The Starting Line-Up

Starship Troopers (1959) by Robert A. Heinlein

American Author

Born 1907   Died 1988

Be on the look out for the following lessons from Robert A. Heinlein:

a) Historical Allusions to events or people

b) Pro-Meritocracy Propaganda

c) Pro-Military Propaganda

d) Pro-Multicultural Propaganda

There will be frequent assignments surrounding the above

Due Dates listed on Google Classroom.

Chapter 1 (pages 1-21) 

Chapter 2 (pages 22-43)

Chapter 3 & 4 (pages 44-62)

Chapter 5 (pages 63-81) 

Chapter 6 (pages 82-102) 

Chapter 7,8,9 (pages 103-136) 

Chapter 10 & 11 (pages 137-173) 

Chapter 12 (pages 174-212) (substitute the film for half)

Chapter 13 & 14 (pages 272-279)  (substitute film)

Chapter 13 has a 60 page combat scene (212-272) Read it if you love the book 

COMPOSITION BOOKS

Chapter 1

- In composition book, Heinlein quickly introduces Rodger Young; explain if RAH would or would NOT use Pat Tillman or Jessica Lynch from the War on Terror in his novel.

- Compare and contrast the portrayal of the soldier in the movie and book. T-chart

- Reflect then how the tone of the film and novel are different in the beginning

- This book commemorates the heroics of the paratroopers of World War II; in small groups list 5-10 facts known about paratroopers in World War II then look up to confirm

- In the book, Heinlein states that the soldiers speak Basic; this would be a global lingua franca.  Look that word up then check out Esperanto and write down 7-10 facts about this attempted lingua franca.

Fun Fact:

"Come on you apes!  You wanta live forever?"  Unknown platoon sergeant 1918

(opening quote of the novel)

Real Life:

Look up Daniel Joseph Daly  on Wikipedia and read the first three paragraphs.  Oh, and check out the picture.  :-) 


Chapter 2 - Completed in class

Look up 5-7 facts two of which must be the cost to train a soldier, and amount of time trained, and 3-5 others on education and duty.

Chapter 3 - Completed in class

Based upon this chapter, what is Robert A Heinlein's view of race and ethnicity? Find two quotes in the text and prove it. 

As witnessed in the film clip, how did the liberal film maker FAIL to promote Heinlein's progressive ideology?

Chapter 4 -

Chapter 5 -

1. How do the two historical references (Horatius at the Bridge and Bon Homme Richard) support Robert A Heinlein's thematic statement that "there are no dangerous weapons only dangerous men." 

Chapter 6 -

Grammatical Analysis.Review the Mr. Dubois letter and do the following:

1. Look up at least 3 words and define them in your composition book

2. List all of the mid-sentence punctuation and then write the sentence in your composition notebook.  Be able to explain (in your own words) the 4 different usages.

3. Explain why and how Robert A Heinlein utilized the Danny Deever allusion to further the plot of Starship Troopers..

Essay Practice! Write a full introduction followed by 3 listed quotes in MLA that answers the following prompt:.Explain how Robert A Heinlein's use of Thomas Paine reflects his (RAH) overall theme of the novel.

Danny Deever

BY RUDYARD KIPLING

‘What are the bugles blowin’ for?' said Files-on-Parade.   

‘To turn you out, to turn you out,’ the Colour-Sergeant said. 

‘What makes you look so white, so white?’ said Files-on-Parade. 

‘I’m dreadin’ what I’ve got to watch,’ the Colour-Sergeant said. 

      For they’re hangin’ Danny Deever, you can hear the Dead March play, 

      The Regiment’s in ’ollow square—they’re hangin’ him to-day; 

      They’ve taken of his buttons off an’ cut his stripes away, 

      An’ they're hangin’ Danny Deever in the mornin’. 


‘What makes the rear-rank breathe so ’ard?’ said Files-on-Parade. 

‘It’s bitter cold, it's bitter cold,’ the Colour-Sergeant said. 

‘What makes that front-rank man fall down?’ said Files-on-Parade. 

‘A touch o’ sun, a touch o’ sun,’ the Colour-Sergeant said. 

      They are hangin’ Danny Deever, they are marchin’ of ’im round, 

      They ’ave ’alted Danny Deever by ’is coffin on the ground; 

      An’ ’e’ll swing in ’arf a minute for a sneakin’ shootin’ hound— 

      O they’re hangin’ Danny Deever in the mornin!’ 


‘’Is cot was right-’and cot to mine,’ said Files-on-Parade. 

‘’E’s sleepin’ out an’ far to-night,’ the Colour-Sergeant said. 

‘I’ve drunk ’is beer a score o’ times,’ said Files-on-Parade. 

‘’E’s drinkin’ bitter beer alone,’ the Colour-Sergeant said. 

      They are hangin’ Danny Deever, you must mark ’im to ’is place, 

      For ’e shot a comrade sleepin’—you must look ’im in the face; 

      Nine ’undred of ’is county an’ the Regiment’s disgrace,   

      While they’re hangin’ Danny Deever in the mornin’. 


‘What’s that so black agin the sun?’ said Files-on-Parade.   

‘It’s Danny fightin’ ’ard for life,’ the Colour-Sergeant said.   

‘What’s that that whimpers over’ead?’ said Files-on-Parade. 

‘It’s Danny’s soul that’s passin’ now,’ the Colour-Sergeant said. 

      For they’re done with Danny Deever, you can ’ear the quickstep play, 

      The Regiment’s in column, an’ they’re marchin’ us away; 

      Ho! the young recruits are shakin’, an’ they’ll want their beer to-day, 

      After hangin’ Danny Deever in the mornin’!

Chapter 8 -.

1. Find the quote/passage and explain with proof Heinlein's view on punishment of the "insane" or "sick".

2. Explain with a quote/passage the puppy analogy.

3. Identify 3 quotes in the novel (chapter 8) which expresses Heinlein's disdain for liberalism.

4. Review Chapter 8.....compare/contrast Heinlein's 1959 view of justice to today (1/2 page)

Chapter 10 and 11 -

Post quiz activity.....

1. Look up and write 5 facts about Valley Forge from the Revolution (a ship mentioned). 

2. Look up and write 5 facts about Dieppe, a battle in World War II (I believe a ship mentioned)

3. Look up and write 5 facts about Gallipoli, a battle/place in World War I (mentioned later)

4. Look up and write 5 facts about Ypres, and town/battle in World War I  (collided with Valley Forge)

5. Why use these names for ships?  What do they all have in common?  What shared quality?

6. Read the section beginning on page 157 that starts with "So I looked him up....." and ends with chapter break on 159. Explain the significance of the scene.

Chapter 12

1. reread pages 174-181 and Explain the nature of Heinlein's propaganda and highlight the most important quotation.

2.  Reread pages 191-197 (top "...expand through it.") Explain RAHs view of self-government along with his view of man's place in the universe.  Support each with 2 quotations.

"The Other 1%" by Mark Thompson

Close Read the Essay for a grade. (see questions for ideas on highlighting)

1. Find the Thesis/premise of this "essay." (Because in the real world, a news article is just a type of essay)

2. In composition book, make a t-chart listing the pros and cons of the 1% serving percentage

3. Reflect (in composition book) as the societal health of this situation. What do you think? Why do you think it?

4. Again....comp book....moving toward Heinlein's meritocratic democracy, would the USA see and increase or decrease in the percentage of citizens who serve? Would it improve the nation? Make it worse? Provide no change?

The Singapore Solution. in National Geographic  Read and outline for a test

Read "Singapore tops global education rankings"

In composition book, personally react to at least two (2) points or quotations in this article and how you witness first hand elements of this piece in America.

Final Essay..................

College Prep Essay

(see prompt)

Advanced Placement Essay

Compare and Contrast Goldstein's Book from 1984 with that of Heinlein's philosophy in chapter 12 of Starship Troopers.

2018-19

Quotations

"Citizenship is an attitude, a state of mind, an emotional conviction that the whole is greater than the part...and that the part should be humbly proud to sacrifice itself that the whole may live" (171).

"Man is what he is, a wild animal with the will to survive, and (so far) the ability, against all competition.  Unless one accepts that, anything one says about morals, war, politics--you name it--its nonsense....The universe will let us know--later--whether or not Man has any 'right' to expand." (196)

End of Starship Troopers

Alas, Babylon (1959) by Pat Frank

American Author

Born 1908    Died 1964

Chapter One

Strategic Air Command

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZwKceW-Zd0

Historical video from 1980 on how the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic were ready at a moment's notice to kill every human being on the face of the Earth.

Chapter Two


Chapter Three

Chapter Four

Chapter Five

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0stgxiPzxwo

Watch 2:00 minutes to 9:38 minutes for a quick history. 

Chapter Six and Chapter Seven

Chapter 8

Thematic Analysis.  This is how you read literature in college.....Oftentimes in college, you may focus on one theme or motif while studying a novel.  Some refer to it as looking through a lens.  We will do this for chapter 8.

Throughout the chapter, take notes in your composition notebook about one of the following topics.  You will pick three quotations which offer a stance on the given topic.  Ultimately, you will compose a 2-sided essay explaining Pat Frank's stance on the issue supported by the three quotations.  This activity will set up a class discussion.

Topic One:  Pat Frank's view on race in America.

Topic Two:  Pat Frank's view on the meaning of life (as manifest by actions of characters)

Chapter Nine

Chapter Ten

Chapter Eleven

Chapter Twelve

Chapter Thirteen

Denouement:  noun /ˌdāno͞oˈmäN/  the final part of a play, movie, or narrative in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.

2022-2023 Relegated to the BENCH

Earth Abides (1949) by George R. Stewart

Born in Sewickley, Pennsylvania, George Rippey Stewart, Jr. was the son of engineer George Rippey Stewart Sr. (died 1937), who designed gasworks and electric railways and later became a citrus "rancher" in Southern California, and Ella Wilson Stewart (died 1937). The younger Stewart earned a bachelor's degree from Princeton University in 1917, an MA from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D. in English literature from Columbia University in 1922. He accepted a position in the English department at Berkeley in 1923.[3] After his father died, he dropped the "Jr." from his name. 

Post-Apocalyptic Film Series:  Top 10  (fun preview)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-sqpYgitO8

Ozymandias 

Launch Audio in a New Window

BY PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY

I met a traveller from an antique land,

Who said—“Two vast and trunkless legs of stone

Stand in the desert. . . . Near them, on the sand,

Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,

And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,

Tell that its sculptor well those passions read

Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,

The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;

And on the pedestal, these words appear:

My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;

Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!

Nothing beside remains. Round the decay

Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare

The lone and level sands stretch far away.”

World Without End - Part I

Chapter 1 - Pages 3-25 (22) 

15 VOCAB:  Conflagration, pestilence, qualm, dictum, menagerie, pathos, futility, abeyance, repugnance, despondency, perturbed, impinged, poignant, hodge-podge, reclusive  

COMP BOOK: Activity

Explain how the intercalary paragraphs on pages 8,10, & 17 reflect the mood and potential theme of the novel.  Identify the subject the author is evaluating and interpret the author's point.  

Chapters 2 - 3 - Pages 26-65 (39)  - Actively read, take notes in margin, ask questions

20 VOCAB

Inert, Oblivion, Trite, Unkempt, Congenial, Bereft, Befuddled, Disconsolate, Effrontery, Rendered, Meticulously, Apprehensively, Flamboyantly, Listlessly, Imperceptibly, Stupor, Succulent, Abject, Predilection, Variegated

COMP BOOK: Activity

Analyze and explain why cats have a better chance of survival than the dogs according to the author.

In chapter 3, make a chart of the animals and their subsequent fate according to the author, then explain which fate offers the most stinging rebuke of mankind.

Chapters 4 & 5 - Pages 66-93 (27) 

15 VOCAB

COMP BOOK: Activity

Explain how the intercalary paragraphs on 67, 83, & 92 demonstrate the flaw in man's general thinking.  Offer at least two (2) examples. 

Imperceptible, caprice, docile, connoisseur, bugaboo, raucous, palatable, apathy, vagary, provocative, ardent, climactic, meticulous, nemesis, contrived, melodramatic

Chapters 6 & 7 - Pages 94-120 (26) 

10 VOCAB:  woebegone, disconcerting, fatalism, disillusioned, affirmation, palatable, prodigious, corruption

Review the intercalary paragraphs on page 109, compare and contrast the view of the automobile today with that of Stewart's 1949 commentary.

Chapters 8 & Quick Years - Pages 121-146 (25) 

10 VOCAB

Vocab - Crestfallen (122), continuity (123),  lugubrious (124), innumerable (132), bigamy (132), vestige (140), quiescent (140), duffer (142), desultory (145)

Re-read Years 4, 6, 8, 9 and 16, what western world traditions are being attacked.  Explain Stewart's viewpoint. 

Year 22 - Part II

CAVEAT:  Make sure you know the colon, semi-colon, and dash rule for these tests

Chapters 1 & 2 - Pages 149-187 (38)  

25 VOCAB questions

Languid, cynical, aberrant, constitute, deference, retrograde, fusillade, recollect, forlorn, 

lethargy, nostalgic, euthanasia, and pedant

Pay attention to historical references, Isherwood's plan, and analogies to the past

1. React to the opening quotation to the section Year 22

2. Find 3 quotations which express the fears of Isherwood concerning the future of man (chapter 1).

3. Who is correct about the Tribe's cross-country expedition?  Ish or Em?

Chapters 3 & 4 - Pages 188-214 (26) 

20 VOCAB questions

Rambunctious, cavorting, plaintive, odious, stodgy, stolid, febrile, unrequited, ponderous, discontinuity, purposive, chafed, cohort, semblance, croon, heinous, inordinate, & incise

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/09/health/coronavirus-is-very-different-from-the-spanish-flu-of-1918-heres-how.html

READ NEW YORK TIMES: 3, 2, 1 for class discussion

Review your GRAMMAR rules, mark the iconic places Isherwood discusses, 

1.  How do the two intercalary sections of chapter 3 compare/contrast to the plot of chapter 3?

2.  Explain how the intercalary section of chapter 4 compares/constrast to the voyage of the boys

3.  See Below:

“The boundaries, like the fences, drew lines that were hard and uncompromising. They, too, were man-made, abstractions dominating reality” (210).

What kind of changes does the narrator say take place when a person crosses from one state into another? What argument is he trying to make about the “boundaries” that distinguish one state from another? Do you agree or disagree, and why?


Chapters 5 & 6 - Pages 215 - 247 (32) 

15 VOCAB questions.  Define these words.  

Hubbub, demagogue, clandestine, impetuous, insolent, stalwart, omnipotent, taboo, provincial

Make notes on the following:  religious attacks, allusion to literature, specifics of cross-country trip

2. Cite evidence from either the video, from Chapter 5 of Earth Abides, or from your own life experiences to answer the following questions: What are some of the dangers or possible consequences of believing in superstitions? What are some of the possible benefits? 

3. In this chapter, Ish attempts to teach the children a number of skills and concepts he considers “essential,” including reading, writing, arithmetic, geometry, and geography. Which concepts does he discover are no longer relevant in the “New World” and why? What new skills and knowledge are more practical in the Tribe?

Chapter 6

Chapters 7 & 8 - Pages 248 - 278 (30) 

15 VOCAB questions

Reticent, precipitous, privy, dysphemism, dissuade, solidarity, idyllic, beneficent 

Pay attention to the hammer, remember: ethos, pathos, logos, metaphor, simile, & allusion

1. Relate the motif of the hammer to the main action of chapter 7

2. Stylistically, why does Stewart skip the action of chapter 7 and solely focus upon the dialogue?

3.  While reviewing the two intercalary sections of chapter 8, compare them to mankind.

4. What does Ezra say is wrong with Charlie? What threat does he pose to the community?

“You can’t punish a man for something he ain’t done yet” (260).

“To be effective, punishment should not be retribution so much as a prevention” (263).

These quotations express opposing viewpoints on the issues of justice, law, and order. Which do you more closely agree with? Why? 


Chapters 9,10,11, & Quick Years - 279-314 (35) 

13 VOCAB questions

Enmity, emeritus, grovel, wanton, consternation, furtive, pretense, acquiesce, contorted, sinecure

Pay attention to thematic lessons, watch for an allusion, and what Isherwood learns

1. Focus upon the dark nature of chapter 9.  Support with two quotations.

2. Analyze the stylistic purpose of the "Quick Years"

The Last American - Part III

Chapter 1-3 - 317 - 345 (28) F

12 VOCAB questions

Absurd, fallacy, malice, rectify, ignoble, pang, destitute, gesticulate

This chapter is ALL thematic.  Focus upon the lesson and propaganda Stewart is projecting

Updated 4/15/20

1. Find the best quote from chapter 1 and explain in a sentence the significance to the theme.

2. Find the best two quotes from chapter 2 and explain in a sentence the significance of each related to the theme.

3.  So, in truth, we could have skipped the book and gone straight to THIS QUOTATION in the final chapter.  Find that quotation and explain in one sentence why it is the most profound statement of the book and you will receive a perfect score PLUS and honorary bachelor's degree from King's College London bestowed upon you by me (for what that is worth).  

Great "Life After People"  Dogs, NYC, Power Plants


Jurassic Park

Relegated to the Bench 2022

Supplemental Instructions

National Geographic

1. Open up your Diigo and read "2045: the year man becomes immortal."

http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2048299-1,00.html 

2.  Close read with Diigo highlighting tool

OR (if that doesn't work)

2. Open up Google Drive and create a document making an outline of notes on the piece.

3. Feel free to copy and paste "quotations" into the Drive Document with notes of your own.

4. An assessment will be given on Monday: you can utilize your Drive Document. (That too will be graded)

5. Close Read in Diigo:

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/04/species-revival-bringing-back-extinct-animals/

6 In composition book, pick a side on the Nat Geo article and argue your point 1/2-1 page.

7. Dinos evolve from birds  (close read)

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-birds-evolved-from-dinosaurs-20150602/ 

"Flower in the crannied wall"

is a 1863 poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

Flower in the crannied wall,

I pluck you out of the crannies,

I hold you here, root and all, in my hand,

Little flower—but if I could understand

What you are, root and all, and all in all,

I should know what God and man is. 

Below address the following passages in the novel. Our primary focus in this book besides dinosaurs eating people is the establishment of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in the art of rhetoric.


1. INTRODUCTION: (4 Roman numeral pages) What happened in the 1990s in scientific world which allowed the problem that will lead to the disaster of Jurassic Park? Support with two quotations. Also explain how this establishes Crichton's ethos. (2017)

2. NEW YORK (24-28) and THE SHAPE OF THE DATA (28-30): Look up Michael Crichton's credentials and explain how he established his ethos in this passage with 2 quotations or examples.

3. Read THIRD ITERATION (93-198 (White Book) - This will be the largest section): Close read labeling elements of LOGOS, PATHOS, and ETHOS. Close read and label differences between novel and movie. Create a VENN diagram.

3rd Iteration Chapters: Read in groupings and complete the assignment

1...a) Jurassic Park

.....b) When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth

2...a) The Tour (25 pages)

.....b) Control (Highlight elements of Ethos in the text and create a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting film and novel).

3...a) Version 4.4 (14 pages)

.....b) Control (In comp book define five (5) words. Explain Malcolm's concern about the dinosaur counting system)

4...a) The Tour (14 pages) (Explain the stylistic purpose of rotating between The Tour and Control)

.....b) Control (Explain why Crichton lists problems of the park and describes the dinosaurs as boring)

.....c) Big Rex (What are the differences between film and novel regarding the encounter with T-Rex)

5...a) Control (12 pages) (2017) 167 to 198

.....b) Stegosaur

(Look up and explain "Chaos Theory" in a 1/2 page of composition book. Also, analyze why the changes were made between the novel and the film. Remember, the intention was to represent the novel as accurately as possible).

6...a) Control (18 pages) (Explain the flaw in the dinosaur counting system)

.....b) Breeding Sites. (Explain how the plot here reflects Malcolm's explanation of fractals)

5. NEDRY: (215 - 219 - 4th Iteration) Venn Diagram similarities and differences. Explain why this aspect of the film was changed. Discuss the imagery. (2017)

6. THE PARK: (272 - 280 - 4th Iteration) Analyze the usage of LOGOS in this chapter. (2017)

7. CONTROL: (334 - 351 - 5TH Iteration) With two quotations, explain how Crichton utilizes Malcolm to convey his theme of the novel.(2017)

8. DESTROYING THE WORLD: (411-413 - 7th Iteration) Explain Crichton's view of man's power to destroy the planet. Relate this to global warming or nuclear destruction. (2017) 

Singularity  supplemental article

1. Close Read with notations

2. At 17 years old, Kurzweil built a computer that did WHAT on television?

3. Singularity of the human race could result in one of four predictions. Name them.

4. Define Incredulity.

5. A genetic experiment made what type of animal cruelty actually get younger?

6 What does A.I. stand for?

7 Ultimately, the goal of singularity is to give mankind what?

8 Explain the analogy between man's future and the vintage car.

9 What social medium had 600 million users in 2011? 

Fahrenheit 451 (1950) by Ray Bradbury

Relegated to Bench 2022-2023

Now a sophomore book (Booooo)

Fahrenheit 451 will be studied through a series of Socratic seminars following individual exploration. The novel will not focus upon vocabulary or allusions or history, but it will be a novel in which each student gets to explore characters and question the intentions and message of the author. Each student will develop seminar questions along with analyzing a few character's development. With this book do not use any outside sources. Trust thyself....every heart vibrates to that iron string.

The Hearth and the Salamander

Read Part I

In composition book, three items need to be explored:

1. Reflect upon the character development of Montag

2. Reflect upon the character development of Clarisse

3. Create lists and questions which you wish to discuss with

classmates in one of the three seminars.

Character development should be a series of 1/4 page reflections about each character. 1.5 to 2 pages on each

Review personality traits, elements which make them dynamic, predict future actions, contemplate their idealism, rationalize their actions 

Keep the following in mind when taking notes:

Keep the aforementioned points in mind while reading novel and developing points of discussion for the three in-class seminars.

The Sieve and the Sand

Read Part II

In composition book, three items need to be explored:

1. Reflect upon the character development of Montag (same parameters as above)

2. Reflect upon the character development of Faber

3. Reflect upon the character development of Beatty

4. Create lists and questions which you wish to discuss with

classmates in one of the three seminars. 

Dover Beach

BY MATTHEW ARNOLD

The sea is calm tonight. 

The tide is full, the moon lies fair 

Upon the straits; on the French coast the light 

Gleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand, 

Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay. 

Come to the window, sweet is the night-air! 

Only, from the long line of spray 

Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land, 

Listen! you hear the grating roar 

Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling, 

At their return, up the high strand, 

Begin, and cease, and then again begin, 

With tremulous cadence slow, and bring 

The eternal note of sadness in. 


Sophocles long ago 

Heard it on the Ægean, and it brought 

Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow 

Of human misery; we 

Find also in the sound a thought, 

Hearing it by this distant northern sea. 


The Sea of Faith 

Was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore 

Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. 

But now I only hear 

Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, 

Retreating, to the breath 

Of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear 

And naked shingles of the world. 


Ah, love, let us be true 

To one another! for the world, which seems 

To lie before us like a land of dreams, 

So various, so beautiful, so new, 

Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, 

Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain; 

And we are here as on a darkling plain 

Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, 

Where ignorant armies clash by night.


Burning Bright Part.

Read Part III.

1. Look up 2 or 3 of the novel allusions referenced on the tracks.

2. Fill out the storyline graphic organizer (rising action, climax, etc).  See and complete example below

3. Consider the "Senior Seminar" questions and prompts. Have notations in composition book for final seminar. 

4. Continue to take notes upon the character development of Montag and Faber.

5.  What is the theme of the novel?  Who is Bradbury attacking?  Why? What lesson can we learn?