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RELATED ISSUE 2:
To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization?
RELATED ISSUE 2:
To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization?
GLO: Students will assess the impacts of historical globalization on Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples.
Values and Attitudes:
recognize and appreciate historical and contemporary consequences of European contact, historical globalization and imperialism on Aboriginal societies
exhibit a global consciousness with respect to the human condition
accept social responsibilities associated with global citizenship
recognize and appreciate the validity of oral histories
recognize and appreciate various perspectives regarding the prevalence and impacts of Eurocentrism
Knowledge and Understanding:
examine impacts of cultural contact between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples (exchange of goods and technologies, depopulation, influences on government and social institutions)
explore the foundations of historical globalization (rise of capitalism, industrialization, imperialism, Eurocentrism)
explore the relationship between historical globalization and imperialism
examine multiple perspectives on the political, economic and social impacts of historical globalization and imperialism
examine imperialist policies and practices that affected Indigenous peoples (British rule in India, British and French rule in Canada, post-colonial governments in Canada)
analyze contemporary global issues that have origins in policies and practices of post-colonial governments in Canada and other locations (consequences of residential schools, social impact on Indigenous peoples, loss of Indigenous languages, civil strife)
evaluate various attempts to address consequences of imperialist policies and practices on Indigenous peoples in Canada and other locations
examine legacies of historical globalization and imperialism that continue to influence globalization
the start of Globalization
the start of Globalization
There is a lot of debate about when globalization began. Does globalization begin when people started trading for the first time? Or does it begin when Buddhist leader Chandragupta Maurya created a trading empire in 325 BCE? Or does globalization begin with the Genghis Khan and the Mongols in 1100s?
Early Trade Routes
Early Trade Routes
Silk Road linked Asia and Europe in 3rd century BCE
Goods and ideas moved along the trade route
Indo-Arabic number system
India ➪ Middle East ➪ Italy ➪ Europe
Historical Globalization
Historical Globalization
began in 1492 when Columbus made first voyage to Caribbean
ends after World War II when U.S. and Soviet Union emerges as superpowers
The Silk Routes
The Silk Routes
The Silk Road (sometimes referred to as Silk Routes because there were MANY ways to get from Asia to Europe) was approximately 6,437 km long. That's going to Calgary and back 16 times. It takes 41 hours to walk to Calgary from Coalhurst, but you don't have to cross a desert, hike through mountains, face the Mongol army, or suffer from disease!
Kyzyl Kum Desert
Uzbekistan
Pamir Mountains
Tajikstan
Mongol Empire
Asia
Disease
and many more...
National Geographic
National Geographic
The link to the National Geographic article On the Path of the Silk Road can be accessed by clicking here.
A Theory of the Evolution of Globalization
A Theory of the Evolution of Globalization
Ashutosh Sheshabalaya (Indian journalist, author, and technology consultant) believes globalization evolved in three distinct phases:
FIRST ROUND
FIRST ROUND
goods and ideas exchanged on trade routes
Arab civilizations = first ambassadors of the realm of ideas
transferred knowledge of science, medicine, literature, and mathematics to Europe
SECOND ROUND
SECOND ROUND
began in the late 1400s
Europeans develop technologies
start of European imperialism
usually referred to as historical globalization
THIRD ROUND
THIRD ROUND
the current phase we are in
began after World War II
time of rapid growth of world markets and instant communication
China and India = economic powers
KEY TERMS
KEY TERMS
Historical Globalization: A period that is often identified as beginning in 1492, when Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to the Caribbean and ending after World War II when the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers.
Imperialism/Colonization: One country's domination over another country's economic, political, and cultural institutions
Motives for IMPERIALISM
Motives for IMPERIALISM
1. Economic Motive
There was a demand for raw materials and new markets.
2. Nationalism
European nations wanted to demonstrate their power to the world.
3. Balance of Power
European nations were forced to acquire new colonies to achieve balance with competitors.
4. White Man's Burden
Europeans sense of superiority made them feel obligated to "civilize the saveges" they encountered.
5. Religious Motives
There was a strong desire among Christian Europeans to convert others.
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
Mercantilism
Mercantilism
Mercantilism - an economic system designed to make monarchs wealthy by strictly controlling trade
focus on prosperity for the home country
exports > imports ➪ colonies = cheap raw materials
implementation of strict policies to control trade
colony's raw materials MUST be shipped to home country
factories to manufacture raw materials within the colony = BANNED
colonies PROHIBITED from importing goods from other European countries
foundations of mercantilism are on economic protection (an economy that ensures that its profits only benefit itself and none of the neighbouring economies)
Monopoly - when a company has no competition in a market
mercantilism = system of monopolies
2 key ingredients to mercantilism = colonies + companies
System of Government
absolute monarchy/absolutism - "divine rights" of Kings/Queens to have full authority
British, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese search globe for attractive business ventures
ethnocentrism - belief that your own customs, culture, and beliefs are superior
Decline of Mercantilism
resistance to mercantilism after the 18th century
American Revolution (1776)
resistance to mercantilism
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations
advocates for capitalism = free trade and choice
Dividing Up the World
European nations such as the British, French, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese established large colonial empires by 1770
Effects of European Colonial Settlement
encouraged settlers to emigrate from home country to newly acquired lands
benefits of emigration (for the colonial power)
pool of people to run colony
supervise gathering of resources
protect home country's trading interests
reduce conflict at home
Indigenous Peoples
Due to ethnocentrism, Indigenous Peoples' customs, cultures, and beliefs were ignored
displacement from land
disruption from way of life
conflict with settlers
enslavement
KEY TERMS
KEY TERMS
Mercantilism: An economic system designed to make monarchs wealthy by strictly controlling trade.
Monopoly: Having no competition in a market.
Capitalism: An economic system that advocates free trade and choice as a means of achieving prosperity (first conceptualized by Adam Smith)
Absolutism/Absolute Monarchy: Full authority of Kings/Queens through "divine rights".
Ethnocentrism: Belief that own customs, culture, and beliefs are superior.
Consequences of Historical Globalization
Consequences of Historical Globalization
Indigenous Peoples
The Grand Exchange
Industrial Revolution
Slavery
Pre-Cultural Contact
Pre-Cultural Contact
Cultural Contact - the interaction of diverse cultures and perspectives, which may result in changes in values, beliefs, and traditions
Napoleonic Wars
European World
European World
many powerful nations compete for economic and military supremacy
motivated by power and wealth
eager to claim lands in the name of the Monarch
spread Christian faith and values
Prayers by the Lake by Pam Cailloux
Indigenous World
Indigenous World
many diverse nations across Americas
differing in languages, government, spiritual beliefs
long standing alliances and rivalries
lived in harmony with nature and the land
Post-Cultural Contact
Post-Cultural Contact
When diverse cultures with different values and perspectives come into contact, there may be positive changes, but for the context of historical globalization, most times, it results in negative change.
Migration
Moving from one land to another.
British citizens moving from Britain to a British colony in North America.
Displacement
The involuntary dispersal of a people from their homeland.
Indigenous People forced off land for European settlers, building of railways, etc.
Depopulation
A reduction in population because of conflict, disease, loss of resources, cultural change, or assimilation.
Aztec smallpox epidemic.
Genocide
An act committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
Indian Residential Schools.
Grand Exchange
Grand Exchange
Also known as the Columbian Exchange, many goods, ideas, diseases, and cultures were exchanged between the "Old" World (Europe/Africa/Asia) and the "New" World (Americas).
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution - the period between ~1750-1850 when work became mechanized and in factories, which brought dramatic economic, social, and cultural change.
Urbanization & Mechanization
movement from rural to urban areas to find work
cottage system vs. factory system
development of factories and machines
explosion of exploration, colonialism, and population created demand for industrialization
Rapid Change
population growth
rapid urbanization
booming economy
abundance of goods
pollution and bad working conditions
WHy Start in England?
WHy Start in England?
Population
Population
population growth
migration of peasants to the cities (urbanization)
large supply of labour
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
abundant raw materials (from colonies)
availability of readily accessible sources of coals and iron-ore
Physical Geography
Physical Geography
fewer obstacles for transportation
country is relatively flat and small
no point further than 75 miles from the coast
Infrastructure
Infrastructure
good internal transportation system
good harbours
Colonialism/Wealth
Colonialism/Wealth
UK had vast overseas markets
empire provided raw materials and a market for finished goods
trading exploits created big profits
wealthy landowners
Political Conditions
Political Conditions
favourable to economic expansion
stable government
fewer restrictions on business activities than elsewhere
Slavery
Slavery
Slavery has existed in many civilizations
Growing demand for labourers to work on colonial plantations resulted in the Atlantic Slave Trade
Slaves were captured by African kings and middlemen in exchange for European goods (guns, ammunition, etc.)
Around 12 million African people were enslaved and traded across the Atlantic Ocean
African people endured torturous conditions for centuries
17:40-24:35
The main difference in slavery before/after historical globalization?
Prior to the Atlantic Slave Trade, slavery was considered more of a "bad luck" type of situation. Slaves still had some rights and could buy themselves freedom. After historical globalization slavery turned into chattel slavery which means that slaves (and their descendants) became private property. They had no legal standing as human beings and had no rights.
KEY TERMS
KEY TERMS
Slave Labour: Extremely difficult work done by people who are forced against their will to work under the threat of violence or death.
The Grand Exchange: The widespread transfer of goods (ex. plants, livestock, seeds), ideas, diseases, and cultures between Europe and North America.
Industrial Revolution: Period between ~1750-1850 when work became mechanized and in factories, which brought dramatic economic, social, and cultural change.
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