Metabolite: any molecule (and atom) involved with metabolism
Toxin: any metabolite that disrupts normal metabolic processes
Waste: any metabolite that cannot be used (or modified) within a metabolic process, in excessive amounts can act as a toxin
Reactants, Metabolites: molecules (and atoms) that are interacting with each other in a biochemical reaction
Products, Metabolites: molecules (and atoms) that are the outcome of the interaction of other molecules or atoms in a biochemical reaction
Active Group: region of the molecule that is involved with the reactions and reactivity of the molecule (likely region for the chemical reaction to occur)
Bioavailability: the amount of the molecule that is able to moved into the cell and then used within the metabolic processes of the body, typically based on the structure of the molecule to interaction with membrane receptor or enzymes of a given metabolic pathway
Bioreactivity: the amount of reaction that can be induced by the molecule within the metabolic pathways of the cell, typically based on the structure and active groups contained within the molecule.
Activation Energy: the amount of energy that must be added to (or taken from) a biochemical reaction in order to have a product form. There are two forms of activation energy, measured by the unit of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), exothermic and endothermic
Exothermic reaction: ΔG of the pathway is positive (energy is loss to the surrounding environment) and the reaction is deemed to be spontaneous and has large entropy (free energy)
Endothermic reaction: ΔG of the pathway is negative (energy must be added from the surrounding environment) and the reaction is never spontaneous and has low entropy (free energy)
Reaction direction: determined by the kinematics of the metabolism (Km) that explains the differences in energetic state (how much energy or stability) of he reactants or products. Unidirectional reactions (going toward product only) are the rate limiting step of chemical reactions where as bidirectional (going equally between reactant and products) are not rate-limited steps.
Unidirectional: A+B→C (energy of reactants (A and B) drive reaction towards product (C) of reaction meaning that reaction only likely to form product without reactants staying separate)
Bidirectional: A+B ↔ C (energy of reactants (A and B) is equivalent of product (C) of reaction meaning that product as likely to form as reactants to separate)
Cellular Respiration: breakdown or building of any molecule that either utilizes to generate a new molecule or releases energy for the cell to use for other cellular functions
Aerobic Cellular Respiration: needs O2 in order to proceed past the initial stages of cellular respiration
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: does not need nor utilize O2 to produce ATP for the cell
Resting Metabolic Rate: amount of energy used throughout a day for normal physiological functioning
Anabolic Reaction: metabolic process that builds a larger new molecule from smaller molecules (uses Energy)
Catabolic Reaction: metabolic process that breaks down molecules to create smaller molecules within the cell (releases Energy)
Isomerization Reaction: metabolic process that changes the arrangement of atoms in the molecule without gaining or losing any atoms in the molecule
Kination Reaction: metbolic process that leads to adding or removing phosphate group from a molecule that leads to changing potential energy of the molecule, or reaction that activates the molecule for additional metabolic processes to occur.
Inhibition Feedback: a product of one reaction in a sequence of reactions will limit the reaction sequence at an earlier step of the reaction sequence.
Energy Efficiency: the equation that determines what percent of the energy contained in the molecule is converted to useable energy for the cell/tissue/organism, for humans most efficient system is oxidative phosphorylation at 40%. {Determined by the laws of thermodynamics}
calorie: the measure of heat that is required to raise 1g (or 1 mL) of H2O, 1oC
Calorie (kcal): the measure of heat that is required to raise 1kg (or 1L) of H2O, 1oC. The measure of energy obtained from dietary food sources or expended in activities of daily living.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimum Caloric expenditure for performing activities of daily living
Respiratory Quotient (RQ): comparison between O2 utilized and CO2 eliminated
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER): comparison of the percentages of CO2 and O2 in the air being exchanged during ventilation