mass seemed to increase. From this observation, the under-educated Brown believed that he had used electrical current the influence gravity. A quantum of electromagnetic energy, like an X-ray, has no mass but carries momentum. This wonderfully ambitious high school student had mistaken thrust for antigravity.  

Brown continued to refine his ideas and he called this phenomenon, more likely electrohydrodynamics, a "gravitator" and later "electrogravitics.' His designs generally consisted of metal plates or disks charged with 50,000 to 200,000 volts that seemed to produce a propulsive force.  Brown continued to claim this was an anti-gravity force. 

Like Brown, my curiosity for antigravity began at a young age. In the eighth grade, I built a 6" by 6" capacitor made of  1 mm thick aluminum sheets and a dielectric and planned to measure any reduction in its gravitational mass. As a power source, I used a fully charged car battery at about 13 volts. 

Initially, I just wanted to test the capacitor and didn't bother to measure the mass. I was not looking for results but when the capacitor was attached to the battery it surprisingly jumped off the table just as described in several articles. It was quickly apparent that the leads attaching the capacitor to the battery had become part of the capacitor and emitted a strong electromagnetic field. The resulting spring force from the cables lifted the capacitor. 

I considered building a new capacitor that enclosed the power source but chasing any negligible reduction in gravitational mass seemed less important than my growing interest in chasing women. 

Salvator Cezar Pais and the Superforce

Dr. S. Cezar Pais is a rockstar among engineers. 

He worked as a research fellow at NASA Glen (Lewis) Research Center and received his Ph.D. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Case Western Reserve University in Ohio in 1999. His studies with NASA were likely defense-oriented but much of Dr. Pais' life and work is shrouded in mystery like the UFOs he allegedly reverse engineers.

I believe the secrecy surrounding his employment indicates he was recruited out of college into the United States Department of Defense and was originally assigned to the United States Navy's Naval Air Station Patuxent River. A good indication of this is the Wikipedia reference that Dr. Pais filed his first patent application, which defies imagination, on behalf of the Navy in 2015 and received his first for a craft using an inertial mass reduction device on December 4, 2018.  In June 2019 he moved to the U. S. Navy's Strategic Systems Programs. Then starting in 2021 he transferred to the U. S. Space Force where he is likely attempting to build the next generation of fighters called a Hybrid Aerospace/Undersea Craft (HAUC) capable of maneuvering through air, water, and space with little to no resistance. 

Given Dr. Pais' security clearance, it is unlikely his published work is 100% truthful or current. His work and patents are designed to mislead foreign governments into wasting time and resources pursuing older dead-end research.

His craft using an inertial mass reduction device and high frequency gravity wave generator patents are remarkably similar to the “Die Glocke” or Nazi Bell.

It is important to understand that all of the people who were familiar with how the bell worked either died from its radiation or were murdered as WWII ended. What we know of this top-secret German research was pieced together from a few declassified documents and the years-old unreliable memories of prisoners who were test subjects exposed to the bell's radiation. 

Both Dr. Pais's inertia reduction devices and the bell are resonant chambers. The bell allegedly used electrical current and some kind of rotating cylinders to heat its contents and create chaos within the chamber. Cezar's inertia reduction patents use microwaves and radio waves to create similar heat and chaos. 

What is important is that the energy density of space is high enough and that sufficient chaos is created within the resonant chamber that the energized plasma disrupts space-time down to the vacuum state - not how that energy density and chaos are generated. The bell and Cezar's inertia reduction devices work on the same principle.

The Nazi bell was allegedly filled with xerum 525.  When this substance was energized it luminesced in a bright blueish light and created a plasma that was capable of disrupting spacetime and manifested an inertia mass reduction and other effects.  Dr. Pais' resonant chamber is filled with a noble gas such as argon, which luminesces purple, or xenon, which luminesces blue. Similar to the German bell the plasma it creates disrupts spacetime and manifests the same inertial dampening effect.

The name xerum 525 was likely a vague memory of words printed on a gas cylinder containing one of several stable isotopes of xenon such as xenon 130. When a current flows through xenon it emits blue light and, under the right circumstances, the glowing gas can look like a fluid. 

The uncanny similarities between the Die Glocke and the Navy's inertia mass reduction patents lend credibility to the idea the German bell ended up in the hands of the U. S. Air Force and by extension Dr. Salvator Cezar Pais.

Dr. Pais' paper on the Superforce - the Fundamental Force of Unification is an attempt to explain observed phenomena of the quantum mechanical effects intruding on our macroscopic world. 

His paper states that electromagnetic fields act as carriers for both energy and momentum and interact at the most fundamental level with matter and spacetime. "Matter, Energy, and Spacetime are all emergent constructs which arise out of the fundamental framework that is the Vacuum Energy State."

According to Dr. Pais, at the extremely high energy density of 1025 joules/meter3 “you [can] break the quantum vacuum [and] basically manipulate gravitational fields. The vacuum is the resident medium or domain where all 4 fundamental forces interact. And yes, gravity can be regarded as a fundamental force, even though General Relativity shows it is mostly a curvature of spacetime structure.”

However, like the predecessor to Dr. Pais' patents, the Die Glocke, this extremely high energy density may manifest a spacetime bubble, the effects are rather hazardous to your health. The use of a superheated plasma emitting radiation is not a realistic method to reduce the inertial mass of a device to be used by people on a daily basis. 

When I was in high school, I witnessed what must have been an exceedingly rare event in which quantum mechanical effects intruded on our macroscopic world.

 About 1/2 way through a movie the color film fell through the formed metal take-up reel of the projector. However, this event occurred in a classroom filled with students and did not appear to require Dr. Pais' astronomical amount of energy similar to Dr. Emmett Brown's comical "1.21 gigawatts" in "Back to the Future."

None of the almost 30 students experienced any ill effects from the event.

The projector was in the middle of the room and about 30 minutes into a reel-to-reel movie, the film fell off the take-up reel and dropped directly to the floor. The film did not unspool. It remained a still-coiled mass that seemingly fell through the take-up reel. The film then bounced off the floor as a still-coiled mass and broke into 3 mostly coiled masses that came to rest on the floor. The projector was not affected and continued to run the movie.

The film on the take-up reel, a fairly large mass, appears to have acted as a particle or quantum mechanical object.

From the perspective of the observers in the classroom, the film's energy density was rather low - well within normal limits. It was winter in New England so the film may have acquired a static charge, it was just exposed to bright white full spectrum light from the projector, and the take-up reel was rotating at a low velocity. The film stock was likely comprised of a polyester base with an emulsion of several thin layers of fine light-sensitive silver halide crystals.

The temperature of the room was above 68º F (20º C) and well above known superconductor transition temperatures.

Literature on the subject suggests that such events do not happen because there are few reports of similar events, however, I can say from experience that people who should know are not listening. 

From this seemingly nonrepeatable observation, there appear to be special circumstances in which quantum mechanical effects, such as a virtual particle's negative gravitational field, can intrude on our macroscopic world without this extraordinary energy density of 1025 joules/meter3 as described in Dr. Pais' paper on the Superforce.

What I experienced is similar to the Hutchison Effect discovered accidentally in 1979 by John Hutchison during attempts to study the longitudinal electromagnetic waves of Tesla. He attributed this almost random phenomenon to zero-point energy or the Casimir Effect. Hutchison's hypothesis vaguely mirrors Dr. Pais' paper on the Supper Force and quantum mechanical effects randomly intruding on our macroscopic world. 

These non-repeatable effects included levitation of heavy objects; fusion of dissimilar materials such as metal and wood; anomalous heating of metals without burning adjacent material; spontaneous fracturing of metals; changes in the crystalline structure and disappearance of metal samples.  

The disappearance of samples is similar to my observation of a film falling through the formed metal take-up reel of a movie projector. 

John Hutchison is associated with Hathaway Research International in Mississauga, Ontario which is presently doing research into zero-point energy and anti-gravity. 

Solid Matter, Virtual Particles, and Metamaterials

The path to discovering inertial mass reduction, our quest for antigravity, is not dragging these effects out of the quantum vacuum with an unrealistic amount of energy. It lies within solid matter. 

All energy exists simultaneously as a particle and a wave - particle-wave duality.  On a quantum level, the closer a quantum or packet of energy gets to ordinary matter, such as a photon of light moving through a piece of glass, the more time these virtual particles exist. These virtual particles do not precisely obey the energy–momentum relation, and this energy may not have the usual relationship to velocity. These virtual particles can exhibit any property of matter including negative energy and negative mass.

Within a solid, such as a piece of aluminum or diamond, there exists a sea of virtual particles and related behaviors that literally define imagination.

Virtual particles conform to the behavior of waves and readily interfere with each other like waves in the ocean. They can quickly cease to exist, canceling themselves out by destructive interference. The uncertainty principle also limits the range of virtual particles exhibiting a larger mass.

While there is some disagreement on the accuracy of time measurement at a quantum scale, quantum tunneling is perhaps the strangest characteristic of virtual particle exchanges. Virtual particles may tunnel through a barrier at a speed greater than the speed of light. Thickening the barrier does not increase the travel time in proportion to the thickness of the barrier. This implies that the virtual particle traveled through a wormhole to get to the other side. 

A phonon, a type of energy/matter wave, is an oscillation of the 4 fundamental forces – strong force, weak force, gravy, and electromagnetism – that holds solid matter together. It is a quantum of energy, like heat or sound, within a solid and carries the virtual characteristics of a particle such as a charge. These oscillations within matter can exhibit any property of matter including negative energy and negative mass. In other words, a phonon can manifest a negative gravitational field - more commonly referred to as antigravity. 

An acoustic phonon is very similar to Nikola Tela's longitudinal wave.

Metamaterials are engineered structures often composed of nano-sized or even smaller materials that can manifest quirky quantum properties beyond what nature provides on a larger scale. When it comes to condensed matter physics and metamaterials, there are plenty of exotic properties that can emerge. With an intuitive approach, a nono-sized architecture can and will amplify the virtual properties of phonons and manifest a negative gravitational field in our macroscopic world. 

Photonics and metamaterials offer humanity the only realistic path to manipulate phenomena, once thought to be the subject of science fiction, such as inertial mass reduction or antigravity, wormholes, and perhaps even time travel. 

Help Fund Antigravity Research

An Inertial Mass Reduction Device or IMRD is a technology that originates from what we see and has been recovered from extraterrestrials. It will be a monumental discovery with the power to change the world overnight. 

Such power should not belong to any individual or corporation. It should not belong to any one government that does not exercise political power consistently in the public interest. 

Please help fund our innovative metamaterials research. Our inertial mass reduction discoveries will be shared with and benefit all of humanity without restriction.

Center for Gravitational Field Study  © 2023

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