800: Charlemagne is crowned "Roman Emperor" by the Pope. Disputes between Eastern and Western Christianity worsen relations with the Roman Church.Charlemagne manages to reconquer most of the Western Roman Empire.

808: Gunpowder is discovered in China.

843: Charlemagne's Empire is divided, laying the groundwork for future France and Germany.

859: The University of Qarawiyyin is founded in Morocco, becoming the oldest university in the world.

859: when the first events recorded in the Primary Chronicle occurred. 

879: The Kievan Rus is established, a loose confederation of Slavic tribes.

927: The Kingdom of England is established by Æthelstan.

962: The Holy Roman Empire is established in Germany, with Otto I crowned Emperor of the Romans.

988: Vladimir the Great adopted Christianity from Byzantine Empire

1037: The Seljuq Empire is established, eventually conquering the weakened Caliphate and attacking the Eastern Roman Empire.

1054: The Great Schism divides Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) Christianity.

1066: William the Conqueror conquers England, marking the beginning of the Anglo-French rivalry.

1071: The Battle of Manzikert leads to the Turkish invasion of Anatolia, resulting in the Roman Empire losing the region.

c. 1096: Oxford University begins functioning.

1096: The Crusades commence, as the Roman Empire and the Papacy seek to reclaim the Holy Land.

1019–1054: Reign of Yaroslav the Wise. Kievan Rus' reaches the height of its power and cultural development, with a focus on law (Yaroslav issues the "Russkaya Pravda"), diplomacy, and the building of churches like the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev.

1192: The Shogunate is established in Japan, diminishing the power of the Emperor.

1073-1125: David IV the Builder is widely considered to be the greatest Georgian king in history 

Mid Century: Political fragmentation of Kievan Rus' 

1204: The Fourth Crusade results in the sack of Constantinople by crusaders, leading to the division of the Eastern Roman Empire  and Venice becomes a trade empire.

1206: Genghis Khan unites Mongol tribes, beginning the Mongol Empire’s conquest of China.

1258: The Siege of Baghdad marks the end of the Islamic Golden Age.

1261: The Eastern Roman Empire is reunified but struggles to recover from earlier conflicts.

1271: The Yuan Dynasty is established in China by Kublai Khan.

1282: The Habsburgs rise in Austria.

1299: The Ottoman Empire is established by Osman I.

1237 – 1240: The Mongol Conquest of the Kievan Rus brings devastation to Europe.

1236: Alexander Nevsky was summoned by the Novgorodians to become Grand Prince of Novgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish and German invaders.

1337: The Hundred Years' War between England and France begins.

1347 – 1353: The Black Death ravages Eurasia, drastically reducing Europe's population.

1336-1405: Tamerlane (Timur).

1368: The Ming Dynasty is established in China after Mongol rule.

1380: The Battle of Kulikovo is a major cultural moment as well as a military one. It becomes a symbol of resistance against foreign domination.

1452: The birth of Leonardo da Vinci marks the beginning of the Renaissance.

1453: The fall of Constantinople signifies the end of the Roman Empire and shifts power to the Ottoman Empire.

1492: Spain is unified, leading to Columbus’s arrival in America.

1480: The Grand Duchy of Moscow is established as a sovereign state, ending Mongol rule.

1511: The Spanish Conquest of America begins.

1515: The Protestant Reformation starts in Europe.

1525: The Duchy of Prussia is established within the Holy Roman Empire.

1520-1566: Suleiman the Magnificent. A successful military leader, he gained territory in Europe, Africa, and Asia, while also maintaining and developing a successful culture in the Ottoman Empire. 

1543: Nicolaus Copernicus proposes the heliocentric theory.

1582: The Gregorian Calendar is created.

1547: The Tsardom of Russia is established.

1605: "Don Quixote" is published in Spain.

1607: English colonization of America begins.

1633: Japan begins total isolation from the outside world.

1636: The Qing Dynasty is established in China.

1643: Isaac Newton is born, ushering in the Enlightenment.

1688: The British Glorious Revolution establishes a constitutional monarchy.

1613: The Romanov Dynasty rises in Russia.

1649: Serfdom was fully codified. 

1653: The Schism of the Russian Church.

1701: The Kingdom of Prussia is founded.

1707: England and Scotland unite.

1752: Benjamin Franklin experiments with electricity.

1763 – 1774: Steam power is developed in Britain.

1776 – 1783: The United States gains independence.

1789: The French Revolution begins.

1792 – 1799: The French Republic faces chaos, leading to Napoleon's rise.

1796: The first vaccine is tested by Edward Jenner in Britain.

1703: St. Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great, becoming the new capital of Russia. The city symbolizes Russia's Westernization and modernization.

1709: The Battle of Poltava marks a decisive victory for Peter the Great in the Great Northern War against Sweden.

1721: The Russian Empire is established by Peter the Great.

1754-1762: The Winter Palace was built by Italian architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli at the request of Empress Elizabeth I. 

1755: The first Russian university   

1774: The Russians defeat the Ottomans and obtain cities of the Black Sea and Caucasus.

1801: The United Kingdom is formed.

1802: Sir Humphry Davy discovers incandescence.

1803: Napoleon sells Louisiana to the USA.

1803 – 1815: The Napoleonic Wars occur.

1806: The Holy Roman Empire falls.

1808: The Kingdom of Spain falls, sparking the Latin American Independence Wars.

1815: The Congress of Vienna restores monarchies and redraws European borders.

1821 – 1824: Spain loses its American colonies.

1821 – 1829: The Greek War of Independence occurs.

1824: The Great Game begins between Russia and the UK.

1826: Photography is invented.

1829: The Telegraph is invented.

1830: The Second French Revolution occurs.

1831: The Egyptian Independence Wars begin.

1846 – 1848: The American-Mexican War occurs.

1848: The Communist Manifesto is published.

1848 – 1852: The Second French Republic is established.

1853: The USA forces Japan to open its borders.

1858: The British conquer the Indian subcontinent.

1864 – 1870: The Paraguayan War devastates South America.

1861-1865: The American Civil War. 

1868: The Empire of Japan is established.

1870 – 1871: The Franco-Prussian War leads to German unification.

1872: The British annex Southern Arabia, marking a new era of colonialism.

1879: The first incandescent light bulb is patented.

1882: The Central Powers form.

1884: The Scramble for Africa begins.

1886: The first modern car is patented.

1891: First inter-urban transmission with Alternating Current occurs.

1894: The Franco-Russian Alliance is established.

1895: Cinema is invented.

1896: The Greek Olympic Games are revived.

1898: Japan defeats China, marking a shift in power.

1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign ends in defeat.

1799-1837: Poet Alexander Pushkin. He started the great tradition of Russian literature. 

1861: Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom, marking a major social reform that has cultural ramifications, including the rise of a new class of free peasants.

1869: Leo Tolstoy published War and Piece.

1875-1876:Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky composed Swan Lake. The first performance of Swan Lake was on March 4, 1877 at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.

19th century: The "Golden Age" of Russian literature.

• Alexander Pushkin: Considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet.

• Nikolai Gogol

• Mikhail Lermontov

• Fyodor Dostoevsky

• Ivan Turgenev 

• Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

•  Nicolay Nekrasov

• Leo Tolstoy 

• Anton Chekhov 

1902: The Anglo-Japanese Alliance is formed.

1905: Einstein proposes the basis for atomic energy.

1907: The Anglo-Russian Alliance is formed.

1912: Imperial China collapses.

1912 – 1913: The Balkan Wars take place.

1914 – 1918: The First World War occurs, triggered by the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

1915: Italy switches sides in the war.

1916: The Sykes-Picot Agreement is made.

1918: Arab rebels fight the Ottoman Empire.

1919: The Treaty of Versailles is signed.

1920 – 1939: The Interwar Period begins.

1920: The League of Nations is established.

1922: Egypt gains independence. Benito Mussolini rises in Italy, which becomes a fascist regime.

1927: The UK becomes the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

1929: The Great Depression begins.

1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.

1937: Japan invades China.

1938: The Munich Agreement by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy. 

1939: Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and USSR.

1939 – 1945: The Second World War occurs.

1945: Atomic bombs are used in warfare, leading to Japan's surrender.

1947: The Truman Doctrine is established. This begins the Cold War between communist and capitalist countries.

1948: The Marshall Plan is enacted.

1949: The People's Republic of China is formed.

1950: The Korean War begins.

1955: The Space Race begins.

1956: The Suez Crisis occurs.

1959 – 1962: The Great Leap Forward is initiated in China.

1961: The Berlin Wall is erected to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West.

1962: The Cuban Missile Crisis occurs.

1963: John F. Kennedy is assassinated.

1966: The Chinese Cultural Revolution begins.

1969: The Moon Landing occurs.

1971: The first microprocessor was invented.

1973: The Oil Crisis occurs.

1978: The Camp David Accords create Israeli-Egyptian peace.

1979 – 1989: The USA helps various insurgents groups in Afghanistan to fight off the Soviets. This results in the creation of Al-Qaeda.

1979: The Iranian Revolution occurs.The Pahlavi dynasty is overthrown by an Islamic Theocracy.

.1989: The Berlin Wall falls

1990: Birth of the Internet. World Wide Web created by Tim Berners-Lee (Britain).

1991: Yugoslav Wars begins (lasted until 2001)

1993:  European Union founded.

1996: The Congo Wars begin. They are also also called as the African World War, as they involved almost all african countries. Lasted until 2003.

1997 : Successful genetic cloning of Dolly the Sheep.

1999 : Euro Coin created.

1904 – 1905: The Russo-Japanese War occurs.

Feb 1917: The Russian Revolution occurs.

Oct 1917: October Revolution. Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia.  

1918-1921: Civil War.

1922: The Soviet Union is formed.

1928: First Five-Year Plan.

1936-1938: Great Purge.

1939: Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact., known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The countries agreed that they would not attack each other and secretly divided the countries that lay between them. 

1941-1945: The Grate Patriotic War.

1956: Khrushchev's Secret Speech denounced Stalin's cult of personality and his repressive policies. The term Ottepel (meaning "thaw") is also used to describe the period of liberalization in the Soviet Union during the late 1950s and early 1960s. 

1961: The first human, Yuri Gagarin, orbits the Earth, showcasing Soviet space achievements during the Space Race.

1979 – 1989: Soviet–Afghan War. 

1986: Gorbachev begins introducing glasnost and perestroika to the Soviet Union.Chernobyl Disaster.

1991: The Soviet Union collapses. 

2001: The September 11 attacks occur.

2008: The global financial crisis occurs.

2011: The Arab Spring begins.

2019: The COVID-19 pandemic begins.

2022: The ongoing effects of climate change become increasingly evident, with severe weather events around the globe.

2022: Russia invades Ukraine and occupies southern regions of Ukraine.