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Computer Architecture:
Computer Architecture:
💻 What is Computer Architecture?
💻 What is Computer Architecture?
Computer Architecture refers to the design and organization of a computer's core components, which includes:
How the hardware and software interact
How data is processed and stored
How instructions are executed by the CPU
It’s like the “blueprint” or “skeleton” of a computer system.
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🧱 Main Components of Computer Architecture:
🧱 Main Components of Computer Architecture:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The "brain" of the computer. It processes instructions.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Performs calculations and logical operations.
CU (Control Unit) – Directs the flow of data and instructions.
Registers – Small storage inside the CPU for quick access to data.
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2. Memory Unit
2. Memory Unit
Stores data and instructions.
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporary memory for currently running programs.
ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Permanent memory for startup processes.
Cache – Very fast memory close to the CPU.
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3. Input/Output (I/O) Devices
3. Input/Output (I/O) Devices
Allows communication with the computer.
Input – Keyboard, mouse, microphone
Output – Monitor, printer, speakers
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4. Buses
4. Buses
Wires that transfer data between parts of the computer.
Data Bus – Carries data
Address Bus – Carries location (address) of data
Control Bus – Carries control signals (read/write)
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🛠️ Types of Computer Architecture:
🛠️ Types of Computer Architecture:
1. Von Neumann Architecture
1. Von Neumann Architecture
Most common architecture
Instructions and data share the same memory and bus
Simpler, but slower due to “bottlenecks”
2. Harvard Architecture
2. Harvard Architecture
Separate memory for instructions and data
Faster and more efficient
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⚙️ Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
⚙️ Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
The set of instructions the CPU can execute (like a language it understands)
Examples:
x86 (used in Intel CPUs)
ARM (used in smartphones and tablets)
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🧠 Performance Factors:
🧠 Performance Factors:
Clock speed (GHz)
Number of cores
Cache size
Pipelining (overlapping instruction execution)
Parallel processing (multiple tasks at once)
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🔄 Modern Trends:
🔄 Modern Trends:
Multicore processors
GPUs for parallel tasks
RISC vs CISC architecture debates
Quantum computing (early stages)
AI accelerators (e.g., Google's TPU)
Computer System:
Computer System:
💻Computer System - Simple Explanation
💻Computer System - Simple Explanation
A computer system is a complete setup that allows you to input data, process it, store it, and get results. It is made up of hardware components that work together.
🧩Main Parts of a Computer System:
🧩Main Parts of a Computer System:
- System Unit
The main body of the computer.
Contains important internal parts like the CPU, memory (RAM), motherboard, hard drive, and power supply.
2. Monitor
2. Monitor
Output device that displays what you see on the screen.
3. Keyboard and Mouse
3. Keyboard and Mouse
Input device used to type and move or select items on the screen.
4. Speakers
4. Speakers
Output device that lets you hear sound from the computer.
5. Webcam
5. Webcam
Input device that captures video or pictures.
6. Printer
6. Printer
Output device that produces physical copies of your digital files (documents, photos, etc.).
7. Flash Drive
7. Flash Drive
Portable storage device used to save and transfer files.
🔄How It Works Together:
🔄How It Works Together:
Input devices (keyboard, mouse, webcam) send data into the system unit.
Inside the system unit, the CPU processes the data.
The result is shown through output devices (monitor, printer, speakers).
Data can also be stored in memory or external devices like a flsh drive.
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