In computer architecture, 32-bit computing refers to computer systems with a processor, memory, and other major system components that operate on data in 32-bit units.[1][2] Compared to smaller bit widths, 32-bit computers can perform large calculations more efficiently and process more data per clock cycle. Typical 32-bit personal computers also have a 32-bit address bus, permitting up to 4 GB of RAM to be accessed, far more than previous generations of system architecture allowed.[3]

32-bit designs have been used since the earliest days of electronic computing, in experimental systems and then in large mainframe and minicomputer systems. The first hybrid 16/32-bit microprocessor, the Motorola 68000, was introduced in the late 1970s and used in systems such as the original Apple Macintosh. Fully 32-bit microprocessors such as the HP FOCUS, Motorola 68020 and Intel 80386 were launched in the early to mid 1980s and became dominant by the early 1990s. This generation of personal computers coincided with and enabled the first mass-adoption of the World Wide Web. While 32-bit architectures are still widely-used in specific applications, the PC and server market has moved on to 64 bits with x86-64 since the mid-2000s with installed memory often exceeding the 32-bit 4G RAM address limits on entry level computers. The latest generation of mobile phones have also switched to 64 bits.


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The world's first stored-program electronic computer, the Manchester Baby, used a 32-bit architecture in 1948, although it was only a proof of concept and had little practical capacity. It held only 32 32-bit words of RAM on a Williams tube, and had no addition operation, only subtraction.

Memory, as well as other digital circuits and wiring, was expensive during the first decades of 32-bit architectures (the 1960s to the 1980s).[4] Older 32-bit processor families (or simpler, cheaper variants thereof) could therefore have many compromises and limitations in order to cut costs. This could be a 16-bit ALU, for instance, or external (or internal) buses narrower than 32 bits, limiting memory size or demanding more cycles for instruction fetch, execution or write back.

Despite this, such processors could be labeled 32-bit, since they still had 32-bit registers and instructions able to manipulate 32-bit quantities. For example, the IBM System/360 Model 30 had an 8-bit ALU, 8-bit internal data paths, and an 8-bit path to memory,[5] and the original Motorola 68000 had a 16-bit data ALU and a 16-bit external data bus, but had 32-bit registers and a 32-bit oriented instruction set. The 68000 design was sometimes referred to as 16/32-bit.[6]

However, the opposite is often true for newer 32-bit designs. For example, the Pentium Pro processor is a 32-bit machine, with 32-bit registers and instructions that manipulate 32-bit quantities, but the external address bus is 36 bits wide, giving a larger address space than 4 GB, and the external data bus is 64 bits wide, primarily in order to permit a more efficient prefetch of instructions and data.[7]

Prominent 32-bit instruction set architectures used in general-purpose computing include the IBM System/360 and IBM System/370 (which had 24-bit addressing) and the System/370-XA, ESA/370, and ESA/390 (which had 31-bit addressing), the DEC VAX, the NS320xx, the Motorola 68000 family (the first two models of which had 24-bit addressing), the Intel IA-32 32-bit version of the x86 architecture, and the 32-bit versions of the ARM,[8] SPARC, MIPS, PowerPC and PA-RISC architectures. 32-bit instruction set architectures used for embedded computing include the 68000 family and ColdFire, x86, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, and Infineon TriCore architectures.

On the x86 architecture, a 32-bit application normally means software that typically (not necessarily) uses the 32-bit linear address space (or flat memory model) possible with the 80386 and later chips. In this context, the term came about because DOS, Microsoft Windows and OS/2[9] were originally written for the 8088/8086 or 80286, 16-bit microprocessors with a segmented address space where programs had to switch between segments to reach more than 64 kilobytes of code or data. As this is quite time-consuming in comparison to other machine operations, the performance may suffer. Furthermore, programming with segments tend to become complicated; special far and near keywords or memory models had to be used (with care), not only in assembly language but also in high level languages such as Pascal, compiled BASIC, Fortran, C, etc.

The 80386 and its successors fully support the 16-bit segments of the 80286 but also segments for 32-bit address offsets (using the new 32-bit width of the main registers). If the base address of all 32-bit segments is set to 0, and segment registers are not used explicitly, the segmentation can be forgotten and the processor appears as having a simple linear 32-bit address space. Operating systems like Windows or OS/2 provide the possibility to run 16-bit (segmented) programs as well as 32-bit programs. The former possibility exists for backward compatibility and the latter is usually meant to be used for new software development.

In digital images/pictures, 32-bit usually refers to RGBA color space; that is, 24-bit truecolor images with an additional 8-bit alpha channel. Other image formats also specify 32 bits per pixel, such as RGBE.

In digital images, 32-bit sometimes refers to high-dynamic-range imaging (HDR) formats that use 32 bits per channel, a total of 96 bits per pixel. 32-bit-per-channel images are used to represent values brighter than what sRGB color space allows (brighter than white); these values can then be used to more accurately retain bright highlights when either lowering the exposure of the image or when it is seen through a dark filter or dull reflection.

Upgrading from the 32-bit version to the 64-bit version of Windows requires that you reformat your hard disk, install the 64-bit version of Windows, and then reinstall everything else that you had on your device.

To install a 64-bit version of Windows, you need a CPU that's capable of running a 64-bit version of Windows. The benefits of using a 64-bit operating system are most apparent when you have a large amount of random access memory (RAM) installed on your computer, typically 4 GB of RAM or more. In such cases, because a 64-bit operating system can handle large amounts of memory more efficiently than a 32-bit operating system, a 64-bit system can be more responsive when running several programs at the same time and switching between them frequently.

I know that 64-bit CPUs offer many advantages, and that the main one is that there are more unused bits in an object pointer, which lets compiler writers implement constant values like short strings, floats, integers and so on as just a pointer rather than a malloc'd chunk of memory. (Sometimes called a packed pointer.)

However 32-bit CPUs still exist and are widely used in the Linux realm e.g. in IoT, in single-board computers, and of course in older computers that haven't been abandoned.

What are the current reasons for Swift's not supporting 32-bit CPUs?

I did compile Swift for a 32-bit Raspberry pi and it got almost entirely through it before the last link phase which failed.

In fact, we already support several 32-bit platforms, including both architectures of the Apple Watch. I believe supporting 32-bit Windows is also on the roadmap, although @compnerd can speak better to that.

I maintain maybe the only 32-bit Swift 5.3 toolchain right now, available on any Android ARMv7 device running 7.0 or later, and @uraimo has been putting out 32-bit ARM builds for much longer. As Saleem says, 32-bit arches are supported but since not many are actively building for or maintaining those platforms, regressions have cropped up. I upstreamed the small patch I needed for Android ARMv7 last month (two of the changes were not Android-specific and fixed all 32-bit platforms) and if you share the link error you got, I'm sure that could be fixed too.

We're building a ~15k line Swift library for macOS, iOS, Windows, Ubuntu, and Android at the moment. We are trying to round out our platform support before releasing the library for deployment along with a large software product on those platforms. We have good builds and CI/CD set up for macOS 10.13 and up, iOS v13 and up, Ubuntu 16.04 and up, Android 7 (32-bit & 64-bit) (thanks @Finagolfin!) and up, and Windows 10 x86_64.

Since we have many users of the product, we had hoped to also release Windows 10 x86, as it appears we do have a small percentage of users on it. However I have not been able to get a development environment set up to compile for 32-bit. It also appears that the DLLs bundled with the official releases are all compiled for 64-bit.

This is intentional. I don't think that we should ever bother with a 32-bit toolchain for Windows. The toolchain should always be 64-bit, and you would cross-compile to 32-bit. The only piece that should be needed is the i686 SDK and runtime (for distribution and testing). The currently distributed Windows toolchain is already setup to support x86 target.

The next piece where I suspect that you will hit issues is with Foundation as I never actually built that for a 32-bit platform, and so there may be issues with value truncation that will need to be addressed, but that should be relatively easy to get working, and is a matter of just running through the test suite.

Wow! Thanks for the prompt reply! I will see how much effort I can get scheduled for 32-bit support given the percentage of current users. If / when I start trying to revive the target, I'll follow up.

We've unfortunately decided to skip Windows 10 32-bit support for now. Windows 10 64-bit, Ubuntu, macOS, iOS, Android are a pretty good list to start I suppose. If anyone does choose to take up the Windows 10 32-bit effort, please let us all know!

I would like to revive this issue, as the only person seemingly distributing a 32-bit Swift toolchain now, with my 5.6.1 build for Android armv7. I had to apply a commit from trunk to get the compiler to build and it appears to work well now, other than a runtime regression and a few prior bugs. 2351a5e196

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