Increasing reliance on automation for CPS operations leads to a new problem called Mode Confusion or Automation Surprise, which could cause loss of situational awareness
Formal mode confusion detection framework based on hybrid estimation for formal safety verification for User Interface (UI) design (e.g., cockpit or UAS control console)
J.S. Nandiganahalli, S. Lee, and I. Hwang, “Formal Verification for Mode Confusion in the Flight Deck using Intent-based Abstraction,” AIAA Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, Vol.13(9), pp. 343-356, September 2016