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Volcanism refers to any of the processes and phenomena connected with the surficial discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic pieces, or hot water and steam, such as volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.
The majority of the world's volcanoes are situated on land and in the waters along the borders of tectonic plates. Volcanoes develop on land when one tectonic plate slips under another. When enough magma accumulates in the magma chamber, it forces its way to the surface and explodes, frequently resulting in volcanic eruptions.
Shield volcano
A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a warrior's shield lying on the ground. It is formed by the eruption of highly fluid (low viscosity) lava, which travels farther and forms thinner flows than the more viscous lava erupted from a stratovolcano.
Composite volcano
Composite cone volcanoes are also called stratovolcanoes. They form when different types of eruptions deposit different materials around the sides of a volcano. Alternating eruptions of volcanic ash and lava cause layers to form. Over time, these layers build up.
Cinder cone
Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
Sea-floor volcanism
Submarine volcanic eruptions are characteristic of the rift zones where crustal plates are being formed. These rift zones, which are found in all the Earth's major ocean basins, are known as seafloor spreading centers because they are places where tectonic plates are moving away from each other.
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