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Keychain Access works in collaboration with iCloud Keychain, which lets you share keychains with your other Apple devices. To create and manage your iCloud Keychain, sign in to iCloud with your Apple ID. See the Apple Support article Set up iCloud Keychain.

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This dramatically reduces the number of times you need to enter your passphrase. With keychain, you only need to enter a passphrase once every time your local machine is rebooted. Keychain also makes it easy for remote cron jobs to securely "hook in" to a long-running ssh-agent process, allowing your scripts to take advantage of key-based logins.

Keychain development sources can be found on GitHub. Please feel free to use the GitHub issue tracker to report bugs. Alternatively, the Funtoo Linux bug tracker can be used. For support, you can visit us in the #funtoo irc channel or the Funtoo forums for keychain support questions.

On April 21, 2004, Aron Griffis committed a major rewrite of keychain which was released as 2.2.0. Aron continued to actively maintain and improve keychain through October 2006 and the keychain 2.6.8 release. He also made a few commits after that date, up through mid-July, 2007. At this point, keychain had reached a point of maturity.

In mid-July, 2009, Daniel Robbins migrated Aron's mercurial repository to git and set up a new project page on funtoo.org, and made a few bug fix commits to the git repo that had been collecting in bugs.gentoo.org. Daniel maintained keychain through September of 2017.

However, OpenSSH and nearly all other SSH clients and servers have the ability to perform another type of authentication, called asymmetric public key authentication, using the RSA or other authentication algorithms. They are very useful, but can also be complicated to use. keychain has been designed to make it easy to take advantage of the benefits of public key authentication.

Then, if you weren't going to use keychain, you'd perform the following steps. On your local client, you would start a program called ssh-agent, which runs in the background. Then you would use a program called ssh-add to tell ssh-agent about your secret private key. Then, if you've set up your environment properly, the next time you run ssh, it will find ssh-agent running, grab the private key that you added to ssh-agent using ssh-add, and use this key to authenticate with the remote server.

Again, the steps in the previous paragraph is what you'd do if keychain wasn't around to help. If you are using keychain, and I hope you are, you would simply add the following line to your ~/.bash_profile or if a regular user to~/.bashrc :

The next time you log in or source your ~/.bash_profile or if you use ~/.bashrc, keychain will start, start ssh-agent for you if it has not yet been started, use ssh-add to add your id_rsa private key file to ssh-agent, and set up your shell environment so that ssh will be able to find ssh-agent. If ssh-agent is already running, keychain will ensure that your id_rsa private key has been added to ssh-agent and then set up your environment so that ssh can find the already-running ssh-agent. It will look something like this:

Note that when keychain runs for the first time after your local system has booted, you will be prompted for a passphrase for your private key file if it is encrypted. But here's the nice thing about using keychain -- even if you are using an encrypted private key file, you will only need to enter your passphrase when your system first boots (or in the case of a server, when you first log in.) After that, ssh-agent is already running and has your decrypted private key cached in memory. So if you open a new shell, you will see something like this:

The extra --noask option tells keychain that it should not prompt for a passphrase if one is needed. Since it is not running interactively, it is better for the script to fail if the decrypted private key isn't cached in memory via ssh-agent.

In the images above, you will note that keychain starts ssh-agent, but also starts gpg-agent. Modern versions of keychain also support caching decrypted GPG keys via use of gpg-agent, and will start gpg-agent by default if it is available on your system. To avoid this behavior and only start ssh-agent, modify your ~/.bash_profile as follows:

To improve the security of keychain, some people add the --clear option to their ~/.bash_profile keychain invocation. The rationale behind this is that any user logging in should be assumed to be an intruder until proven otherwise. This means that you will need to re-enter any passphrases when you log in, but cron jobs will still be able to run when you log out.

I also recommend you read my original series of articles about OpenSSH that I wrote for IBM developerWorks, called OpenSSH Key Management. Please note that keychain 1.0 was released along with Part 2 of this article, which was written in 2001. keychain has changed quite a bit since then. In other words, read these articles for the conceptual and OpenSSH information, but consult the keychain man page for command-line options and usage instructions :)

As mentioned at the top of the page, keychain development sources can be found in the keychain git repository. Please use the Funtoo Forums and #funtoo irc channel for keychain support questions as well as bug reports.

Hi,I have an existing Mac app that stores some important values in the keychain. I am working on an update for the app, which was working fine while I was testing with debug builds. But when I build the app for Release and test the update using TestFlight, on trying to access the keychain item, I get prompted by the system:

Thank you for the detailed response! So I have recreated this on 3 different systems ... my own, a macOS Sonoma partition, plus my spouse's machine. In each case, I downloaded the app from the App Store (so in Release configuration), then wrote something to the keychain, then downloaded the updated app through TestFlight (again, Release configuration) and tried to access the same item. I do use the file-based keychain, since I haven't been using the kSecUseDataProtectionKeychain. In fact, part of the update is to first read the values without the Data Protection flag, and then save it again with the flag so that it can use the data protection keychain.

I was experiencing this exact issue... I tried every password I could think of but everything failed. Then by mistake, I pressed the OK-button without entering a password. And it worked!I can also unlock the custom keychain for "Apple development" in the Keychain Access app by just leaving the password empty.

Got the same, happens once a year, long enough for me to forget how to fix this problem with development certificates. Opened the keychain as kindly posted by CloverSly, found one developer certificate that has expired, deleted, and my app works now (I think XCode created a new one that expires next year), so I can expect to be back here next year.

In macOS, keychain files are stored in ~/Library/Keychains/ (and subdirectories), /Library/Keychains/, and /Network/Library/Keychains/, and the Keychain Access GUI application is located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder.[1][2] It is free, open source software released under the terms of the APSL-2.0.[3] The command line equivalent of Keychain Access is /usr/bin/security.

The keychain database is encrypted per-table and per-row with AES-256-GCM. The time which each credential is decrypted, how long it will remain decrypted, and whether the encrypted credential will be synced to iCloud varies depending on the type of data stored, and is documented on the Apple support website.[4]

The default keychain file is the login keychain, typically unlocked on login by the user's login password, although the password for this keychain can instead be different from a user's login password, adding security at the expense of some convenience.[5] The Keychain Access application does not permit setting an empty password on a keychain.

The keychain may be set to be automatically "locked" if the computer has been idle for a time,[6] and can be locked manually from the Keychain Access application. When locked, the password has to be re-entered next time the keychain is accessed, to unlock it. Overwriting the file in ~/Library/Keychains/ with a new one (e.g. as part of a restore operation) also causes the keychain to lock and a password is required at next access.

If the login keychain is protected by the login password, then the keychain's password will be changed whenever the login password is changed from within a logged-in session on macOS. On a shared Mac/non-Mac network, it is possible for the login keychain's password to lose synchronization if the user's login password is changed from a non-Mac system. Also, if the password is changed from a directory service like Active Directory or Open Directory, or if the password is changed from another admin account e.g. using the System Preferences. Some network administrators react to this by deleting the keychain file on logout, so that a new one will be created next time the user logs in. This means keychain passwords will not be remembered from one session to the next, even if the login password has not been changed. If this happens, the user can restore the keychain file in ~/Library/Keychains/ from a backup, but doing so will lock the keychain, which will then need to be unlocked at next use. e24fc04721