Group Activities

Activities of Group 4:

Members:

Mark Juliane M. Aquino

Hans Christmas V. Bonifacio

Riotart P. Capati

Von Zhandrew D. Chico

Francel Saimon C. Hilario

Raphael Kris Jorenz H. Mercado

Joeminic T. Rescober

Series Circuit

The LEDs are connected in series so there is only one resistor for all of them. Because the LEDs are in series, they divide the voltage from the battery.

Parallel Circuit

The LEDs are connected in parallel or have their own resistor. Because they are in parallel each LED gets the full voltage of the battery.

Digital Signal

The Arduino pin only provides a small digital signal (HIGH/LOW) to the base of the transistor. The transistor acts as a switch to turn on or off the stronger current for the LED because of this, even though the arduino has a small power, it can still control very strong loads.

Analog Signal

The potentiometer is like a variable resistor, which changes voltage from 0V to 5V and is passed through the Arduino's analog input (A0-A5) as an analog signal (value 0-1023). In the program, it is used to control the PWM output so the LED brightness changes not just on/off.

Blinking LEDs

Th Arduino sends a digital signal (HIGH = 5V, LOW = 0V) to each LED. In the program, the LEDS are set to blink while in sequence.

CODES:

Blinking LEDs

// C++ code

void setup()

{

pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

pinMode(12, OUTPUT);

pinMode(11, OUTPUT);

pinMode(10, OUTPUT);

pinMode(9, OUTPUT);

}

void loop()

{

digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

digitalWrite(12, HIGH);

digitalWrite(11, HIGH);

digitalWrite(10, HIGH);

digitalWrite(9, HIGH);

delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

digitalWrite(13, LOW);

digitalWrite(12, LOW);

digitalWrite(11, LOW);

digitalWrite(10, LOW);

digitalWrite(9, LOW);

delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

}

Analog Signal

int potPin = A0; // Potentiometer connected to A0

int ledPin = 9; // LED connected to PWM pin 9

int potValue = 0; // Variable to store potentiometer value

int ledValue = 0; // Variable for PWM brightness

void setup() {

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

}

void loop() {

potValue = analogRead(potPin); // Read potentiometer (0–1023)

ledValue = map(potValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255); // Convert to PWM range (0–255)

analogWrite(ledPin, ledValue); // Set LED brightness

}

Digital Signal

// Potentiometer Analog Input Reader

// Reads a potentiometer and displays the value

const int POT_PIN = A0; // Analog pin for potentiometer

const int LED_PIN = 9; // PWM pin for LED (optional)

const int SAMPLE_DELAY = 100; // Delay between readings (ms)

void setup() {

// Initialize serial communication

Serial.begin(9600);

// Configure pins

pinMode(POT_PIN, INPUT);

pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);

Serial.println("Potentiometer Reader Started");

Serial.println("==============================");

}

void loop() {

// Read the analog value (0-1023)

int rawValue = analogRead(POT_PIN);

// Convert to voltage (0-5V for Arduino Uno)

float voltage = rawValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);

// Convert to percentage (0-100%)

int percentage = map(rawValue, 0, 1023, 0, 100);

// Convert to PWM value (0-255) for LED control

int pwmValue = map(rawValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255);

// Control LED brightness based on pot position

analogWrite(LED_PIN, pwmValue);

// Display readings

Serial.print("Raw: ");

Serial.print(rawValue);

Serial.print(" | Voltage: ");

Serial.print(voltage, 2);

Serial.print("V | Percentage: ");

Serial.print(percentage);

Serial.print("% | PWM: ");

Serial.println(pwmValue);

// Optional: Visual bar graph

Serial.print("[");

for(int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {

if(i < percentage / 2) {

Serial.print("=");

} else {

Serial.print(" ");

}

Serial.println("]");

delay(SAMPLE_DELAY);

}

// Alternative: Smoothed reading using averaging

int smoothedRead(int pin, int samples = 10) {

long sum = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < samples; i++) {

sum += analogRead(pin);

delay(2);

}

return sum / samples;

}

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