Review

Multiple Choice

1. In which cavity is the brain located?

   1. Cranial cavity

   2. Vertebral cavity

   3. Abdominal cavity

   4. Pericardial cavity

   5. Pleural cavity

Ans: A

2. In which cavity are the lungs located?

   1. Cranial cavity

   2. Vertebral cavity

   3. Abdominal cavity

   4. Pericardial cavity

   5. Pleural cavity

Ans: E

3. In which cavity is the stomach located?

   1. Cranial cavity

   2. Vertebral cavity

   3. Abdominal cavity

   4. Pericardial cavity

   5. Pleural cavity

Ans: C

4. This cavity is inferior to the abdominopelvic cavity.

   1. Vertebral canal

   2. Cranial cavity

   3. Abdominal cavity

   4. Pericardial cavity

   5. Pelvic cavity

Ans: E

5. Which cavity would include the heart?

   1. Cranial cavity

   2. Vertebral cavity

   3. Abdominal cavity

   4. Pericardial cavity

   5. Pleural cavity

Ans: D

6. This plane divides the body into right and left halves.

   1. Frontal

   2. Sagittal

   3. Transverse

   4. Oblique

   5. Coronal

Ans: B

7. This plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

   1. Frontal

   2. Sagittal

   3. Transverse

   4. Oblique

   5. Midsagittal

Ans: A

8. A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into

   1. Anterior and posterior

   2. Left and right

   3. Superior and inferior

   4. At an angle

   5. Unequal left and right sides

Ans: C

9. This directional term means farthest from the midline.

   1. Medial

   2. Anterior

   3. Proximal

   4. Deep

   5. Lateral

Ans: E

10. This directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure.

    1. Deep

    2. Contralateral

    3. Lateral

    4. Cephalic

    5. Distal

Ans: E

11. This directional term is the opposite of deep.

    1. Superficial

    2. Superior

    3. Inferior

    4. Distal

    5. Proximal

Ans: E

12. Choose the directional term that would make the sentence correct: The sternum is ____ to the heart.

    1. Posterior

    2. Anterior

    3. Inferior

    4. Superior

    5. Lateral

Ans: B

13. Which of the following organs is not found in the abdominal cavity?

    1. Stomach

    2. Spleen

    3. Liver

    4. Gallbladder

    5. Diaphragm

Ans: E

14. Plasma membranes consist of what three components?

1. Phospholipids, glycoproteins, water

2. Proteins, cholesterol, fatty acids

3. Cholesterol, fatty acids, glycolipids

4. Proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol

5. Water, proteins, fatty acids

Ans: D

15. What are the nonpolar parts of a phospholipid?

1. Head group

2. Tail group

3. Both are nonpolar

4. Neither are nonpolar

Ans: B

16. The characteristic of plasma membranes allowing only some substances to move through is known as…

1. Selective permeability

2. Concentration gradient

3. Electrical gradient

4. Solubility

5. Transportation

Ans: A

17. Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?

1. Steepness of the concentration gradient

2. Mass of the diffusing substance

3. Charge of the diffusing substance

4.  Amount of ATP available

5. Temperature

Ans: D

18. This organelle contains ribosomes, which synthesis proteins

1. rough endoplasmic reticulum

2. cytosol

3. nucleus

4. centriole

5. mitochondria

Ans: A

19. This is an organelle that modifies proteins produced elsewhere.

1. endoplasmic reticulum

2. Golgi body

3. peroxisomes

4. nucleus

5. proteasome

Ans: B

20. Mitochondria

1. move the cell

2. generate ATP

3. produce proteins

4. oxidize organells

5. synthesize glycolipids

Ans: B

21. During which phase do organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begin?

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

Ans: A

22. During this phase the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the microscope.

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

Ans: B

23. The function of mitosis is
    a. production of gametes
    b. create more cilia
    c. form flagella

d. production of proteins

e. production of new cells

24. Ans. E
    Which of the following is not one of the main tissue types found in the human body?

1. epithelial

2. connective

3. myocardial

4. muscle

5. nervous

Ans: C

25. This type of cell junction anchors adjacent cells and resists their separation during contractile activities.

1. tight and hemidesmosome

2. gap and tight

3. adherens  and desmosome

4. desmosome and gap

5. hemidesmosome and tight

Ans: C

26. Epithelial tissue

1. Is used as a covering

2. Is used as a lining

3. Is used in glands

4. Has a free surface

5. All of the above

Ans: E

27. This tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. 

1. Simple squamous epithelial 

2. Simple cuboidal epithelial 

3. Stratified squamous epithelial

4. Stratified cuboidal epithelial

5. Simple columnar epithelial

Ans: A

28. This tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin.

1. Simple squamous epithelial

2. Simple cuboidal epithelial

3. Stratified squamous epithelial

4. Stratified cuboidal epithelial

5. Simple columnar epithelial

Ans: C

29. This tissue forms glands.

1. Simple squamous epithelial

2. Simple cuboidal epithelial

3. Stratified squamous epithelial

4. Stratified cuboidal epithelial

5. Transitional epithelial

Ans: D

30. This tissue lines the respiratory tract and the fallopian tubes.

1. Simple cuboidal epithelial

2. Simple columnar epithelial

3. Stratified columnar epithelial

4. Stratified cuboidal epithelial

5. Transitional epithelial

Ans: B

31. Where is it most likely to find transitional epithelial cells?

1. Lining esophagus

2. Outer layer of skin

3. Urinary bladder

4. Heart

5. Covering skull bones

Ans: C

32. These are categorized by whether the ducts are branched or unbranched.

1. Unicellular glands

2. Multicellular glands

3. Endocrine glands

4. Exocrine glands

5. All of the above

Ans: B

33. This type of multicellular gland branching has a rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands.

1. Simple coiled tubular

2. Compound tubular

3. Compound tuboloacinar

4. Simple branched acinar

5. Simple branched tubular

Ans: D

34. Simple tubular multicellular branching has

1. The tubular secretory portion straight and attaches to a single unbranched duct.

2. The tubular secretory part coiled and attaches to a single unbranched duct

3. The secretory part is rounded and attaches to a single unbranched duct

4. Rounded secretory part is branched and attaches to a single unbranched duct.

5. None of the above

Ans: A

35. How are exocrine glands classified?

1. Based on shape

2. Based on size

3. Based on how their secretion is released

4. Based on how they synthesize their secretion

5. All of the above

Ans: C

36. This type of exocrine gland accumulates their product in their cytosol.

1. Appocrine

2. Exocrine

3. Holocrine

4. All of the above

5. None of the above

Ans: C

37. In connective tissue, the matrix consists of

1. Protein based enzymes and organelles

2. Plasma membranes and ground substance

3. Blood cells and protein fibers

4. Calcified crystals of minerals and enzymes

5. Protein fibers and ground substance

Ans: E

38. Connective tissues do NOT include

1. Bone

2. Blood cells

3. Cartilage

4. Tendons

5. Liver cells

Ans: E

39. This component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers and is used for support and as a medium for chemical reactions.

1. Matrix

2. Formed elements

3. Ground substance

4. Basement membrane

5. Plasma membrane

Ans: C

40. Common polysaccharides found in ground substance include

1. Hyaluronic acid

2. Melatonin

3. Cholesterol

4. All of the above

5. None of the above

Ans: A

41. Which fibers are seen in embedded in the matrix of connective tissue?

1. Elastic

2. Reticular

3. Collagen

4. All of the above

5. None of the above

Ans: D

42. Reticular fibers help form this, which is used as a supporting framework for many soft organs.

1. Matrix

2. Ground substance

3. Basement membrane

4. Stroma

5. Visceral layer

Ans: D

43. Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue?

1. Blood

2. Bone tissue

3. Areolar connective tissue

4. Elastic tissue

5. Hyaline connective tissue

Ans: C

44. Dense connective tissues main function is

1. Storage of mineral

2. Forms stroma of organs

3. Reducing heat loss

4. Strong attachment between structures

5. Aids in elasticity

Ans: D

45. This type of connective tissue is used mainly for support within the skeletal system.

1. Adipose

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage

4. Dense irregular

5. Reticular

Ans: C

46. The matrix in blood tissue is

1. Red blood cells

2. White blood cells

3. Plasma

4. Platelets

5. Albumin

Ans: C

47. What is NOT an epithelial membrane in the human body?

1. Mucous membrane

2. Serous membrane

3. Cutaneous membrane

4. Endocardium membrane

Ans: D

48. This type of membrane lines a body cavity that does NOT open directly to the outside.

1. Cutaneous

2. Serous

3. Mucous

4. Basement

5. Connective

Ans: B

49. These are immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells.

1. Stem cells

2. Parenchyma

3. Fibrosis

4. Granular tissue

5. Adhesions

Ans: A

50. Which of the below tissues is responsible for pumping blood?
    a. skeletal muscle
    b. smooth muscle
    c. cardiac muscle
    d. transitional muscle
    e. areolar muscle

Ans: C

51. Which of the below tissues has more than one nucleus and is voluntary?
    a. skeletal muscle
    b. smooth muscle
    c. cardiac muscle
    d. transitional muscle
    e. areolar muscle

Ans: A

52. Which cells are excitable and, therefore, able to carry electrical impulses?
    a. neuroglial and muscular
    b. muscular and connective
    c. neuroglial and nervous
    d. nervous and epithelial
    e. muscular and nervous
    
    

Matching

1. Match the common (lay) term to the anatomical equivalent.  (1 point per match)

      Caudal

      Superior

      Superficial

      Ventral

      Distal

      Dorsal

A. Head of an animal

B. Outermost layer

C. Above something

D. Back-side of an animal

E. Closest to something

F. Stomach-side of an animal

G. Furthest from something

H.Tail, or “Rear”, of an animal

I. Closest to surface

ANSWER: Caudal: H; Superior: C; Superficial: B, I; Ventral: F; Distal: G; Dorsal: D

2. Match the following system to its function for the human body:  

       Integument

       Skeletal

       Cardiovascular

       Excretory

       Nervous

       Reproductive

       Respiratory

A. Regulation of other systems of the body via integration and feedback

B. Transfer of gaseous materials between body and environment

C. Production of gametes and release of hormones for regulation of production of offspring

D. Tissues that are responsible for insulation and protection from external environment

E. Anchor for muscles and structure of body that allow for movement

F. Transport of messengers, nutrients and waste throughout the body

G. Filters blood for removal and storage of metabolic wastes, maintains blood chemistry

ANSWER: Integument: D; Skeletal: E; Cardiovascular: F; Excretory: G; Nervous: A; Reproductive: C; Respiratory: B

Short Answer

3. 1. What is the difference between a transporter being called a symporter and an antiporter?

ANSWER: ANTIPORTERS WILL TRANSPORT TWO MOLECULES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.  SYMPORTERS WILL TRANSPORT TWO MOLECULES IN THE SAME DIRECTIONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE      

3. 2. The six physiological functions of all living things are:

ANSWER: METABOLISM, MOVEMENT, GROWTH, RESPONSIVENESS, DIFFERENTIATION, REPRODUCTION

3. 3. What are the three distinct types of connective tissues?

ANSWER: CT PROPER (dense, loose), SUPPORTING CT (cartilage, bone), FLUID CT (Blood)

3. 4. Describe the issue of tonicity for a solution.  How does the level of tonicity impact the rate of movement, the direction of movement, and the combination of rate and direction of movement of materials across the membrane?

ANSWER: Tonicity is the indication of the concentration of the solutes within the solution that surrounds a cell or tissue of the body.  This indication is used to assist with the determination of the hydrostatic pressures and osmotic drives involved with the movement of water across the membrane and the relative difference of the concentration of ions between the inside and outside of the membrane that is necessary for the indication of the membrane potential of the excitable tissues of the body.  As it relates to the movement of solutions the direction and rate of movement is determined based on the indication that water will move from hypotonic regions to hypertonic regions while salts move in the opposite directions until all are in concentration balance (isotonic) across the membrane. Where Starling’s Law tells us that the greater the difference in concentration the larger the total movement of water will be; while Fick’s Law tells us that this greater difference will lead to faster movement too.  Based on a hypotonic situation for the cell, water will flow into cell from the external environment leading the cell to swell until it undergoes cytolysis.  While in a hypertonic situation for the cell, water will flow out of the cell into the external environment until the cell desiccates (dehydrates like when making jerky).  

3. 5. What impact does hydration have on the volume of the cells of the body and their ability to function appropriately?

ANSWER: Hydration impacts volume of the cells of the body by developing an isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic condition for the cell.  Each of these conditions will impact the volume of the cell, the membrane potential of the cell and the overall functions of the cell.  In an isotonic condition, the cell will have normal volume, normal membrane potential and be able to function normally.  However, when dehydrated, the hypertonic condition leads to a reduced volume of the cell, an increased concentration of ions around the membrane that leads to a change in functions in the excitable tissues (neurons and muscles) that can lead to one cramping or having neurological issues (headaches and pour concentration and fatigue).  Whereas if a hypotonic condition occurs, the cell will increase in volume and there can also be issues for excitable tissues, but instead of cramping and neurological issues associated with an ease of depolarization there will might be an inability to have enough ion movements to allow membrane potential change to cause cell’s to change their functions.

3. 6. What are three principle types of cell junctions? For each describe the function for using that type of junction and then give an example of the tissue where the type of junction can be found.

ANSWER: The three principle forms of cell junctions are the tight, the gap and the desmotic junctions.  The tight junctions form in tissues that allow for a barrier to be formed by the cells, the gap junctions form where there needs to be a delay in the action of one cell in the network from the joined cell, the desmotic junction forms in tissues where a network of cells must function as a coordinated massive cell.  The tight junctions are typically seen in the epidermis of integument and are identified by cell membrane-to-cell membrane connection through transmembrane and exterior proteins of the two cells.  The gap junction are the cell junctions typically seen between neurons and between a neuron and its target cell, these junctions are identified by cells being held a very short distance apart from each other by proteins known as connexons.  The desmotic junctions are typically seen in cardiac muscle (the intercalated discs) and are identified by an interweaving of cytoskeletal and integral proteins between the two cells being joined by the desmosomes.

3. 7. Differentiate between growth and differentiation of a cell within the body.  What terms do we use to describe growth?  What terms do we use to describe differentiation?

ANSWER: Growth is the process by which the cell or the body becomes larger through either an increase in mass in volume or in the total number of cells within the body.  We typically discuss growth as the body gaining weight (mass) or becoming larger (taller or wider) than it had been in the past.  At times we can mistake growth for maturation or differentiation of the cell or tissues of the body during the various growth (maturation) phases of development.  On the other hand, differentiation is the process by which cells begin to function in a specialized manner based on the function that the cell has for the body. The end process of differentiation is the develop of the various types of cells that comprise the different tissues of the body that will allow for specialization of the cells into the subclassifications of the cell types within each of the various types of tissues of the body.  Taken together growth and differentiation leads to the concept of maturation in which the embryo and fetus are able to take on the adult form during in utero development and then following birth allow the child to grow and develop into the juvenile and adolescent and eventually the mature adult.